Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Generically, SCM may be said to include all activities carried out to ensure proper functioning of the supply chain. The activities included in proper management of a supply chain broadly include logistics activities, planning and control of the flow of information and materials in a firm, management of relationships with other organizations and government intervention, However, crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism are established products supply chain disruptors in Nigeria which are rendering the task of running an efficient petroleum supply chain onerous. This paper aims to establish the importance of effective supply chain strategies for companies in the oil and gas industry with special focus on the Nigerian oil and gas sector and the strategies by which the state oil and gas corporation in this sector may mitigate disruptions to its supply chain. This study investigates the enhancement of supply chain strategies towards meeting the challenge of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism, using the Nigerian National Corporation (NNPC) as a case study. Based on this study, data were collected from two sources: A summary of incident reports obtained from NNPC and an interview with personnel in the PPMC Department. Incident report refers to a report produced when accidents such as equipment failure, injury, loss of life, or fire occur at the work site. Content analysis is utilized to evaluate data obtained from interview responses, CBN financial stability reports, NDIC annual reports, circulars, banking supervision reports and implementation guidelines. The study found out that NNPC should endeavor to sustain its value chain and ward of pipeline vandals and crude oil thieves by engaging in community partnership, detailing security outfits to ensure its pipelines’ right of way and bridging. Concluded that the oil supply chain of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation has been plagued by disruptions in the form of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism which has had debilitating effects on its value.

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HIGH-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OIL-PUMP CHAIN

The high-speed multi-cycle impact and speed, load fluctuant characteristics of a kind of narrow-width automotive engine oil-pump chain 06BN-1 are studied through engine assembly and road-drive tests to satisfy the light-weight demand of engine. The worn surface morphologies of rubbing area between pin, bush and roller are also analyzed based on scanning electron microscope. The results show that the main wear mechanism of automotive engine oil-pump chain is fatigue wear, and it＇s failure mechanism is the forming, extending and flaking of cracks on top layer of pin and bush. Pin and bush both occurred cycle-soften phenomenon, and roller occurred cycle-harden. Fretting wear is one of the most important ＂fall to pieces＂ failure causes of automotive chain. Ensuring sufficient strength and plasticity of roller, as well as adopting suitable shaping technology are the effective methods to increase its resistance to multi-cycle impact.

The Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum L.</i>) Value Chain and Microbiological Quality of Crude Sesame Oil, a Case Study in Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Crude sesame oil (CSO) is the widely used unrefined edible oil. Storage instability, off-flavour, and discoloration are, however, challenges in the industry. The purpose of this study was to map the sesame value chain, assess the suitability of CSO extraction plant, and analyze the microbial quality of CSO and premises environment. A structured Questionnaire and checklist were used to assess the sesame value chain and evaluate the suitability of the CSO extraction plant. Microbiological quality assessment was conducted using standard analytical methods. Stakeholders in the sesame value chain were inclusive of farmers, market mediators, traders, regulatory, extension workers and researchers. Though, illiteracy, inadequate technology, and infrastructure were the drawbacks. The CSO extraction plant was suitable apart from inadequate ingredients and CSO handling and unhygienic practices. Total aerobic bacteria (4.34 - 5.06 log10 CFU/m2 on swap surfaces, 2.44 log10 CFU/g in CSO), total Coliforms (5.81 log10 CFU/g of animal manure and 1.36 log10 CFU of indoor air after extraction), yeasts and moulds (2.31 log10 CFU/g of sesame seed and CSO and 4.47 log10 CFU/m2 of swap sample), Aspergillus species (1.17 - 1.33 log10 CFU/g of sesame seed/CSO, 3.37 - 3.50 log10 CFU/m2 of swap samples), and Staphylococcus aureus (2.09 log10 CFU/g of CSO, 2.56 - 3.22 log10 CFU/m2 of surface swaps, 3.26 - 3.77 log10 CFU/protective clothing, 0.74 - 1.82 log10 CFU of the indoor and outdoor air) were detected. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella were not detected. In conclusion, potential microbial pathogens were detected to impose food safety problems and economic loss. To improve the sesame value chain and CSO quality workers training on good handling and hygienic practices and thoughtful regulatory implementation are significant.

