Study and Commercial Test on Technology for Deacidification of Distillate Oils

A new kind of solvent for deacidification of distillate oils was introduced in this paper. After successful laboratory study this technology had been applied in commercial scale successfully. Compared to traditional caustic wash of distillate oils, this technology has a lot of merits, such as the broad range of distillates to be processed, low caustic consumption, recycle of deacidifying agent, absence of waste caustic discharge, and low equipment revamp expenses, which can have promising perspectives for exploitation and application of this technology.

Effects of Tocols Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate on Plasma and Hepatic Lipid Concentrations in Rats

A great deal of attention has been focused on the potential health benefits of using rice bran oil because it is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD) is a byproduct obtained from distillation of rice bran oil. Elevated plasma cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tocols (tocopherols + tocotrienols) rich fraction isolated from RBODD on plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly assigned into three groups: normal fat control (NFC), high fat control (HFC) and high fat diet plus tocols rich fraction (RBODD). RBODD was administered daily for 3 weeks by oral gavage using 5% of Tween-80 as a vehicle. The rats in the control groups received 5% of Tween-80 alone in the same manner. Blood samples and livers were collected at the end of the feeding period. RBODD group had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels compared to the HFC group (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes for plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found in RBODD compared with HFC. Compared to the rat fed HFC, hepatic free fatty acids were significantly reduced in the rats with the RBODD treatment (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the tocols rich fraction isolated from RBODD is associated with decreased plasma triglyceride and hepatic free fatty acids concentrations. Further study is needed to investigate the mechanism and optimal dose by which isomers of tocols lower triglyceride concentrations.

Comparison of Constituents and Insecticidal Activities of Essential Oil from Artemisia lavandulaefolia by Steam Distillation and Supercritical-CO_2 Fluid Extraction

Essential oil was extracted from Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC.by steam distillation（SD） and supercritical-CO2 fluid extraction（SFE）,respectively.The constituents of the essentil oils extracted with those two methods were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） and insecticidal activities of the essential oils were evaluated,then the results were compared to assess their biological activity.Thirty-one compounds were identified in the essential oil extracted by SD,and its main components were eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol and so on.Twenty-two compounds were identified for the essential oil extracted by SFE,and its main components were cyclodecene,n-hexadecanoic acid and so on.Six chemical compositions were all contained in the essential oils extracted by the two methods,i.e.,eucalyptol,α,α,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol,caryophyllene,[3aS-（3aα,3bβ,4β,7α,7aS）]-octahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-4-（1-methylethyl）-1H-cyclopenta[1,3]cyclopropa-[1,2]benzene,nerolidol and（-）-Spathulenol.The fumigation toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SD to the adults of Sitophilus zeamais is significantly higher than that of the essential oil by means of SFE.The contact toxicity of the essential oil obtained by means of SFE to the adults of S.zeamais is higher than that of the essential oil obtained by means of SD,but the difference is not significant.

Enhanced extraction of essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark by ultrasound assisted hydrodistillation

Cinnamon essential oil with many bioactivities is an important raw material for the production of various chemicals,and the conventional hydrodistillation(HD)for cinnamon oil extraction always require a longer extraction time.In this work,ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation extraction(UAHDE)technique was employed to enhance the extraction efficiency of essential oils from cinnamon barks.The parameters with significant effects on the essential oil extraction efficiency(ultrasound time,ultrasound power,extraction time,liquid–solid ratio)were optimized,and the proposed UAHDE was compared with the conventional HD extraction in terms of the extraction time,extraction yield,and physicochemical properties of extracted oils.Compared to the HD extraction,the UAHDE resulted in a shorter extraction time and a higher extraction yield.Using GC–MS analysis,the UAHDE provided more valuable essential oil with a high content of the vital trans-cinnamaldehyde compounds compared with the HD.Scanning electron micrograph(SEM)confirmed the efficiency of ultrasound irradiation for cinnamon oil extraction.In addition,the analysis of electric consumption and CO_(2) emission shows that the UAHDE process is a more economic and environment-friendly approach.Thus,UAHDE is an efficient and green technology for the cinnamon essential oil extraction,which could improve the quantity and quality of cinnamon oils.

