Effects and Mechanisms of Oil Cakes on the Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Under Continuous Cropping System

Fxperiments on the effect of soil amendment with rape (Brassica chinensis L.) seed cake, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed or sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed cake on the growth of cucumber seedlings under a continuous cropping system were conducted in a greenhouse environment. The results indicated that two applications of sesame seed cake (0.1 and 0.5 %, w/w) increased the growth of cucumber, but the rape oil cake showed a negative effect at a rate of 1.5% (w/w). The sesame seed cake was separated into four fractions (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ) according to the polarity, and all four fractions had a positive effect on the growth of cucumbers under a continuous cropping system. Fraction number Ⅲ was isolated into 25 proportions by silicon column, and only oleic acid, palmitic acid and octadecanoic acid were identified in proportion 10 by GC-MS in which 93.3% was oleic acid and palmitic acid. The oleic acid had a significant and positive effect on cucumber growth under salt stress at the level 30 mmol and showed slight resistance to several pathogenic fungi.

Smashing Tissue Extraction and GC Analysis of Active Fatty Acids from Oil Cake of Perilla Seeds

Objective To optimize the extraction technology of perilla seeds oil from the oil cake of perilla seeds(OCPS)by using the contents of active fatty acids as evaluation standard.Methods The fatty acids were extracted from OCPS,the residue of perilla seeds after cold-press,by smashing tissue extraction(STE),the new technology selected through comparing with classical leaching extraction(LE),Soxhlet extraction(SE),ultrasonic extraction(UE),and supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction(SFE).For optimized condition of STE,orthogonal test was designed and completed.The contents of five fatty acids in extracted oil and OCPS were determined by GC.Results The optimized extraction parameters were smashing for 1.5 min under extraction power of 150 W and 1:6 of the material/solvent ratio.The contents of five fatty acids in the oils extracted by five techniques from OCPS and determined by GC were as follows:α-linolenic acid(41.12%-51.81%),linoleic acid(15.38%-16.43%),oleic acid (18.93%-27.28%),stearic acid(2.56%-4.01%),and palmitic acid(7.38%-10.77%).Conclusion The results show that STE is the most efficient technology with the highest yield(LE:0.57%;SE:1.03%;UE:0.61%;SFE:0.80%;STE: 1.17%)and shortest time(LE:720 min;SE:360 min;UE:30 min;SFE:120 min;STE:1.5 min)among five tested extraction technologies.It is first reported using STE to extract herbal oil enriched with active fatty acids.

Modification of mechanical properties by TiO_2 nano-particle for biodegradable materials made from palm oil sludge and activated sludge cake

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano-particle is widely used in composite materials to its improved mechanical properties.TiO2 nano-particle was used in the composite material that consists of palm oil sludge from the palm oil production and activated sludge cake from a papermaking process.TiO2 was synthesized by a hydrolysis of titanium isopropoxide.The parameter was investigated by the mole ratio of reactant to different solvents (isopropanol and isobutanol).The solution was prepared by adjusting pH to acid solution,resulting in different sizes and distributions of precipitate which was heated at different temperatures.The obtained samples were then morphologically and structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution (PSD).The experimental results show that the TiO2 sample from isopropanol solvent with heated temperature of 600 °C exhibits the best results.Consequently,different mass fractions of TiO2 (0,0.5%,1.0%,2.0%,4.0% and 8.0%) were used for specimens that were made from palm oil sludge mixed with activated sludge cake.All samples were later characterized by 3-point bending test and compression test.The results indicate that the adding 0.5% and 1.0% TiO2 particles to the composite material outperforms the other fractions in terms of enhancing mechanical properties.Nonetheless,mechanical properties tends to decrease when adding 2.0% TiO2.

