On-line monitoring of dissolved gas-in-oil with FTIR spectra

To overcome the disadvantages of conventional DGA (dissolved gas-in-oil)analysis using gas chromatography and other electrochemical sensors, initial researches werecompleted to realize on-line monitoring of dissolved gas-in-oil of power transformers using FTIR(Fourier Transform InfraRed) spectroscopy. Gas cell method is used to determine the characteristicabsorption peaks of each diagnostic gas; simple and novel devices and procedures were designed inorder to get measurable samples and spectra of mixed diagnostic gases with known concentration aretaken using long optical path gas cell. The range of wavelength is estimated to be 3.0-13.9 mum fromexperimental spectra data. Hence the corresponding sampling frequency range should be in 536-4288Hz and usable optical materials are suggested. It is concluded that a resolution of 10 cm^(-1) maywell satisfy the monitoring of all diagnostic gases and water content except hydrogen, and thelowest detection limit may be as low as 2Xl0^(-8) to acetylene with a 2.4-meter-long optical length.

Mechanics of a Grip System of Three-Key-Board Hydraulic Tongs Developed for Offshore Oil Pipe Lines

This paper carries out the analysis of mechanics of a grip system of three-key-board hydraulic tongs developed for offshore oil pipe lines which has been successfully used in oil fields in China. The main improvement of this system is that a lever frame structure is used in the structural design, which reduces greatly the stresses of the major components of the oil pipe tongs. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculation based on thirteen basic equations developed Show that the teeth board of the tongs is not easy to slip as frequently happens to other systems and is of higher reliability.

In vitro antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing effect of a methanolic extract of Azadirachta indica oil on selected cancerous and noncancerous cell lines

Objective: To find the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of neem oil extract on the selected cancerous(A-549, PC-3 and DU-145) and noncancerous(NIH3T3 and CCD-18Co) cell lines.Methods: Viability and cytotoxic effect induced by the extract was measured by using MTT assay and apoptotic effect of the extract was evaluated by using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide dual staining through a fluorescent microscope and activity of caspases 3, 8 and 9 through colorimetric assay kits. Results: The results showed that neem oil extract significantly reduced the viability in all selected cancer cells treated with varying concentrations of extract as compared with untreated cells and had less effect on noncancerous cell lines. It significantly increased the percentage of necrotic and apoptotic cells, and caspases 3, 8 and 9 activities in all cancer cells treated with extract as compared with untreated cells whereas no effect on noncancerous cell lines. It suggested that neem oil extract exerted a higher cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than normal cells and lower concentration induced apoptosis only in cancer cells.One of the apoptosis-inducing mechanism was through the activation of caspases signaling pathways. Conclusion: Conclusively, it implies that neem oil extract may contain one or more potential agents that can be used as a safe and effective anticancer therapy.

Off－line Two－Dimensional Gas Chromatography－Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Essential Oil of Medicinal Herb──Use of Absorption Trap

he use of an absorption trap off-line two-dimensional gas chromatography (2-DGC) in conjunction with a mass spectrometer greatly improved the separation andidefitification of minor constituents of a complex mixture such as a natural essentialoil. The absorption trap device used as an interface of 2-DGC offered the advantageof convenient manipulation.

Analyses of Protein and Oil of Maize Offsprings Plants Introducing Soybean DNA

[Objective] The experiment was aimed to explore character variation between different families after DNA introduction and select variant plants with good stability. [Method] The method of pollen-tube-pathway was used to introduce total DNA of soybean into normal maize inbred line 7313 for selecting generation by generation. When field characters of maize, grain colors, grain traits and panicle axis colors were stable, the crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of grains which were selected from variant strains were detected and compared. [Result] The grain crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of line 26h-4-3 were significantly different from these of control treatment. The increments of D3 and D4 generation were 10.34% and 26.70%, 6.58% and 6.28%, 15.09% and 70.34%, 55.82% and 51.52% respectively. All indexes of line 26h-3-1 were also higher than these of control treatment and the increments of D3 and D4 generation were 5.67% and 21.63%,1.91% and 2.31%, 10.85% and 62.27%,22.49% and 9.67%. [Conclusion] The crude protein, gliadin, glutelin and oil content of variant line 26h-4-3 and 26h-3-1 were stable, so variant line 26h-4-3 and 26h-3-1 were excellent variant strains which satisfied the requirement of high protein breeding.