Soft-sensing modeling and intelligent optimal control strategy for distillation yield rate of atmospheric distillation oil refining process

It is a challenge to conserve energy for the large-scale petrochemical enterprises due to complex production process and energy diversification. As critical energy consumption equipment of atmospheric distillation oil refining process, the atmospheric distillation column is paid more attention to save energy. In this paper, the optimal problem of energy utilization efficiency of the atmospheric distillation column is solved by defining a new energy efficiency indicator - the distillation yield rate of unit energy consumption from the perspective of material flow and energy flow, and a soft-sensing model for this new energy efficiency indicator with respect to the multiple working conditions and intelligent optimizing control strategy are suggested for both increasing distillation yield and decreasing energy consumption in oil refining process. It is found that the energy utilization efficiency level of the atmospheric distillation column depends closely on the typical working conditions of the oil refining process, which result by changing the outlet temperature, the overhead temperature, and the bottom liquid level of the atmospheric pressure tower. The fuzzy C-means algorithm is used to classify the typical operation conditions of atmospheric distillation in oil refining process. Furthermore, the LSSVM method optimized with the improved particle swarm optimization is used to model the distillation rate of unit energy consumption. Then online optimization of oil refining process is realized by optimizing the outlet temperature, the overhead temperature with IPSO again. Simulation comparative analyses are made by empirical data to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Novel design of lubricant-type vacuum distillation process for lube base oils production from hydrocracking tail oil

Dividing-wall columns(DWCs)are widely used in the separation of ternary mixtures,but rarely seen in the separation of petroleum fractions.This work develops two novel and energy-efficient designs of lubricant-type vacuum distillation process(LVDP)for the separation of hydroisomerization fractions(HIF)of a hydrocracking tail oil(HTO).First,the HTO hydroisomerization reaction is investigated in an experimental fixed-bed reactor to achieve the optimum liquid HIF by analyzing the impact of the operating conditions.A LVDP used for HIF separation is proposed and optimized.Subsequently,two thermal coupling intensified technologies,including side-stream(SC)and dividing-wall column(DWC),are combined with the LVDP to develop side-stream vacuum distillation process(SC-LVDP)and dividing-wall column vacuum distillation process(DWC-LVDP).The performance of LVDP,SC-LVDP,and DWC-LVDP are evaluated in terms of energy consumption,capital cost,total annual cost,product yields,and stripping steam consumption.The results demonstrates that the intensified processes,SC-LVDP and DWC-LVDP significantly decreases the energy consumption and capital cost compared with LVDP.DWC-LVDP further decreases in capital cost due to the removal of the side stripper and narrows the overlap between the third lube oils and fourth lube oils.This study attempts to combine DWC structure into the separation of petroleum fractions,and the proposed approach and the results presented provide an incentive for the industrial implementation of high-quality utilization of HTO through intensified LVDP.

STUDY ON MASS TRANSFER IN SEPARATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM PLANT MATERIALS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

The mass transfer model describing the separation of essential oils from plant materials has been proposed and the mass transfer coefficient has been obtained by fitting the present model to the experimental data for three kinds of plant materials. The validity of the model has been verified. To im' prove the vapor-solid contact, a mechanical agitator has been installed in the steam distillator. The effect of agitating rate on mass transfer coefficient has also been examined.

A Review of an Expert System Design for Crude Oil Distillation Column Using the Neural Networks Model and Process Optimization and Control Using Genetic Algorithm Framework

This paper presents a comprehensive review of various traditional systems of crude oil distillation column design, modeling, simulation, optimization and control methods. Artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic (FL) and genetic algorithm (GA) framework were chosen as the best methodologies for design, optimization and control of crude oil distillation column. It was discovered that many past researchers used rigorous simulations which led to convergence problems that were time consuming. The use of dynamic mathematical models was also challenging as these models were also time dependent. The proposed methodologies use back-propagation algorithm to replace the convergence problem using error minimal method.

Extraction Process of Basil Essential Oil by Steam Distillation

[Objectives] To optimize volatile oil extraction from Ocimum basilicum with the water vapor distillation. [Methods] An orthogonal design was carried out to determine the volume of volatile oil by 3 factors: the immersion time, distillation time, amount of water. The ratio of the oil in inclusion complex was used to evaluate the technology based on the orthogonal design. [Results] The best volatile oil extraction condition was to add 400 mL of water into the mixture of crude drugs, and to extract the herbal medicine for 2 h with advanced soaking for 6 h with water. [Conclusions] The process is stable, reasonable, and feasible.

Essential Oil from Ether-Containing Plants of Juniper (<i>Juniperus</i>) and Spruce (<i>Picea</i>) Leaves by Distillation

This article is investigating the preparation of essential oil from the ether-containing plants of Juniper (Juniperus) and spruce (Picea) leaves by using the simple water distillation equipment. This water distillation method forms an essential oil with water vapor from plants of Juniper (Juniperus) and spruce (Picea) leaves based on Dalton’s law of partial pressure, applicable for plants containing a large amount of ether oil where distillation temperature is not affecting product quality. Obtained essential oils are widely used in medicine, perfumery, cosmetics, and food industry. In addition, these essential oils possess different activities including antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory, which have different effects such as adaptogenic, antidepressive, disinfection, and wound healing, diuretic, and antipyretic.