22个芍药品种种籽功能性成分分析

以22个芍药品种为试验材料,探究其出仁率、出油率以及种籽中籽油、籽粕和种皮中的功能性成分和含量。结果表明,通过超临界流体萃取仪提取芍药籽油,测得参试品种出油率为15.96%~26.62%,平均为22.12%;经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析表明,参试芍药籽油中的脂肪酸主要为油酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸等,籽油中的总不饱和脂肪酸超过85%,营养价值和保健功能较高,具有开发利用的潜力;芍药籽油榨取后副产物籽粕中总黄酮、芍药苷和粗蛋白的含量分别为7.78 mg/g、24.85 mg/g和16.92%,种皮中总黄酮和白藜芦醇的含量分别为107.30和3.11 mg/g。综上所述,籽粕和种皮既可作为功能性营养保健品的原料开发利用,也可作为新型高营养饲料使用,表明芍药具有较高的综合利用潜力,能够为相关产业的发展提供重要参考。

Valorization of Griffonia simplicifolia Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Sustainable Alternative

Bio-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), are promising alternatives for alleviating the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption on climate change and preventing petroleum resource depletion. However, the selection of a viable feedstock for competitive biodiesel production remains challenging. Recent studies focusing on Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, the sole plant industrially exploited for 5-hydroxy- tryptophan (5-HTP) extraction, have shown that G. simplicifolia seed oil (GSO) can be solvent-extracted directly from ground seeds or the remaining seed cakes obtained after 5-HTP extraction with quantitative yields. This work documents the conversion of GSO into biodiesel through homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification. The refractive index and density of the obtained methyl ester mixtures decreased with increasing oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time. Under specific conditions, 1.43 wt% FFA oil, 63.5C, 60 min, and 1:9 oil/MeOH molar ratio with 1.2 wt% NaOH or 1.3 wt% KOH as catalysts, optimal reaction conditions were reached. There were no significant differences in the potential for diminution of the refractive index and density between the NaOH and KOH catalysts. The predicted fuel properties based on the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed that G. simplicifolia biodiesel exhibited a cetane index of 50.29, volumetric energy density of 34.97 MJ/L, cloud point of -1.03°C, kinematic viscosity of 4.07 mm2/s, and oxidative stability of 0.65 h. Apart from its unfavorable oxidative stability and slightly lower energy density compared to petrodiesel, all other calculated parameters met the current standards. The valorization concept proposed in this study should be integrated into the 5-HTP extraction process, preferably using the remaining dry seed cakes as raw materials to maximize revenue in a bioeconomic and sustainable approach.

亚麻籽及其加工产品的饲用价值与其在动物生产中的应用研究进展

亚麻籽富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸、木酚素等活性功能成分,其加工后得到的亚麻油和亚麻籽饼/粕等副产品可用于饲料,并具有改善动物生产性能和产品品质的作用。本文主要综述了亚麻籽及其加工产品(亚麻油、亚麻饼/粕和活性功能成分)的营养特点、饲用价值以及其在动物生产中的应用现状,同时分析目前亚麻籽及相关产品应用于动物饲料存在的问题,旨在为亚麻籽及其加工产品在动物营养中的高效利用提供科学参考。

香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液制备及其对沙拉酱和月饼的品质影响

利用超声处理制备香榧油(Torreya oil)与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)复合纳米乳液,分析不同油水比、EGCG添加量在不同储存温度和时间下的乳液稳定性,并进一步研究添加该纳米乳液对沙拉酱和月饼的品质影响。结果表明,制备的香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液性质稳定(粒径分布在160~180 nm、多分散性指数小于0.2、Zeta电位接近﹣60 mV),油水比和EGCG对纳米乳液稳定性影响不显著;冷藏、复合2.0%EGCG的纳米乳液有利于减少EGCG的损失从而抑制其褐变;添加1/10香榧油复合EGCG纳米乳液、0.2%新甲基橙皮苷二氢(New methyl hesperi dindihydrogen,NHDC)的沙拉酱感官风味提升,显著增强抑菌和抗氧化活性,提高其品质稳定性;添加香榧油复合EGCG乳液能够减缓月饼烘制中的丙烯酰胺累积、减少代表性不饱和脂肪酸的损失。以上结果表明,EGCG纳米乳液在提升食品品质方面有着重要意义和开发利用前景。