Prediction of the Mooring Force of a 2-D Floating Oil Storage Tank

A Constrained Interpolation Profile （CIP）-based model is developed to predict the mooring force of a two-dimensional floating oil storage tank under wave conditions, which is validated against to a newly performed experiment. In the experiment, a box-shaped floating oil storage apparatus is used. Computations are performed by an improved CIP-based Cartesian grid model, in which the THINC/SW scheme （THINC： tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing; SW： Slope Weighting）, is used for interface capturing. A multiphase flow solver is adopted to treat the water-air-body interactions. The Immersed Boundary Method （IBM） is implemented to treat the body surface. Main attention is paid to the sum force of mooring line and velocity field around the body. It is found that the sum force of the mooring line increases with increasing wave amplitude. The body suffers from water wave impact and large body motions occur near the free surface. The vortex occurs near the sharp edge, i.e., the sharp bottom comers of the float- ing oil storage tank and the vortex shedding can be captured by the present numerical model. The present model could be further improved by including turbulence model which is currently under development. Comparison between the computational mooring forces and the measured mooring forces is presented with a reasonable agreement. The developed numerical model can predict the mooring line forces very well.

Improvement on On-line Ferrograph Image Identification

A newly developed on-line visual ferrograph（OLVF） gives a new way for engine wear state monitoring. However, the reliability of on-line wear debris image processing is challenged in both monitoring ship engines and the Caterpillar bench test, which weren＇t reported in previous studies. Two problems were encountered in monitoring engines and processing images. First, small wear debris becomes hard to be identified from the image background after monitoring for a period of time. Second, the identification accuracy for wear debris is greatly reduced by background noise because of oil getting dark after nmning a period of time. Therefore, the methods adopted in image processing are examined. Two main reasons for the problems in wear debris identification are generalized as follows. Generally, the binary threshold was determined by global image pixels, and was easily affected by the non-objective zone in the image. The boundary of the objective zone in the binary image was misrecognized because of oil color becoming lighter during monitoring. Accordingly, improvements were made as follows. The objective zone in a global binary image was identified by scanning a column of pixels, and then a secondary binary process confined in the objective zone was carried out to identify small wear debris. Linear filtering with a specific template was used to depress noise in a binary image, and then a low-pass filtering was performed to eliminate the residual noise. Furthermore, the morphology parameters of single wear debris were extracted by separating each wear debris by a gray stack, and two indexes, WRWR （relative wear rate） and WRWS （relative wear severity）, were proposed for wear description. New indexes were provided for on-line monitoring of engines.

Preparation of Single Phase Na-X Zeolite from Oil Shale Ash by Melting Hydrothermal Method

A single phrase Na - X zeolite was synthesized from pretreated oil shale ash by alkaline fusion and hydrotherreal treatment. Eff3cts of the NaOH concentration, crystallization time ant temperature on the formation of Na-X zeolite were studied in detail. The single phase Na- X zeolite powders can. be prepared by alkaline fusion o.f pretreated oil shale ash at 600 ℃ .for 1 h, and crystalli-zation at 80 - 100 ℃ .for 8 - 10 h with NaOH concentration of 3 -3. 5 tool · L-1. Na - A zeolite appears when decreasing NaOH concentration, crystallization time or temperature, ant an unnamed zeolite emerges when prolonging crystallization time or raising crystalli-zation, temperature. SEM micrographs suggest that the aggregates of Na-X zeolite particles have perfect dispersity and uniform granular with about 1.5 μm in size, and most of the Na-X zeolite crystals display a regular octahedral structure with the size of about 500 nm. The specific surface area of the powders with single Na-X zeolite phase reaches the maximum value of 488. 163 2 m2· g -1, larger than that of multiple zeolite powders.