Miscibility of light oil and flue gas under thermal action

The miscibility of flue gas and different types of light oils is investigated through slender-tube miscible displacement experiment at high temperature and high pressure.Under the conditions of high temperature and high pressure,the miscible displacement of flue gas and light oil is possible.At the same temperature,there is a linear relationship between oil displacement efficiency and pressure.At the same pressure,the oil displacement efficiency increases gently and then rapidly to more than 90% to achieve miscible displacement with the increase of temperature.The rapid increase of oil displacement efficiency is closely related to the process that the light components of oil transit in phase state due to distillation with the rise of temperature.Moreover,at the same pressure,the lighter the oil,the lower the minimum miscibility temperature between flue gas and oil,which allows easier miscibility and ultimately better performance of thermal miscible flooding by air injection.The miscibility between flue gas and light oil at high temperature and high pressure is more typically characterized by phase transition at high temperature in supercritical state,and it is different from the contact extraction miscibility of CO_(2) under conventional high pressure conditions.

Optimization of Molecular Distillation for Removal of Limonene from Ponkan Essential Oil Using Response Surface Methodology

Ponkan (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is one of the most popular citrus fruits for daily consumption and processing in China. In this study, limonene was removed from ponkan essential oil (PEO) by using an effective methodology to estimate the optimum levels of three independent variables of molecular distillation (MD) in order to minimize the limonene content and (b) maximize the removal rate. A three-factor Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to evaluate the effect of distilling temperature (45.00~55.00 ℃), wiper rolling speed (150.00~250.00 r/ min) and distilling pressure (25.00~35.00 Pa). The optimum parameters within the experimental range of the variables were extrapolated to be: distilling temperature 47.00℃, wiper rolling speed 203.00 r/min and distilling pressure 30.00 Pa. Optimal values extrapolated by response surface methodology (RSM) for the limonene content and removal rate of the desirable PEO were 47.82% and 84.67%, respectively.

Modeling and Study Influence of the Temperature Parameter on Corrosion Factors in the Atmospheric Distillation Column of Crude Oil

Atmospheric distillation is the first step in separating crude oil into by-products. It uses the different boiling temperatures of the components of crude oil to separate them. But crude oil contains a large quantity of acids and corrosive gases, including sulfur compounds, naphthenic acids, carbon dioxide, oxygen, etc. However, the temperature has an important influence on the aggressiveness of the corrosion factors in the atmospheric distillation column. This paper aims to investigate the role of temperature on corrosive products in the atmospheric distillation column. The results of the developed model show that the temperature increases the corrosion rate in the atmospheric distillation column but above a certain temperature value (about 600 K), it decreases. This illustrates the dual role played by temperature in the study of corrosion within the atmospheric distillation column.

Investigations into Optimization Models of Crude Oil Distillation Column in the Context of Feed Stock and Market Value

This paper proposes optimization models of crude oil distillation column for both limited and unlimited feed stock and market value of known products prices. The feed to the crude distillation column was assumed to be crude oil containing naphtha gas, kerosene, petrol and diesel as the light-light key, light key, heavy key and heavy-heavy key respectively. The models determined maximum concentrations of heavy key in the distillate and light key in the bottom for limited feed stock and market condition. Both were impurities in their respective positions of the column. The limiting constraints were sales specification concentration of light key in the distillate [ ], heavy key in the bottom [ ] and an operating loading constraint of flooding above the feed tray. For unlimited feed stock and market condition, the optimization models determined the optimum separation [ and ] and feed flow rate that would give maximum profit with minimum purity sales specification constraints of light key in the distillate and heavy key in the bottom as stated above. The feed loading was limited by the reboiler capacity. However, there is need to simulate the optimization models for an existing crude oil distillation column of a refinery in order to validate the models.

Application of Artificial Neural Networks Based Monte Carlo Simulation in the Expert System Design and Control of Crude Oil Distillation Column of a Nigerian Refinery