一种油基钻开液用延时泥饼解除液体系性能评价

针对常规强酸对油基钻开液泥饼解除不彻底等问题,自研一种温度相应型生酸材料,该材料在常温条件下几乎不反应,当达到储层温度后,会与淡水或盐水反应释放出H+,并以此材料为主剂,优选抑制剂,控制H+在储层下的释放速度,优选表面活性剂及加重材料,形成一种新型油基钻开液用延时泥饼解除液体系,可延时并解除可酸溶固相所形成泥饼,含10%生酸材料解除液体系综合性能评价结果表明:该延时泥饼解除液体系延时作用效果及泥饼解除效果明显,表面活性剂加量可影响该体系泥饼延迟时间及泥饼解除时间,可通过调节不同成分加量对泥饼解除时间进行调控,延时泥饼解除液体系处理后岩心渗透率恢复值可达到90%以上,具有良好的储层保护性能。

炸制过程中棕榈油和高油酸菜籽油氧化程度对鱼饼中AGEs生成的影响

以冷冻鱼糜为原料制作鱼饼,用棕榈油和高油酸菜籽油对鱼饼进行炸制,在炸制鱼饼的过程中,鱼饼的理化性质会发生一系列的变化。该实验的目的是探究在炸制过程中鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)的生成与鱼饼的理化指标以及油脂氧化程度之间的关系。研究发现,两种油炸制鱼饼后,红度值和黄度值均升高,并且两种油炸制的鱼饼的水分含量都是外层低于内层,而脂肪含量都是外层高于内层,鱼饼的丙二醛含量都是外层高于内层。两种油炸制的鱼饼中荧光和非荧光AGEs含量在炸制的第9 h较高,且棕榈油>高油酸菜籽油,表明炸制鱼饼中AGEs含量并不随油脂不饱和度的增加而增加。

北部湾深层深井油基钻井液研究及现场应用

为了缩短钻井周期以及提高井壁稳定,油基钻井液的护壁防塌性能可通过加入封堵剂来优化。本文以纳米SiO_(2)、N-氨乙基-3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷和全氟辛基三甲氧基硅烷为原料制备一种纳米封堵剂,其粒径主要分布在10~200nm之间,其粒径较为集中,应用于钻井液中可降低泥饼渗透率,显著提高油基钻井液的封堵性能,降低滤失量,对储层渗透率影响较小。纳米封堵剂与油基钻井液具有良好的配伍性,提高油基钻井液的稳定性。本文研究的高性能油基钻井液成功应用于现场钻井,钻井过程中,纳米封堵剂的加入显著提高了起钻速度,缩短了现场钻井周期,封堵性能的提高使钻井液泥饼在裂缝和孔隙中进行有效封堵,井壁未出现掉块及剥落片。

宋代饼茶“膏油首面”的工艺及其作用研究

“膏油首面”是指在饼茶表面添加膏油状物质的工艺,萌芽于唐末,形成不晚于北宋皇祐三年(1051),兴盛于宋代。“膏油”的选材有宜茶香料、多乳之物,还可能有松黄、茶膏、酥油。可以定型前添加,即在碾细的茶末中混匀膏油;也可以定型后添加,即在焙干的饼茶上涂抹膏油。“膏油首面”有提升香味、紧塑外形、改善色泽、减缓陈化的作用,但也会被用来包裹劣茶。延伸到当代,“膏油首面”的价值主要体现在非遗技艺保护与传承上,以及对类似工艺的应用和延伸上。“膏油首面”工艺是把双刃剑,使用得当是对好茶的修饰,使用不当是对劣茶的掩饰。因此,要辩证看待这种工艺,对其进行灵活、合理地借鉴。

