ω-3 Rich Tetracarpidum conophorum Oil Exhibits Better Prevention Effects for Cardiovascular Risk Factors than Corn Oil in Adult of Albinos Wistar Male Rats

Cardiovascular diseases are serious pathologies that affect an increasing number of people. Several preventive measures are generally used, including supplementing of oils in foods. Our objective was to compare the effects of Tetracarpidum conophorum oil (TC) and corn oil (CO) on serum lipid profiles of normal male rats. 42 Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups. Diets included TC oil (groups TC5, TC10 and TC20) and corn oil (groups CO5, CO10 and CO20) in proportions of 5%, 10% and 20%, with a control group (T). After 5 weeks of feeding, several parameters were measured during and after the study, including body weight, food intake and organ weights (kidney, liver and fat). Lipid profiles (total cholesterol, TG, HDL and LDL), glucose and protein levels were measured in the serum. The increase in body mass was inversely proportional to the amount of oil in the food. The decrease in body mass and adiposomatic index of group TC10 was significant (p < 0.05) compared with the other groups. The lowest glycaemia (64.17 ± 5.14 mg/dl) was noted with the diet containing 20% TC oil. A significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL fraction and blood triglycerides was observed in the groups supplemented with TC and corn oils compared to controls. Results were also more beneficial for the TC10 group. HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the oil-supplemented groups than in the control group. Castelli’s risk indices decrease significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing oil content for TC. The oils had no impact on blood protein contents. One can conclude that a diet containing 10% crude oil from TC kernels could prevent or alleviate cardiovascular diseases and glycemia.

Micro- and nanoporous materials capable of absorbing solvents and oils reversibly： the state of the art

Treatment of petroleum spills and organic solvent pollution in general is an important issue; several techniques are under development to remove oil from water. The use of absorbents is one of the most common techniques to tackle this problem. These absorbents can be classified based on their characteristics of recyclability into irreversible and reversible ones. In this review, we discuss the application of several materials as oil absorbents, according to their classification and characteristics such as hydrophobicity, surface area and oil absorption capacity. Also, the fabrication methods for some materials are presented and analyzed.

The chaotic behavior among the oil prices, expectation of investors and stock returns: TAR-TR-GARCH copula and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula

This paper has two aims. The first one is to investigate the existence of chaotic structures in the oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns by combining the Lyapunov exponent and Kolmogorov entropy, and the second one is to analyze the dependence behavior of oil prices, expectations of investors and stock returns from January 02, 1990, to June06, 2017. Lyapunov exponents and Kolmogorov entropy determined that the oil price and the stock return series exhibited chaotic behavior. TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods were applied to study the co-movement among the selected variables. The results showed significant evidence of nonlinear tail dependence between the volatility of the oil prices, the expectations of investors and the stock returns. Further, upper and lower tail dependence and comovement between the analyzed series could not be rejected. Moreover, the TAR-TR-GARCH and TAR-TR-TGARCH copula methods revealed that the volatility of oil price had crucial effects on the stock returns and on the expectations of investors in the long run.

Extraction of essential oil from shaddock peel and analysis of its components by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Essential oil, with more than thirty kinds of compounds separated and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, was extracted from Shatian shaddock peel and Sweet shaddock peel by squeeze-steam distillation and direct steam distillation method. Among their composition, the main components are terpene compounds, which account for 93.926% (mass fraction, the same below) and 85.843% of essential oils extracted from Shatian shaddock peel and Sweet shaddock peel, respectively. Although nootkatone is the major contributor of shaddock characteristic scent, and its contents are 1.069% and 1.749% of essential oils from Sweet shaddock peel and Shatian shaddock peel, respectively. The results show that squeeze-steam distillation gives higher yield and good quality of essential oil and the compositions of essential oils from two kinds of shaddock peels are different, but the main contributors of the shaddock scent are the same.

Investment in deepwater oil and gas exploration projects:a multi-factor analysis with a real options model

Deepwater oil and gas projects embody high risks from geology and engineering aspects, which exert substantial influence on project valuation. But the uncer- tainties may be converted to additional value to the projects in the case of flexible management. Given the flexibility of project management, this paper extends the classical real options model to a multi-factor model which contains oil price, geology, and engineering uncertainties. It then gives an application example of the new model to evaluate deepwater oil and gas projects with a numerical analytical method. Compared with other methods and models, this multi-factor real options model contains more project information. It reflects the potential value deriving not only from oil price variation but also from geology and engi- neering uncertainties, which provides more accurate and reliable valuation information for decision makers.