新时代十年:我国油菜产业发展与路径选择

当前国产植物油自给率依然偏低,油菜作为我国重要的油料作物,国产菜籽油占国内油料作物产油量的约50%,对保障国家食用油供给安全具有重要作用。2012年“中央一号文件”首次全面部署农业科技,油菜产业在科技支撑的作用下取得了长足发展。2023年“中央一号文件”明确提出深入推进大豆和油料产能提升工程,统筹油菜综合性扶持措施,推行稻油轮作,大力开发利用冬闲田种植油菜。在系统梳理2012-2022年油菜产业发展变化的基础上,本文结合科技创新对油菜产业发展的支撑作用,对我国油菜发展面临的问题、制约因素和产业优势等进行全面分析,对我国油菜产业可持续发展提供可资借鉴的政策建议。

长链烷基甜菜碱表面活性剂在驱油用油水界面行为的分子模拟研究

随着化学驱规模化实施,表面活性剂的需求量猛增,而甜菜碱型表面活性剂由于其优异的界面活性、抗盐性能及绿色环保等特点,是适合油田多场景开采的一类高效驱油剂。为从分子尺度探究长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面活性并解释提采机制,利用分子动力学模拟研究了不同疏水链长和亲水基团的甜菜碱型表面活性剂油水界面行为和微观分子构型。通过与实验数据相互验证,为宏观实验现象提供了微观分子层面解释,并归纳了长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面作用机制,为根据分子模拟界面迁移及分布规律进行驱油剂设计提供指导。

基于区块链的芝麻油防伪溯源系统的设计与实现

芝麻油作为日常饮食中不可或缺的食用油之一,其质量和安全性受到了广泛关注。然而,芝麻油掺假问题日益严重,这使得保障芝麻油的质量安全成为了一个急需解决的问题,所以建立芝麻油防伪溯源对保障质量安全十分重要。本实验设计研发了一套基于区块链技术的芝麻油防伪溯源系统,提出了“区块链缓存”的双存储设计,即链下存储并缓存溯源信息,链上同步存储溯源信息的哈希值;此外还设计了链码直连状态数据库的查询方案,解决了区块链网络数据存储压力大、查询效率低的问题。通过分析与验证,消费者利用微信扫码通过小程序能够快速方便地查验芝麻油真伪,有效解决了芝麻油溯源链不同环节之间在数据安全和溯源信息真实性上的问题,在实践中也取得了较好的应用效果。

支链型氨基硅油的制备及其在织物整理剂中的应用

通过5种不同方法制备支链化的氨基硅油:(1)以氨乙基氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷为硅烷偶联剂和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应制得P1;(2)以氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷、甲基三甲氧基硅烷和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应制得P2;(3)首先用甲基三甲氧基硅烷和氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷制得含有氨基的硅树脂I1,然后通过硅树脂与羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的平衡反应制得P3;(4)首先制备乙烯基二甲基硅醇,然后将其与六甲基环三硅氧烷反应得到单端硅羟基聚硅氧烷,再与氨乙基氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷反应得到硅烷中间体I2,I2与羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应得到P4;(5)同方法(4)得到相同的单端羟基硅氧烷,再与甲基三甲氧基硅烷反应得到中间体I3,I3与氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应,得到P5。通过非离子乳化剂得到粒径一致的硅油乳液,并以其对涤纶织物进行手感整理,结果表明:使用P4和P5所制备的乳液具有优异的柔软整理效果,在软度和松度方面均具有非常好的表现。

Analysis of Supply Chain Sustainability Drivers in the Oil and Gas Industry under Covid-19 Pandemic

The supply chain of many industries,including Oil and Gas,was significantly affected by the disruption caused by the Covid pandemic.This,in turn,had a knock-on effect on other industries around the globe.Sustaining the impact of the disruption posed a major challenge for the industry.This study contributes to the existing literature by identifying and analyzing the most significant drivers that affected the sustainability of the Oil and Gas supply chain during the Covid pandemic.Fifteen drivers were identified based on an extensive literature review and a survey conducted with experts working in the Oil and Gas industry.Multi-criteria decision-making methodologies were used to analyze these drivers.The analysis from the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process found that the most important drivers for the sustainability of the Oil and gas supply chain during the pandemic were"Risk management capacity","Government regulation"and"Health and safety of employees".On the other hand,the driver"Community Pressure"was found to be of the least importance.Furthermore,the study integrated the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process with the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution to calculate the supply chain sustainability index.A case example was demonstrated to rank the industries based on such calculations.This study can support the governmental institutions in benchmarking the Oil and Gas industry based on its sustainability index.Additionally,the outcomes of the study will help industrial decision makers prioritize the drivers the company should focus and devise strategies based on the priority to improve the sustainability of their supply chain during severe disruption.This will be crucial as the World health organization has cautioned that the world may encounter another pandemic in the near future.