全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素

研究旨在建立全自动免疫亲和柱净化-液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)同时测定饼粕类饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2)含量的分析方法。通过比较不同提取条件和净化方式对黄曲霉毒素(AFs)检测结果的影响,确定较佳前处理方法。样品经40%乙腈提取、磷酸盐缓冲液稀释,采用自动免疫亲和柱净化,得到的样品溶液使用LC-MS/MS进行定量分析。基于上述方法对花生粕、豆粕、棉籽粕等饲料原料样品进行分析测定,结果表明:AFs在0.02~10.00 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2≥0.9950),方法定量限为0.1μg/kg,平均回收率为82.2%~109.8%,RSD≤8.9%。该方法可批量自动化处理样品,提高工作效率,避免因人员操作导致的结果偏差,适合于饲料原料中多种AFs的精准测定。

Characterization of the Crystal Structure of Sesame Seed Cake Burned by Nd: YAG Laser

This paper reports obtaining of useful and high-value materials from sesame seed cake (SSC). For this purpose, SSC sample was burned for 30 s using Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 W. The products of this process and non-burned SSC were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) so as to investigate its crystal structure and chemical components. XRD results of the SSC before burning process showed amorphous silica, rhombohedral phase of carbon, monoclinic phase of aluminum chloride, the hexagonal phase of moissanite-4H, (yellow, black) and hexagonal phase of graphite-2H, C (black). While the results of the burned SSC sample showed that the burning process using the power of Nd: YAG laser cased in appearing of crystalline hexagonal phase for silica and Carbon Nitride and converting the rhombohedral phase of Carbon into hexagonal phase. FTIR showed a number of absorbance peaks assigned to silica.

Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Olive Biomass with/without Catalyst

In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm3 stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.

重晶石螯合解堵剂作用机理及其评价方法研究

以重晶石加重剂为主要成分的钻井液滤饼形成的重晶石堵塞是造成油气储层伤害、影响油气产量的主要因素之一。常规的酸化解堵措施难以溶解重晶石堵塞物,而研制高性价比的非酸螯合解堵剂并制定科学的解堵施工工艺是解决重晶石堵塞的有效工程手段。氨基多羧酸螯合剂通过与重晶石表面的钡离子形成强螯合物,促进重晶石的快速溶解,有助于解除重晶石滤饼堵塞。文章归纳了常见的氨基多羧酸螯合剂的结构特征,从螯合解堵机理角度认为DTPA对重晶石堵塞的油气井解堵效果最佳;同时分析了常用的螯合解堵剂评价方法的优缺点,建立了一套准确、简单、快捷的重晶石螯合解堵剂性能的评价方法。相比于其他评价方法,高温动态溶解率评价方法具有实验耗时短、对实验器材要求低、实验结果直观等优点,推荐使用高温动态溶解率评价方法去评价螯合解堵剂的性能。

