Mechanisms of remaining oil formation by water flooding and enhanced oil recovery by reversing water injection in fractured-vuggy reservoirs

To get a deeper understanding on the formation mechanisms and distribution laws of remaining oil during water flooding, and enhanced oil recovery(EOR) mechanisms by reversing water injection after water flooding, 3D visualization models of fractured-vuggy reservoir were constructed based on the elements and configuration of fractures and vugs, and typical fracture-vug structures by using advanced CT scanning and 3D printing technologies. Then, water flooding and reversing water injection experiments were conducted. The formation mechanisms of remaining oil during water flooding include inadequate injection-production well control, gravity difference between oil and water, interference between different flow channels, isolation by low connectivity channel, weak hydrodynamic force at the far end. Under the above effects, 7 kinds of remaining oil may come about, imperfect well-control oil, blind side oil, attic oil at the reservoir top, by-pass residual oil under gravity, by-pass residual oil in secondary channel, isolated oil in low connectivity channel, and remaining oil at far and weakly connected end. Some remaining oil can be recovered by reversing water injection after water flooding, but its EOR is related to the remaining oil type, fracture-cavity structure and reversing injection-production structure. Five of the above seven kinds of remaining oil can be produced by six EOR mechanisms of reversing water injection: gravity displacement, opening new flow channel, rising the outflow point, hydrodynamic force enhancement, vertically equilibrium displacement, and synergistic effect of hydrodynamic force and gravity.

Hybrid low salinity water and surfactant process for enhancing heavy oil recovery

Combining low salinity water (LSW) with surfactants has an enormous potential for enhancing oil recovery processes. However, there is no consensus about the mechanisms involved, in addition to the fact that several studies have been conducted in model systems, while experiments with rocks and reservoir fluids are scarce. This study presents a core-flooding experiment of LSW injection, with and without surfactant, using the core and heavy oil samples obtained from a sandstone reservoir in southeastern Mexico. The effluents and the crude oil obtained at each stage were analyzed. The study was complemented by tomographic analysis. The results revealed that LSW injection and hybrid process with surfactants obtained an increase of 11.4 percentage points in recovery factor. Various phenomena were caused by LSW flooding, such as changes in wettability and pH, ion exchange, mineral dissolution, detachment of fines and modification of the hydrocarbon profile. In the surfactant flooding, the reduction of interfacial tension and alteration of wettability were the main mechanisms involved. The findings of this work also showed that the conditions believed to be necessary for enhanced oil recovery with LSW, such as the presence of kaolinite or high acid number oil, are not relevant.

Efficiency of enhanced oil recovery by injection of low-salinity water in barium-containing carbonate reservoirs

When low-salinity water containing sulfate ions is injected into carbonate reservoirs, rock dissolution and in situ precipitation occur, altering rock permeability and wettability. Particularly, when barium ions are present in formation water,they react chemically with SO;, and BaSO;is precipitated. These reactions can cause a serious impact on the efficiency of enhanced oil recovery（EOR）. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to identify EOR efficiency induced by lowsalinity waterflooding（LSWF） when Ba;is present in carbonate reservoirs. From the experimental results, it was confirmed that the permeability calculated by the measured pressure difference was improved because of rock dissolution predominating over in situ precipitation for the case of low Ba;concentrations. In the analysis of wettability alteration through the measurements of relative permeabilities before and after LSWF, the higher Ba;concentration case consumed more SO;in precipitating the BaSO;, resulting in weaker wettability alteration due to the reduction of sulfate activity.These phenomena ultimately influenced EOR efficiency, i.e., the oil recovery was greater for the lower Ba;concentration.

Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP flooding.The conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching models.The experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel.For the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency.First,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water absorption.Furthermore,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is displaced.Second,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial tension.At the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two factors.For the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are different.The SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscosity of solution to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil droplet retained in pore throats and isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel,and primarily improves the oil displacement efficiency by lowing interfacial tension of oil phase to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and oil film on the rock surface.On this basis,the experimental results of the oil displacement from seven natural cores show that the pore structure of the reservoir is the main factor influencing water flooding recovery,while the physical properties and original oil saturation have relatively little influence.The main factor influencing SP flooding recovery is the physical and chemical properties of the solution itself,which primarily control the interfacial tension and solution viscosity in the reservoir.The residual oil saturation after water flooding is the material basis of SP flooding,and it is the second-most dominant factor controlling oil recovery.Combined with the analysis results of the influencing factors and reservoir parameters,the water flooding recovery index and SP flooding recovery index are defined to further establish quantitative calculation models of oil recovery under different displacement modes.The average relative errors of the two models are 4.4%and 2.5%,respectively;thus,they can accurately predict the oil recovery of different displacement stages and the ultimate reservoir oil recovery.