双子表面活性剂疏水链对油水界面行为的影响

双子表面活性剂(Gemini surfactants)已经被认为是传统的单子表面活性剂的新型替代品。然而,双子表面活性剂对油水界面影响的微观机制还没有被充分理解,通过构建了具有不同疏水链长度的双子表面活性剂并利用耗散粒子动力学(DPD)模拟研究了双子表面活性剂对油水界面行为的影响,研究结果表明,双子表面活性剂的表面活性随着疏水链长度的增加而增加,这也促使油水界面从层状转变为乳状液滴形态。温度的上升有利于降低油水界面张力使混合体系转变为乳液状态。表面活性剂疏水尾链和油珠之间的相互作用随着疏水尾链长度的增加而增加。

桐油悬挂链辅助的高强自主愈合弹性体设计及其性能优化

为进一步优化自愈材料的力学性能和修复能力,着眼于如何利用天然可再生的林业生物质原料设计制备出兼具高强度与快速自愈效能的新型弹性体材料。以木本油脂——桐油为原料,通过高效氨解反应制备了反应型功能单体(TOD),将其作为“软段”构筑了系列含悬挂链和动态共价键的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体。进一步利用TOD脂肪酸链中共轭双键的氧化交联特性,通过在合成过程中热诱导其自发形成桥接网络结构,最终获得高强度自主愈合材料。采用核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)确定了TOD单体的化学结构,并证实了其在合成终点后的有效交联,从而贡献体系的机械性能,拉伸强度可达16.16 MPa,断裂应变为1 318%。对弹性体热力学性能分析表明,TOD的引入会显著提升聚合物的玻璃化转变温度,保证材料稳定的力学性能,同时与动态二硫键协同作用实现弹性体在室温环境下的高效自主愈合。制备的薄膜在室温愈合24 h后的愈合效率可达95.4%(以应力为参照)。结果表明:桐油悬挂链的非对称结构能够打破分子链的规整度,进而诱导二硫键在室温下更加快速地复分解,促使材料自愈。此外,由于体系中动态键合结构的存在,交联型聚氨酯在加工温度下表现出优异的热回收利用性能。经过验证,弹性体在多次物理回收后机械性能与初始值保持一致,未出现显著降低。这为木本油脂的高值化利用提供了一种新方法,并丰富现有高性能功能弹性体增强理论体系,也说明,油脂基功能型聚氨酯弹性体具有广阔的应用前景。

不确定扰动下原油海运供应链网络韧性提升策略

为提高原油海运供应链网络的抗扰动能力,考虑扰动事件及其影响的不确定性,以韧性水平为约束条件,建立一个以最小化网络总成本为目标的两阶段随机规划模型。为增强网络韧性,提出4种韧性策略,包括长期供应合同签订、接卸港设施加固、原油战略库存储备和原油供应比例优化。采用基于蒙特卡洛抽样理论的样本均值近似方法求解模型,并进行数值实验以验证模型和韧性策略的有效性。结果表明,更高的韧性水平会增加网络成本,综合运用多种韧性策略可以更有效地提高网络的抗扰动能力并降低网络成本。

大豆压榨产业链期转现应用场景分析与建议

大连商品交易所(以下简称大商所)豆粕和豆油品种期现货结合程度较高。然而,期转现在我国压榨产业链中的应用仍处于初级阶段。为推动大商所期转现应用,本文对大豆压榨产业链上下游企业的期转现应用现状、难度及可行性进行了分析。一方面,对压榨厂应用芝加哥期货交易所(CBOT)期转现采购大豆进行了分析,总结出压榨利润正套和延期点价两个常用模式。另一方面,对压榨厂应用大商所期转现销售产品进行了分析,总结出交割和交易两个场景,将期货头寸转换方式与相关业务有机结合。同时,本文提出了重点推广基差定价和提前交割两个应用场景、加强市场培育提升产业客户参与度、发挥产业链龙头企业的示范作用和优化期转现操作系统与制度规则四方面建议。

Progress of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery in Laboratory Investigation

This paper describes a simple, easy process for screening microorganisms, and introduces a laboratory simulation device and process of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) , which is a necessary research step for trial in oilfields. The MEOR mechanism and the influence of adsorption, diffusion, metabolism, nutrition, porosity, and permeability are analyzed. The research indicates that different microbes have different efficiencies in EOR and that different culture types play different roles in EOR. The effect of syrup is better than that of glucose, and larger porosity is favorable to the reproduction and growth of microbes, thereby improving the oil recovery. Using crude oil as a single carbon source is more appreciable because of the decrease in cost of oil recovery. At the end of this paper, the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the future is discussed.