有机肥磷替代化肥磷对小麦苗期生长及土壤养分的影响

【目的】研究不同比例油桐饼粕有机肥磷替代化肥磷对小麦苗期生长和土壤养分的影响,为油桐饼粕有机肥在小麦种植中的合理应用提供参考。【方法】以小麦品种黔麦22为试验材料,设6个处理,分别为常规施化肥磷处理(T1)和5种有机肥磷替代化肥磷处理(有机肥磷替代量分别为10%、20%、30%、50%和100%,依次表示为T2、T3、T4、T5和T6)。分析不同施肥处理对土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性及苗期小麦根系形态、养分吸收的影响。【结果】适宜比例的油桐饼粕有机肥磷替代化肥磷处理能显著增加小麦根际土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性(P<0.05,下同),其中T2处理根际土壤水解氮和速效钾含量及土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性最高,分别较T1处理增加34.51%、30.60%、115.94%、60.98%和92.68%。适宜比例的油桐饼粕有机肥磷替代化肥磷处理也能显著增加小麦茎叶和根干重、根系形态指标及小麦对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收累积量,其中T2处理各指标均最高,小麦茎叶干重、根干重、根冠比、总根长、根表面积和根体积分别较T1处理增加18.11%、102.56%、71.50%、109.76%、59.02%和105.26%,小麦植株氮、磷、钾含量分别较T1处理增加70.92%、98.04%和79.19%。相关分析结果表明,小麦根系总根长、根表面积和根体积与小麦对氮、磷、钾的累积吸收量均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。【结论】适宜比例的油桐饼粕有机肥磷替代化肥磷能改善土壤养分状况、提高土壤酶活性,促进苗期小麦根系生长及对养分的吸收利用。综合来看,油桐饼粕有机肥磷替代10%化肥磷更有利于满足小麦幼苗生长和维持麦区土壤肥力。

基于调配的手抓饼专用基料油脂研究

为了开发手抓饼专用油脂,以大豆油与4种全氢化植物油(月桂酸型、棕榈酸型、硬脂酸型和山嵛酸型)为原料,对基本理化指标、固体脂肪含量(SFC)以及体系相容性进行分析,并将复配油样与市售6种手抓饼用油的SFC曲线进行对比,考察其用作手抓饼专用油的可行性。结果表明:0~20℃,全氢化椰子油会导致体系出现明显的共晶现象;全氢化棕榈油、全氢化大豆油和全氢化菜籽油在低温区域(0~30℃)会使体系呈现轻微的偏晶状态,随着温度的升高转而呈现明显的共晶状态,60℃时共晶作用最为明显,当全氢化油添加量为50%时二元体系相容性最差;当大豆油、全氢化椰子油和全氢化棕榈油(或全氢化大豆油、全氢化菜籽油)质量比为(0.4~0.6)∶(0.3~0.5)∶(0.1~0.17)时,复配油与市售手抓饼用油SFC曲线较为相似。说明以全氢化植物油制备手抓饼专用油脂具有可行性。

油茶籽饼中茶皂苷的超声-微波辅助法提取工艺优化

为提高茶皂苷的提取率,扩大茶皂苷的应用范围,以脱脂油茶籽饼为原料,采用超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷。以油茶皂苷提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出具有显著影响的试验因素,再通过响应面法对茶皂苷提取工艺进行优化。另外,将超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的工艺与超声辅助法和微波辅助法提取工艺进行了对比。结果表明:超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数59%、料液比1∶12、提取液pH 7、超声功率475 W、超声时间4 min、超声工作2 s间隔2 s、微波功率480 W、提取温度59℃、微波提取时间8 min,在此条件下茶皂苷提取率为98.40%,产品纯度为64.7%;超声辅助法和微波辅助法茶皂苷的提取率分别为69.06%和71.40%。与超声辅助法和微波辅助法相比,超声-微波辅助法能够显著提高茶皂苷提取率。

炸制过程中油脂氧化对鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物生成的影响

旨在为炸制鱼饼中晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)含量的控制提供理论依据和参考,以冷冻鲢鱼糜为原料制作鱼饼,通过分析连续炸制过程中(每3 h炸制1次)鱼饼中AGEs的生成与其理化指标和油脂氧化程度之间的相关性,探讨炸制过程中油脂氧化对鱼饼中AGEs生成的影响。结果表明:鱼饼外层AGEs含量显著高于内层,炸制9~18 h,鱼饼AGEs含量显著高于其他阶段(p<0.05);鱼饼中AGEs含量与水分含量呈极显著负相关,与脂肪含量和丙二醛含量呈极显著正相关,说明水分散失、油脂吸收以及油脂氧化促进了AGEs的生成。综上,在连续炸制过程的中期,鱼饼中水分含量较低,油脂氧化较为严重,AGEs含量较高。