Donghe Sandstone Subtle Reservoir Exploration and Development Technology in Hade 4 Oilfield

Hade 4 oilfield is located on the Hadexun tectonic belt north of the Manjiaer depression in the Tarim basin, whose main target layer is the Donghe sandstone reservoir, with a burial depth over 5,000m and an amplitude below 34m, at the bottom of the Carboniferous. The Donghe sandstone reservoir consists of littoral facies deposited quartz sandstones of the transgressive system tract, overlapping northward and pinching out. Exploration and development confirms that water-oil contact tilts from the southeast to the northwest with a drop height of nearly 80m. The reservoir, under the control of both the stratigraphic overlap pinch-out and tectonism, is a typical subtle reservoir. The Donghe sandstone reservoir in Hade 4 oilfield also has the feature of a large oil-bearing area (over 130 km2 proved), a small thickness (average efficient thickness below 6m) and a low abundance (below 50 × 104t/km2). Moreover, above the target layer developed a set of igneous rocks with an uneven thickness in the Permian formation, thus causing a great difficulty in research of the velocity field. Considering these features, an combination mode of exploration and development is adopted, namely by way of whole deployment, step-by-step enforcement and rolling development with key problems to be tackled, in order to further deepen the understanding and enlarge the fruits of exploration and development. The paper technically focuses its study on the following four aspects concerning problem tackling. First, to strengthen the collecting, processing and explanation of seismic data, improve the resolution, accurately recognize the pinch-out line of the Donghe sandstone reservoir by combining the drilling materials in order to make sure its distribution law; second, to strengthen the research on velocity field, improve the accuracy of variable speed mapping, make corrections by the data from newly- drilled key wells and, as a result, the precision of tectonic description is greatly improved; third, to strengthen the research on sequence stratigraphy and make sure the distribution law of the Donghe sandstone; and fourth, with a step- by-step extrapolation method, to deepen the cognition of the leaning water-oil contact, and by combining the tectonic description and drilling results, to make sure little by little the law of change of the water-oil contact. The exploration and development of the Donghe sandstone subtle reservoir in Hade 4 oilfield is a gradually perfected process. From 1998 when it was discovered till now, the reservoir has managed to make a benign circle of exploration and development, in which its reserve has gradually been enlarged, its production scale increased, and, in a word, it has used techniques necessary for this subtle reservoir in the Tarim basin.

稠油井内衬保温油管热损失分析及开采参数优化

针对塔河油田稠油开采过程中原油热量损失大、资源浪费的问题,开展内衬保温油管开采技术研究。基于井筒稳态热传递与地层非稳态热传递理论,建立了稠油井井筒热传递数学模型,评价了不同内衬材料油管的保温性能,揭示了含水率、日产液量及内衬保温油管下深对井筒温度的影响规律。研究表明:内衬聚酮防腐层与气凝胶保温层的保温油管保温性能最佳,日产液量和保温油管下深对井口温度影响较大,含水率对井口温度的影响较小;日产液量大于72 t/d且保温油管下深大于3 500 m时,可满足稠油开采的温度要求。该研究明确了内衬保温油管保温的可行性,可为油田保温油管内衬的选材、稠油开采工艺参数的制订提供技术依据。

低频导波检测技术在输油场站应用的效果分析

本文主要是对低频导波检测技术原理和应用进行分析,进而选取本次最优开挖验证点,通过MsS长距离超声导波检测仪在姬塬外输总站管网腐蚀检测过程中的应用效果分析,判断其应用效果具有哪些局限性和优缺点,为后续输油场站常规检测工作提供参考依据。

管道压电超声裂纹内检测技术进展

压电超声裂纹内检测技术能够实现对各种裂纹、类裂纹缺陷的有效检测,具有检测灵敏度高、检测精度高等优点,从而在输油管道裂纹内检测方面得到了广泛应用。分析介绍了压电超声裂纹内检测技术的基本原理,综述了国外各大知名检测公司压电超声裂纹内检测技术的发展情况,介绍了其设备的技术特点和性能,总结了国内压电超声裂纹内检测技术的发展现状,展望了压电超声裂纹内检测技术未来的发展方向,为我国长输管道压电超声裂纹内检测技术的发展提供了参考和建议。