“N+1”模式下粮油行业供应链优化研究

随着全球经济的快速发展和市场竞争的加剧,粮油行业供应链管理面临着越来越大的挑战。传统的供应链管理模式已经不能满足日益增长的市场需求和消费者个性化需求。本文以“N+1”模式为基础,探讨了粮油行业供应链优化的相关问题,并提出了一些创新性的解决方案,以期为行业的可持续发展和提高供应链效率提供理论支持和实践指导。

抚顺矿区绿色低碳循环经济高质量发展的探索与实践

抚顺矿区随着开采年限的增加,煤炭资源逐渐减少,特别是国家“保城限采”后,大量城下压煤无法开采,煤炭可采储量锐减。为了克服企业困难,经过多年反复不断地探索与实践,逐渐形成一个围绕煤炭和油页岩综合开发利用为核心,具有科学性、循环性、增值性的循环经济模式,并不断发展壮大。抚顺这个百年老矿区发展循环经济具有重要意义,其发展历程以及取得的经验说明,循环经济是煤炭企业实现高质量可持续发展的必然选择。

我国陆相页岩油革命的科技创新治理——基于智库双螺旋法理论的“双链环模型”研究

中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会报告指出,要增强维护国家安全能力,确保能源资源安全。2023年我国原油对外依存度超70%,未来有进一步攀升趋势。陆相页岩油是接替我国油气能源稳定供给的重要领域。本研究基于智库双螺旋法理论,提出支撑我国页岩油革命的科技创新治理“双链环模型”,阐释页岩油勘探、开采、加工、储运和管理技术构成产业技术链,以及产业战略规划、管理体制、科技研发、工程建设和政策保障组成的创新生态链,以期为我国陆相页岩油产业技术创新和布局提供参考,推动中国陆相页岩油革命加快发展。

3种植物精油对调理牛排优势腐败菌的抑菌性

为明确调理牛排的优势腐败菌并筛选出抑菌性、专一性强的植物精油,通过传统培养基法结合聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳技术筛选出调理牛排的优势腐败菌,并通过抑菌圈、最小抑菌浓度、最小杀菌浓度及细菌生长曲线,从丁香精油、豆蔻精油、黑胡椒精油中选出抑菌性最强的植物精油。结果表明:优势腐败菌为深蓝紫色杆菌(Janthinobacterium lividum)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)和热杀索丝菌(Brochothrix thermosphacta);丁香精油的抑菌圈直径均大于10 mm,2~4μL/mL的精油添加量就能明显抑制优势腐败菌的生长繁殖;豆蔻精油抑菌性稍弱;黑胡椒精油对3株优势腐败菌均无明显抑菌效果。

植物提取成分调控短链脂肪酸在养猪生产中的应用

现代养猪业发展中抗生素与重金属等的使用受到越来越多限制,植物提取成分作为替代品之一,具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗菌和免疫调节等功能。短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是“肠-器官”轴通路的生物分子,能调节机体健康及生产性能等。关于多糖、生物碱、精油、多酚和粗提物等不同植物提取成分通过肠道微生物途径对SCFAs进行调控的研究结果表明,这些成分效果明显,均能抑制有害菌,促进有益菌特别是产短链脂肪酸相关菌的增殖,进而提高肠道内SCFAs总量及改善各成分间的比例,恢复和维持猪体健康,提升生产性能和改善肉质等。下一步需要深入研究各植物提取成分的作用机制、不同成分间的互作及如何降低使用成本等,以更科学、精准、有效、广泛地在养猪生产中使用。

不同链长油相葛根素W/O型微乳在体肠吸收的研究

目的研究不同链长油相对葛根素W/O型微乳口服吸收的影响。方法采用在体单向肠灌流法考察不同链长油相葛根素W/O型微乳的肠吸收行为。以吸收速率常数(K_(a))和表观吸收系数(P_(app))为评价指标,分析不同链长油相对葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠不同肠段的吸收特性。结果葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠整个肠段的吸收均显著高于葛根素混悬液,不同链长油相W/O型微乳的肠吸收有差异。此外,葛根素W/O型微乳在大鼠整个肠段的肠吸收与微乳的油相链长在一定程度上成正相关,其中长链油微乳肠吸收最佳。结论长链油微乳能增强葛根素的肠吸收,从而进一步提高葛根素的口服生物利用度。