Inflationary effects of oil prices and domestic gasoline prices:Markov-switching-VAR analysis

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature by studying the effects of sudden changes both on crude oil import price and domestic gasoline price on inflation for Turkey, an emerging country. Since an inflation targeting regime is being carried out by the Central Bank of Turkey, determination of such effects is becoming more important. Therefore empirical evidence in this paper will serve as guidance for those countries, which have an in- flation targeting regime. Analyses have been done in the period of October 2005-December 2012 by Markovswitching vector autoregressive （MS-VAR） models which are successful in capturing the nonlinear properties of variables. Using MS-VAR analysis, it is found that there are 2 regimes in the analysis period. Furthermore, regime changes can be dated and the turning points of economic cycles can be determined. In addition, it is found that the effect of the changes in crude oil and domestic gasoline prices on consumer prices and core inflation is not the same under different regimes. Moreover, the sudden increase in gasoline price is more important for consumer price infla- tion than crude oil price shocks. Another finding is the presence of a pass-through effect from oil price and ga- soline price to core inflation.

Regulation of ω-3 Fish Oil Emulsion on the SIRS during the Initial Stage of Severe Acute Pancreatitis

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion （Omegaven） on systemic inflammatory response syndrome （SIRS） during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy （Con group, n=30） or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day （FO group, n=30）. The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-Ⅱ scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group （P〈0.05）. Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group （5.1±2.2 days vs 8.4±2.3 days）. In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-α was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-α raised as compared with Con group （P〈0.05）. During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.

Formation conditions and exploration direction of large natural gas reservoirs in the oil-prone Bohai Bay Basin, East China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a typical oil-prone basin, in which natural gas geological reserves have a small proportion. In this basin, the gas source rock is largely medium-deep lake mudstone with oil-prone type Ⅱ2-Ⅱ1 kerogens, and natural gas preservation conditions are poor due to active late tectonic movements. The formation conditions of large natural gas fields in the Bohai Bay Basin have been elusive. Based on the exploration results of Bohai Bay Basin and comparison with large gas fields in China and abroad, the formation conditions of conventional large-scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin were examined from accumulation dynamics, structure and sedimentation. The results show that the formation conditions of conventional large natural gas reservoirs in Bohai Bay Basin mainly include one core element and two key elements. The core factor is the strong sealing of Paleogene "quilt-like" overpressure mudstone. The two key factors include the rapid maturation and high-intensity gas generation of source rock in the late stage and large scale reservoir. On this basis, large-scale nature gas accumulation models in the Bohai Bay Basin have been worked out, including regional overpressure mudstone enriching model, local overpressure mudstone depleting model, sand-rich sedimentary subsag depleting model and late strongly-developed fault depleting model. It is found that Bozhong sag, northern Liaozhong sag and Banqiao sag have favorable conditions for the formation of large-scale natural gas reservoirs, and are worth exploring. The study results have important guidance for exploration of large scale natural gas reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin.

A Three-dimensional Forecasting Model for Oil Spill

A 3-D forecasting model for oil-spill is developed using the finite difference method to numerically solve the shallow water equation. The instantaneous flow distribution in the studied area is calculated and the trajectory of the oil-slick centroid is predicted by means of Lagrange’s method. The computed results agree with the observed data well, this shows that this 3-D forecasting model has high accuracy.

Preparation of Single Phase Na-X Zeolite from Oil Shale Ash by Melting Hydrothermal Method

A single phrase Na - X zeolite was synthesized from pretreated oil shale ash by alkaline fusion and hydrotherreal treatment. Eff3cts of the NaOH concentration, crystallization time ant temperature on the formation of Na-X zeolite were studied in detail. The single phase Na- X zeolite powders can. be prepared by alkaline fusion o.f pretreated oil shale ash at 600 ℃ .for 1 h, and crystalli-zation at 80 - 100 ℃ .for 8 - 10 h with NaOH concentration of 3 -3. 5 tool · L-1. Na - A zeolite appears when decreasing NaOH concentration, crystallization time or temperature, ant an unnamed zeolite emerges when prolonging crystallization time or raising crystalli-zation, temperature. SEM micrographs suggest that the aggregates of Na-X zeolite particles have perfect dispersity and uniform granular with about 1.5 μm in size, and most of the Na-X zeolite crystals display a regular octahedral structure with the size of about 500 nm. The specific surface area of the powders with single Na-X zeolite phase reaches the maximum value of 488. 163 2 m2· g -1, larger than that of multiple zeolite powders.