Method of moderate water injection and its application in ultra-low permeability oil reservoirs of Yanchang Oilfield, NW China

To explore the method of improving development effect and solving the problem of water breakthrough and water out for ultralow permeability fractured reservoirs, an indoor evaluation method of dynamic imbibition for fracture-matrix system was established taking the Chang 8 reservoir in southern Yanchang Oilfield as a research target. Key factors for the imbibition effect were obtained, an imbibition's rate expression was obtained, a model considering the double effects of imbibition-displacement was built and optimal injection and production parameters for the research area were obtained as well. The results show that an optimum displacement rate that maximizes the oil displacement efficiency exists in the water displacing oil process, and the optimal displacing rate becomes smaller as the permeability decreases. The imbibition displacement efficiency increases as the reservoir quality index and water wettability index of rock become bigger. But the larger the initial water saturation or oil-water viscosity ratio is, the smaller the imbibition displacement efficiency is. The optimal injection-production ratio for the Chang 8 reservoir of southern Yanchang Oilfield is 0.95, and the predicted recovery is 17.2% when the water cut is 95%, it is 2.9% higher than the recovery of conventional injection-production ratio 1.2. By using the moderate water injection technique based on the double effects of imbibition-displacement mechanism, the water injection development effect for the ultra-low permeability fractured reservoirs can be improved significantly.

Comparison of oil displacement mechanisms and performances between continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents

To compare the oil displacement mechanisms and performances of continuous phase flooding agent(traditional polymer solution) and dispersed phase flooding agent(particle-type polymer SMG dispersion), the particle phase separation of SMG dispersion migrating in pores was simulated by using the microfluidic technology. Theoretically guided by the tree fork concentration distribution of red cells in biological fluid mechanics, the concentration distribution mathematical model of SMG in different pores is established. Furthermore, the micro and macro physical simulation experiments of continuous and dispersed phase flooding agents were carried out. The results show that the continuous flooding agent enters all the swept zones and increases the flow resistance in both larger and small pores. On the contrary, the particle phase separation phenomenon occurs during the injection process of dispersed flooding agent. The SMG particles gather in the larger pore to form bridge blinding, and the carrier fluid displace oil in the small pore. Working in cooperation, the SMG particle and carrier fluid drive the residual oil in the low permeability layers step by step and achieve the goal of enhanced oil recovery. The laboratory experimental results indicate that, the oil increment and water reduction effect of dispersed flooding agent is much better than that of continuous flooding agent, which is consistent with the field test results.

The Hot Water Oil Expulsion Technique for Geothermal Resources

With the rapid development of Chinese petroleum industry, Oil production way of burning crude oil to produce steam need change. Heavy oil reservoir with thin layer or edgewater is unsuitable thermal recovery, electric heating leads to considerable electrical consumption, low injection water temperature decreases reservoir temperature and increased crude oil viscosity. The prolonged temperature difference break up reservoir pore throat cement and framework minerals. To improve high-capacity channel communication, we proposed geothermal oil recovery. Broad-sense abundant geothermal resources and existing injection water technique equipment are used, deep-seated high temperature liquid (oil-gas-water mixture) draws geothermal warming flowing layer to transit heat upward, decreases viscidity and increases fluidity. Reservoir temperature different offer geothermal fountain. Practicability process is analyzed. statistics and reservoir temperature variation analysis of Gudong Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, we have designed flow-chart concept for geothermal oil recovery, suggested drilling multi-branch well in heavy oil reservoir as injection-well, at the same position of geothermal fountain well, using free-pressure pump to inject hot liquid directly to aimed oil layer, made oil recovery in surrounding wells. It is proposed that geothermal oil recovery forerunner test should be first conducted in favorable blocks.