抽象流体的梵高风格化油画生成方法

非真实感绘制(Non-Photorealistic Rendering,NPR)技术是近些年来计算机图形学领域最热门的研究方向之一。它借鉴艺术的表现形式,同时以人类认知为基础,借助计算机数字模拟的算法生成手绘风格的图像。其目的并不在于表现图像的真实性,而在于表现图像的艺术性、模拟艺术作品、增强视觉信息的交流。它的应用领域已经渗透很多行业,有着广泛的应用和巨大的市场前景,模拟的效果往往能给人带来强烈的视觉冲击与无尽的想象。对油画艺术风格进行了研究和模拟实现,通过自适应的LIC(Line Integral Convolution,LIC)和引入抽象的ETF(Edge Tangent Flow,ETF)模型,生成抽象流体的梵高风格化油画,模拟效果较好。

数字全息测量风电齿轮箱润滑油中磨粒实验研究

在线监测润滑油中的磨损颗粒对及时评估风力发电机组齿轮箱的运行状态和实现故障预警具有重要意义。基于数字全息技术搭建了润滑油磨损颗粒在线监测实验系统,对含不同粒径大小、不同浓度磨粒的润滑油进行在线测量,并将粒径分布测量结果与激光粒度仪的测试结果进行对比,以验证测量系统的可行性与准确性。结果表明,在20~350μm粒径范围内,全息实验系统的测量结果与激光粒度仪的测量结果一致,中位径Dv50测量误差小于6%,能够满足对异常磨损颗粒的监测需求。此外,数字全息技术不仅能够准确测量磨损颗粒大小,还能够同步获取颗粒的形貌特征,以辅助分析齿轮箱的磨损程度和磨损部位,在润滑油磨粒在线监测领域具有进一步研究的价值。

基于某柴油机排放烟度及噪声指标要求的燃烧参数优化设计

为解决某非道路用柴油机的排放烟度高达4.99FSN、噪声等级达到4级,并伴有撞击异响的问题,进行了排查和优化研究工作。通过听诊器判断气缸盖与机体间存在明显的撞击声,确定异常噪声由燃烧导致。分析原机油束与燃烧室之间的匹配情况,发现燃烧参数设计不合理,继而导致燃油燃烧不充分。针对上述问题,优化了油嘴凸出量、油线夹角及喷雾贯穿率等参数。试验验证的结果表明:优化后的柴油机烟度排放降至1.65FSN,降幅达到了71%;噪声等级也降至2级,原有低沉的“嘣—嘣”撞击声几乎消失。

某钛合金油路密封盖细长弯管精铸镶铸工艺

针对某钛合金油路密封盖铸件具有直径小、长径比大的结构特点及铸造难点,设计采用镶铸工艺,重点叙述了镶铸金属管的铸造方法及注意事项,从工艺设计采取措施解决了细长弯管的形状控制、定位、热膨胀变形等问题,保证产品油路管整体结构铸造成形。结果显示:镶铸工艺成形钛合金细长油路管,铸件内腔无裂纹、夹渣、气孔等缺陷,产品外观和内在质量满足使用要求,尺寸精度达到CT7级。

变压器油色谱在线监测在缺陷发现中的案例分析

根据两起变压器油色谱在线监测装置发现的异常数据案例,通过离线油色谱取样分析、铁心夹件接地电流监测和停电解体检查等手段,发现变压器内部过热和局部放电等缺陷,变压器油色谱在线监测装置在主变缺陷预警和监测方面具有积极作用。

管道内检测腐蚀数据概率分布规律研究及应用

腐蚀伴随着管道整个生命周期,管道腐蚀速率评估是管道剩余寿命评估的重要部分,为了提高管道剩余寿命评价的准确性,为制定合理的检测维修周期提供支撑,以某条管道连续两轮漏磁内检测腐蚀数据为基础,并采用最大似然估计法将腐蚀速率与几种常见的概率分布模型进行拟合,通过K-S检验和p-p散点图方法的比较分析,深入研究了该管道径向和轴向腐蚀速率的概率分布规律,发现该管道径向和轴向腐蚀速率的最优分布规律为广义极值分布规律。在此基础上建立了基于概率分布规律的管道剩余寿命评估模型,选取该概率分布模型95%分位数的腐蚀速率作为管道剩余寿命的评估腐蚀速率。分析采用局部腐蚀速率评价方法、最大腐蚀速率评价方法、概率分布腐蚀速率评价方法时5年内需要维修点的数量,结果表明:采用概率分布腐蚀速率评价方法需维修点数量介于局部腐蚀速率评价法和最大腐蚀速率评价法之间,可在一定程度上避免过度维修和维修不及时。