This research work investigated comparative studies of expert system design and control of crude oil distillation column (CODC) using artificial neural networks based Monte Carlo (ANNBMC) simulation of random processes and artificial neural networks (ANN) model which were validated using experimental data obtained from functioning crude oil distillation column of Port-Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria by MATLAB computer program. Ninety percent (90%) of the experimental data sets were used for training while ten percent (10%) were used for testing the networks. The maximum relative errors between the experimental and calculated data obtained from the output variables of the neural network for CODC design were 1.98 error % and 0.57 error % when ANN only and ANNBMC were used respectively while their respective values for the maximum relative error were 0.346 error % and 0.124 error % when they were used for the controller prediction. Larger number of iteration steps of below 2500 and 5000 were required to achieve convergence of less than 10-7?for the training error using ANNBMC for both the design of the CODC and controller respectively while less than 400 and 700 iteration steps were needed to achieve convergence of 10-4?using ANN only. The linear regression analysis performed revealed the minimum and maximum prediction accuracies to be 80.65% and 98.79%;and 98.38% and 99.98% when ANN and ANNBMC were used for the CODC design respectively. Also, the minimum and maximum prediction accuracies were 92.83% and 99.34%;and 98.89% and 99.71% when ANN and ANNBMC were used for the CODC controller respectively as both methodologies have excellent predictions. Hence, artificial neural networks based Monte Carlo simulation is an effective and better tool for the design and control of crude oil distillation column.

Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil by Short Path Distillation

Fractionation of palm kernel oil （PKO） by short path distillation （SPD） at two feed flow rates （135 g/h and 195 g/h） and six distillation temperatures, TD,s （200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 ℃） was investigated. Other distillation parameters, such as vacuum pressure （0.001 mbar）, blade rotation speed （400 rpm） and temperature of the feed material （60 ℃） were kept constant. The fractionated products, known as residue and distillate, were analysed for physico-chemical properties including fatty acid composition （FAC）, triacylglycerol （TAG） composition, slip melting point （SMP）, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and solid fat content （SFC）. Product yield was measured as well. Crystallisation behaviour of PKO and the fractionated products were studied by measurement of isothermal crystallisation, Tc,. at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃. The distillates, collected at all fractionation temperatures, were enriched with caprylic, capric and lauric acids. These fractions were also concentrated with low molecular weight and C36 TAGs. Distillates obtained at higher TDis （230-250 ℃） exhibited higher in SMP and SFC. On the other hand, the residual oils collected at all fractionation temperatures contained higher amount of long-chain fatty acid and palmitic acid. These fractions were enriched with high molecular weight TAGs. Residues obtained at lower Tois （200-220 ℃） were low in SMP and comparable SFC with PKO. Changes in fatty acid and TAG composition resulted in different crystallisation behaviour of the fractions. Distillates collected at all fractionation temperatures crystallised in a sharper peak while residues obtained at higher T Dis （230-250 ℃） showed broader crystallisation peaks, as shown by the DSC thermograms.

Simultaneous optimization of heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems

Crude oil distillation is important in refining industry. Operating variables of distillation process have a critical effect on product output value and energy consumption. However, the objectives of minimum energy consumption and maximum product output value do not coordinate with each other and do not lead to the maximum economic benefit of a refinery. In this paper, a systematic optimization approach is proposed for the maximum annual economic benefit of an existing crude oil distillation system, considering product output value and energy consumption simultaneously. A shortcut model in Aspen Plus is used to describe the crude oil distillation and the pinch analysis is adopted to identify the target of energy recovery. The optimization is a nonlinear programming problem and solved by stochastic algorithm of particle warm optimization.

Volatile Components and Antitumor Activity of Ganoderma lucidum Spore Oil and Its Molecular Distillation Components

[Objectives]To compare the effects of molecular distillation on the flavor and antitumor activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil.[Methods]G.lucidum spore oil was separated and purified by molecular distillation technology,and the volatile components of different components of molecular distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(GC-IMS)technology.Human liver carcinoma cells(HepG2),human breast cancer cells(MCF-7),and human cervical cancer cells(Hela)were selected as the tumor cell lines to be tested,and the cell viability was detected by the MTT assay.[Results]Molecular distillation effectively reduced small molecular substances produced by oil oxidation in G.lucidum spore oil,such as heptanal,octanal,linalool,hexanal,E-2-octanal,3-ethylpyridine,etc.Among the heavy components,the content of esters was relatively high,mainly including ethyl levulinate,ethyl crotonate,and amyl butyrate.The MTT cytotoxicity test indicated that G.lucidum spore oil and its molecular distillation components had certain inhibitory effects on the growth of three tumor cells,and G.lucidum spore oil crude oil had the most significant antitumor activity.G.lucidum spore oil crude oil,heavy component,and light component had the most significant antitumor activity on HepG2 cells,followed by MCF-7 cells,and the weakest antitumor activity on Hela cells.The quality of G.lucidum spore oil became higher after molecular distillation,and the rancid smell was reduced,and molecular distillation had little effect on the antitumor activity of G.lucidum spores.[Conclusions]Molecular distillation technology can be applied to the refining of G.lucidum spore oil to improve product quality.