The Test Area of Suizhong 36-1 Oil Field Fully Under Commission

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公丁香挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

公丁香为桃金娘科植物丁香Eugenia caryophyllata的干燥花蕾.原植物系常绿乔木,主产于桑给巴尔、马达加斯加、斯里兰卡、印度尼西亚等地,我国南方已大量引种.作为中药,公丁香具有温中降逆和补肾助阳的功效,可用于治疗脾胃虚寒、呃逆呕吐、食少吐泻、心腹冷痛和肾虚阳痿[1,2].……

严重生物降解原油GC-MS特征及油源对比

图牧吉油砂位于松辽盆地边缘,搞清它的油源对于该地区的油气勘探有着十分重要的意义.气相色谱-质谱分析表明,该样品受到了严重的生物降解,部分用于对比的甾、萜烷生标标志物受到了降解,使与之有关的参数值发生了变化,给油源对比带来了困难.……

Breeding and Cultivation Techniques of Edible Sunflower Variety AR9-9293

Edible sunflower variety AR9-9293 was approved by the Sunflower Variety Appraisal Committee with the country Identification number of sunflower 2015005. This paper introduced the breeding process, yield performance and characteristics, and the high-yield cultivation technology of new edible sunflower variety AR9-9293. The promotion of edible sunflower varieties and cultivation technology could achieve the effects of improving the level of the sunflower cultivation, promoting the development of rural and agricultural economy and increasing farmers＇ income, as well as positively promoting development of the society and adjusting agricultural industry structure.

Nanopore structure comparison between shale oil and shale gas:examples from the Bakken and Longmaxi Formations

In order to analyze and compare the differences in pore structures between shale gas and shale oil formations, a few samples from the Longmaxi and Bakken Formations were collected and studied using X-ray diffraction, LECO TOC measurement, gas adsorption and field-emission scanning electron microscope. The results show that samples from the Bakken Formation have a higher TOC than those from the Longmaxi Formation. The Longmaxi Formation has higher micropore volume and larger micropore surface area and exhibited a smaller average distribution of microsize pores compared to the Bakken Formation. Both formations have similar meso-macropore volume. The Longmaxi Formation has a much larger meso-macropore surface area, which is corresponding to a smaller average meso-macropore size. CO_2 adsorption data processing shows that the pore size of the majority of the micropores in the samples from the Longmaxi Formation is less than 1 nm, while the pore size of the most of the micropores in the samples from the Bakken Formation is larger than 1 nm. Both formations have the same number of pore clusters in the 2–20 nm range, but the Bakken Formation has two additional pore size groups with mean pore size diameters larger than 20 nm. Multifractal analysis of pore size distribution curves that was derived from gas adsorption indicates that the samples from the Longmaxi Formation have more significant micropore heterogeneity and less meso-macropore heterogeneity. Abundant micropores as well as mesomacropores exist in the organic matter in the Longmaxi Formation, while the organic matter of the Bakken Formation hosts mainly micropores.

The effect of slight to minor biodegradation on C_6 to C_7 light hydrocarbons in crude oils: a case study from Dawanqi Oilfield in the Tarim Basin,NW China

Light hydrocarbons （LHs） are one of the main petroleum fractions in crude oils, and carry much infor- mation regarding the genetic origin and alteration of crude oils. But secondary alterations--especially biodegrada- tion--have a significant effect on the composition of LHs in crude oils. Because most of the LHs affected in oils underwent only slight biodegradation （rank 1 on the biodegradation scale）, the variation of LHs can be used to describe more the refined features of biodegradation. Here, 23 crude oils from the Dawanqi Oilfield in the Tarim Basin, NW China, eleven of which have been biodegraded to different extents, were analyzed in order to investigate the effect of slight to minor biodegradation on C6--C7 LHs. The study results showed that biodegradation resulted in the prior depletion of straight-chained alkanes, followed by branched alkanes. In slight and minor biodegraded oils, such biodegradation scale could not sufficiently affect C6- C7 cycloalkanes. For branched C6--C7 alkanes, generally, monomethylalkanes are biodegraded earlier than dimethylalkanes and trimethylalkanes, which indicates that branched alkanes are more resistant to biodegradation, with the increase of substituted methyl groups on parent rings. The degree of alkylation is one of the primary controlling factors on the biodegradation of C6-Cv LHs. There is a particular case： although 2,2,3-trimethylbutane has a rela- tive higher alkylation degree, 2,2-dimethylpentane is more resistant to biodegradation than 2,2,3-trimethylbutane. 2,2- Dimethylpentane is the most resistant to biodegradation in branched C6-C7 alkanes. Furthermore, the 2-methylpen- tane/3-methylpentane and 2-methylhexane/3-methylhexane ratios decreased steadily with increasing biodegradation, which implies that isomers of bilateral methyl groups are more prone to bacterial attack relative to mid-chain iso- mers. The position of the alkyls on the carbon skeleton is also one of the critical factors controlling the rate of biodegradation. With increasing biodegradation, Mango＇s LH parameters K1 values decrease and K2 values increase, the values of n-heptane and isoheptane decrease, and the indices of methylcyclohexane and cyclohexane increase. LH parameters should be applied cautiously for the biodegraded oils. Because biodegraded samples belong to slight or minor biodegraded oils, the values of n-heptane and isoheptane from Dawanqi Oilfield can better reflect and determine the ＂Biodegraded＂ zone. When the heptane value is 0-21 and the isoheptane value is 0-2.6, the crude oil in Dawanqi Oilfield is defined as the ＂Biodegraded＂ zone