Develop ment in Eastern Oilfields Tertiary Recovery Techniques

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Experiments on the influences of well pattern on water flooding characteristics of dissolution vug-cave reservoir

Based on the similarity criterion, volcanic rock samples were taken from outcrops to make experimental models. Water flooding experiments of five-spot well pattern, nine-spot well pattern, five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, the relationship between relative well and fracture positions, and injection rate in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with/without fractures were carried out to analyze variation regularities of development indexes, find out development characteristics of water flooding with different well patterns and sort out the optimal water flooding development mode. For dissolution vug-cave reservoirs without fractures, five-spot well pattern waterflooding has very small sweeping area, serious water channeling and low oil recovery. When the well pattern was adjusted from five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, oil recovery could be largely improved, but the corner well far from the injector is little affected. In dissolution vug-cave reservoirs with fractures, when the injector and producer are not connected by fractures, the fractures could effectively connect the poorly linked vugs to improve the development effect of water flooding. Whether there are fractures or not in dissolution vug-cave reservoirs, the development effect of nine-spot well-pattern is much better than that of five-spot well pattern and five-spot to nine-spot well pattern, this is more evident when there are fractures, and the edge well has better development indexes than corner well. At the high-water cut stage of water flooding with nine-spot well pattern, the oil recovery can be further improved with staggered line-drive pattern by converting the corner well into injection well. It is helpful to increase the oil production of corner well of nine-spot well pattern by increasing the injection rate, and improve ultimate oil recovery, but the water-free production period would be greatly shortened and water-free recovery would decrease.

低渗透油藏压驱技术现状及发展趋势

压驱技术是近年来针对低渗透油藏高效开发而提出的一种增加储层动用程度、提高原油采收率的储层改造技术。压驱技术先通过高压小排量向地层注入大量携带化学剂的液体,然后进行焖井,通过压力的扩散和化学剂与裂缝孔隙中的原油充分置换而达到增产的目的。文中结合国内外压驱技术的最新研究动态,从压驱技术现状、设计原则、设计方法、应用分析及发展趋势等方面展开论述,重点分析了压驱技术与水力压裂技术的区别、增产机理和设计方法以及现场应用效果等,同时也指出了当前压驱技术理论研究方面的欠缺,展望了该技术的发展趋势和应用前景。

苏北盆地石港特低渗储层微观特征及提高采收率对策研究

苏北盆地石港油田属低孔、特低渗砂岩油藏,油井自然产能低,采用水力压裂后注水开发可提高产油能力,但油田开发中呈现低采油速度、低采出程度和开发效果差的特点,开发矛盾加剧。因此,需明确低效开发原因,探究提高采收率对策,为提高石港油田开发效果提供理论依据。通过全岩矿物成分分析、气测岩心孔渗参数、岩心敏感性评价等方法,从岩石矿物组成、孔喉结构和岩石敏感性等方面分析了其储层的微观特性;通过油藏数值模拟以及室内岩心实验研究了压裂水驱后剩余油的分布特征;通过核磁共振在线驱替实验探究了提高采收率的对策。结果显示,储层岩心呈现出典型的低孔、特低渗特征,且在开发过程中具有一定的速度敏感性和水敏感性。压裂水驱后,岩心中剩余油主要分布在0.01~1μm中小孔径的孔道中,使用表面活性剂驱及二次水驱将岩心中剩余油采收率提高了14.81%。储层渗透率特低、微孔隙和微裂缝发育、速敏、水敏等是其低效开发的主要原因。注水开发会导致岩石矿物膨胀、运移,增大流动阻力,所以区块经压裂水驱仅明显提高主流线上剩余油的采出程度,整体动用程度不高,剩余油仍有较多富集。建议采用化学驱及多轮次驱替以增强中小孔道中原油动用程度,进一步提升油田开发效果。

致密油藏驱渗结合采油可行性研究

致密油藏孔喉较小而渗吸作用显著,为提高致密油藏水驱效率,提出驱渗结合采油方法,同时利用驱替与渗吸作用。为验证该方法的可行性与主控因素,在水驱模型的基础上,考虑了渗吸作用,并基于实验数据特征建立了渗吸项模型,建立了驱渗结合采油数值模拟模型。结果表明,渗吸作用有效增加了注入水的波及面积,有效置换出基质中的原油,提升了采油效率;主控地质因素包括基质/裂缝孔隙度、渗透率和渗吸经验参数,主控工程因素包括注水压力、裂缝间距和半长;现场应用表明相较水驱方式,驱渗结合采油的日产油速度提高了约1倍,受效时间约为200 d,提高累产约为340 t,说明驱渗结合采油工艺可有效提高中国致密油藏的采收率,所建模型可用于驱渗结合采油的优化设计。

CO_(2)驱不同注入方式对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响

CO_(2)驱是提高低渗透储层采收率有效的技术手段。CO_(2)与原油接触后使体系中的沥青质以固体形式沉积下来,对储层造成一定堵塞,但同时发生的溶蚀作用整体上提高了储层渗流能力,且不同注入方式下CO_(2)驱对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响具有一定差异。开展了CO_(2)连续注入及CO_(2)-水交替注入后有机垢堵塞机理实验、储层润湿性实验及CO_(2)-水溶液对岩石的溶蚀评价实验,并对相对渗透率曲线参数变化特征进行评价,定量表征了CO_(2)驱不同注入方式对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响程度。结果表明:CO_(2)驱产生的有机垢会对岩石孔喉造成堵塞,但整体上CO_(2)与绿泥石反应导致的溶蚀作用更强,使得低渗透储层采收率有效提高;且CO_(2)-水交替注入比CO_(2)连续注入引起的有机垢堵塞要弱,溶蚀作用效果更好,渗透率损失率更低,能够在中、大孔隙中取得更好的驱油效果,整体上更能增大岩石孔隙空间和渗流通道,使得低渗透储层采收率有效提高。

DES+CTAB复配驱油剂体系提高低渗致密砂岩油藏采收率机理

针对低渗致密油藏注水困难、采收率低等问题,利用尿素基深共晶溶剂(DES)与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)复配的驱油剂体系,对驱油剂在低渗致密油藏中的降压增注和提高采收率机理进行了研究。研究结果表明:①驱油剂体系可以将油水界面张力降低至10^(-3)mN/m以下,大大提高了洗油效率;②驱油剂体系可有效抑制黏土矿物水化,避免了低渗致密砂岩中黏土矿物水化膨胀带来的流体敏感性损害;③驱油剂体系可对砂岩表面进行界面修饰,驱油剂溶液浸泡后样品的油相接触角由25.8°增加至61.4°,亲水性增强,亲油性减弱,有助于吸附在岩石孔隙壁面的油膜脱落;④超前注入驱油剂的注入压力降低率平均为79.64%,采收率平均为50.96%,远大于常规水驱(一次注水→注驱油剂驱→二次注水)的采收率。

低渗透裂缝性油藏测井侧向剩余油挖潜措施研究——以长庆A油田为例

针对长庆A油田低渗透裂缝性油藏注水开发动态特点,通过深化精细基础地质研究,结合老区检查井取心、测井资料,开展了剩余油分布精细评价、不同水线距离的检查井水洗程度评价,以及裂缝对剩余油分布和开发效果的影响分析。结果表明,低渗透裂缝性油藏主向井水淹严重、侧向区剩余油富集,侧向剩余油挖潜设计方案可行;油藏井网加密调整后开发效果评价证实,侧向剩余油挖潜方案可减缓油藏递减、改善油藏的开发效果。可为同类油藏开发中后期实施井网调整、增储挖潜及油藏采收率提高提供有益借鉴。

CO_(2)驱后水气交替注入驱替特征及剩余油启动机制

水气交替注入(WAG)是特低渗透油藏提高采收率的有效手段之一,但在CO_(2)连续气驱后实施WAG驱,仍然存在驱替特征模糊、剩余油启动机制不明确等问题。以海拉尔油田贝14区块为研究对象,借助Micro⁃CT研究WAG驱启动剩余油的微观作用机制,同时通过长岩心驱替实验研究CO_(2)驱后水气交替注入的驱替特征。Micro⁃CT实验结果表明:目标区块大孔隙的体积比例超过85%,在被CO_(2)全部动用后成为了气窜通道,采收率仅47.95%;CO_(2)驱后WAG驱不仅启动次级大孔隙中的剩余油,对中小孔隙的剩余油也有不同程度的动用。长岩心实验结果表明:在CO_(2)驱后开展WAG驱,水和气段塞需要交替注入一定量(0.40 PV左右)后采收率才能大幅度增加,气水比和段塞尺寸存在最优值,分别为1∶1和0.10 PV,该条件下WAG驱的采收率增幅主要由第3、4交替轮次所贡献,10轮次的水气交替注入可在CO_(2)驱的基础上提高采收率18.68百分点。研究成果可为特低渗透油藏CO_(2)驱后进一步提高采收率提供理论支撑。