CO_2-triggered gelation for mobility control and channeling blocking during CO_2 flooding processes

CO2 flooding is regarded as an important method for enhanced oil recovery （EOR） and greenhouse gas control. However, the heterogeneity prevalently dis- tributed in reservoirs inhibits the performance of this technology. The sweep efficiency can be significantly reduced especially in the presence of ＂thief zones＂. Hence, gas channeling blocking and mobility control are important technical issues for the success of CO2 injection. Normally, crosslinked gels have the potential to block gas channels, but the gelation time control poses challenges to this method. In this study, a new method for selectively blocking CO2 channeling is proposed, which is based on a type of CO2-sensitive gel system （modified polyacry- lamide-methenamine-resorcinol gel system） to form gel in situ. A CO2-sensitive gel system is when gelation or solidification will be triggered by CO2 in the reservoir to block gas channels. The CO2-sensitivity of the gel system was demonstrated in parallel bottle tests of gel in N2 and CO2 atmospheres. Sand pack flow experiments were con- ducted to investigate the shutoff capacity of the gel system under different conditions. The injectivity of the gel system was studied via viscosity measurements. The results indi- cate that this gel system was sensitive to CO2 and had good performance of channeling blocking in porous media. Advantageous viscosity-temperature characteristics were achieved in this work. The effectiveness for EOR in heterogeneous formations based on this gel system was demonstrated using displacement tests conducted in double sand packs. The experimental results can provide guideli- nes for the deployment of theCO2-sensitive gel system for field applications.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) Underlying Protein, Oil, and Five Major Fatty Acids’ Contents in Soybean

Improved seed composition in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for protein and oil quality is one of the major goals of soybean breeders. A group of genes that act as quantitative traits with their effects can alter protein, oil, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids percentage in soybean seeds. The objective of this study was to identify Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) controlling protein, oil, and fatty acids content in a set of F5:8 RILs derived from a cross between lines, ‘MD 96-5722’ and ‘Spencer’ using 5376 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers from the Illumina Infinium SoySNP6K BeadChip array. QTL analysis used WinQTL Cart 2.5 software for composite interval mapping (CIM). Identified, were;one protein content QTL on linkage group (LG-) B2 or chromosome (Chr_) 14;11 QTL associated with oil content on six linkage groups LG-N (Chr_3), LG-A1 (Chr_5), LG-K (Chr_9), LG-F (Chr_13), LG-B2 (Chr_14), and LG-J (Chr_16);and sixteen QTL for five major fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids) on LG-N (Chr_3), LG-F (Chr_13), LG-B2 (Chr_14), LG-E (Chr_15), LG-J (Chr_16), and LG-G (Chr_18). The SNP markers closely linked to the QTL reported here will be useful for development of cultivars with altered oil and fatty acid compositions in soybean breeding programs.

Risk measurement of international oil and gas projects based on the Value at Risk method

International oil and gas projects feature high capital-intensity, high risks and contract diversity. Therefore, in order to help decision makers make more reasonable decisions under uncertainty, it is necessary to measure the risks of international oil and gas projects. For this purpose, this paper constructs a probabilistic model that is based on the traditional economic evaluation model, and introduces value at risk(VaR) which is a valuable risk measure tool in finance, and applies Va R to measure the risks of royalty contracts, production share contracts and service contracts of an international oil and gas project. Besides, this paper compares the influences of different risk factors on the net present value(NPV) of the project by using the simulation results. The results indicate:(1) risks have great impacts on the project's NPV, therefore, if risks are overlooked, the decision may be wrong.(2) A simulation method is applied to simulate the stochastic distribution of risk factors in the probabilistic model. Therefore, the probability is related to the project's NPV, overcoming the inherent limitation of the traditional economic evaluation method.(3) VaR is a straightforward risk measure tool, and can be applied to evaluate the risks of international oil and gas projects. It is helpful for decision making.