海相砂岩薄层稠油油藏地热水驱效果评价

南海东部薄层边水稠油油藏注地热水开发效果好,鲜有针对地热水驱提高采收率机理及开采效果方面的研究。本文从稠油注热实验、考虑围岩热损失的数值模拟以及矿场实践三个维度研究地热水驱提高稠油采收率机理及效果。研究结果表明,注地热水可以大幅降低原油黏度,残余油饱和度降低7.24%~8.22%,驱油效率提高8.85%~9.11%;注地热水油藏早期水驱前沿与周围地层发生热交换,温度迅速降低,地热水驱影响范围在50~150 m,以低速均匀注水保压驱油为主;后期通过大液量提高温度的波及范围,提高注热采收率。E油藏注地热水后采油井产量快速上升,注水井吸水指数因近井地带黏度降低、水相渗透率提高而逐步增大。通过完善注采井网,油藏压力系数逐年上升,产量持续增加,预测采收率达到40.0%,注热提高采收率4.8%。

特高含水油藏剩余油分布特征与提高采收率新技术

渤海湾盆地胜利油区经过60多年开发,整装、断块油藏已处于特高含水开发阶段,含水率超过90%,稠油油藏进入高轮次吞吐开发阶段,整体采出程度不到40%,仍有大幅度提高采收率的潜力,需要攻关进一步提高采收率技术。针对整装油藏特高含水后期高耗水层带发育、低效水循环严重,断块油藏剩余油分布差异大、有效动用难度大,深层、薄层超稠油注汽难、热损失大,有碱复合驱油体系结垢严重,聚合物驱后油藏动态非均质性更强、剩余油更加分散以及特高含水后期套损井多、出砂加剧、精细分层注采要求高等难题,明确地质及剩余油分布特征,深化驱油机制认识,围绕整装油藏经济有效开发、断块油藏高效均衡开发、稠油油藏转方式开发、高温高盐油藏化学驱开发开展技术攻关,形成整装油藏精细流场调控技术、复杂断块油藏立体开发技术、稠油油藏热复合驱提高采收率技术、高温高盐油藏化学驱技术、特高含水期主导采油工程技术等特高含水油田提高采收率技术系列,开辟先导试验区,取得显著开发效果,实现工业化应用,支撑胜利油区持续稳产。

析蜡不可逆性对低渗高凝油流动性及水驱效果的影响

高凝油析蜡具有不可逆性,对注水开发及油藏后期进一步提高采收率造成影响。系统对比降温和升温模式下高凝油析蜡-溶蜡行为、黏度、流变性、油相渗流能力及水驱效果。结果表明:某高凝油溶蜡点为71.5℃,明显高于其析蜡点的62.3℃,存在不可逆性;温度高于溶蜡点时,降温和升温模式中原油黏度值基本相同,水驱采收率相当;温度介于溶蜡点和析蜡点时,降温模式中原油未析蜡,黏度小,为牛顿流体,无渗流启动压力,水驱采收率较高(超过60%);升温模式中蜡晶未完全溶解,黏度高,为非牛顿流体,存在启动压力,水驱采收率明显降低(小于50%),不可逆性影响显著;对于已受冷伤害的高凝油油藏,注热小幅度提高油藏温度是不够的,必须达到溶蜡点以上,否则水驱效果会明显变差。

高孔高渗高含水稠油油藏剩余油分布特征及动用的主控因素

针对CFD11-1油田943砂体大量剩余油无法动用的问题,结合动态数据和生产数据,将注入流体、地层倾角、渗透率韵律和级差4种因素进行数值模拟,对油藏剩余油分布类型以及影响海上高孔高渗油藏剩余油动用的主控因素进行分析。结果表明:1)高孔高渗高含水稠油油藏的剩余油分布类型可分为油藏边缘井网未控制、井间未控制、相对低渗绕流和构造高部位4种;2)注入流体是影响不同类型剩余油动用的首要因素,说明注入流体优选和有效波及仍是未来提高海上油藏采收率的主要方向之一。注入流体与不同剩余油类型的结合应兼具经济性和环保性,例如构造高部位的气驱与活性水相比仅降低1.59个百分点;3)相比于气驱,活性水驱扩大平面波及效率,有效减弱指进效应,边部剩余油井组采出程度提高了12.88个百分点;4)剩余油动用敏感性因素分析显示,注入流体和地层倾角是影响采出程度的主控因素,受油藏高孔高渗影响,渗透率韵律和级差已经不是限制流体流动的主要因素,其对采出程度的影响不超过1%。该研究成果对海上高孔高渗稠油油藏的高效开发有一定的指导作用。