Effect of Main Cultivation Factors on Oil Quality and Stability of Brassica napus Hybrids

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the influence of five cultivation factors： sowing date, plant density, nitrogen fertilizer amount, phosphate fertilizer amount and potash fertilizer amount on oil quality and stability of Brassica napus hybrids. [Method] Statistical analysis was carried out based on the data from previous studies and our work. [Result] Sowing date had no significant influence on oil quality and stability of B. napus hybrids. The plant density shared a positive correlation with 18-C fatty acid （FA） content, unsaturated fatty acid （UFA） content, total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, index of unsaturated fatty acid （IUFA）, so a large plant density can improve the oil quality （by increasing18-C FA content, UFA content, total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid）, but reduce the oil stability （by increasing IUFA）. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant influence on the contents of 18-C FA and UFA, but significant positive correlations with the total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid and IUFA. So, the total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid can be reduced by increasing nitrogen amount, meanwhile the oil stability was also decreased. Phosphate fertilizer amount did not affect 18-C FA significantly, but was negatively correlated with the UFA content, total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and IUFA. So, increasing the amount of applied phosphate fertilizer can reduce UFA content, total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, thereby improving oil stability. Potash fertilizer had no significant influence on the IUFA, a significant positive correlation with 18-C FA content, an insignificant positive correlation with the the UFA content, and a negative correlation with the total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The oil content of rapeseed shared an extremely significant positive correlation with 18-C FA content and UFA content, an negative correlation with the total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and no significant correlation with IUFA. [Conclusion] This study identified the effects of five main cultivation factors on oil quality and stability of B. napus hybrids, and the correlations of oil content with 18-C FA content, UFA content, total content of linoleic acid and linolenic acid, and IUFA.

A stability analysis for the sheared oil film contained by the boom

According to the observation in experiment of stability of the oil film, the assumption of velocity distribution for both the water flow and the oil film is introduced. On the basis of the assumption, Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation is applied to develop the method of determining the critical velocity of the oil film, and the criterion for stability of the oil film is obtained. Meanwhile, a formula describing the relation between the thickness of the oil film and the velocity of the water flow is also given and examined by the laboratory experiment.

Technology and Practice of Stabiliing Oil Production and Controlling Water Cut in Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia

In this paper, by in-depth geological research of Kalamkas Oilfield in Central Asia, the geological body has been re-ascertained; combined with fine study of reservoir engineering, based on the understanding of the distribution of remaining oil horizontal wells have been given full play to stabilizing oil production and controlling water cut, reducing the producing pressure drop, improving well productivity and other advantages, and the development and deployment has been optimized; horizontal wells have been applied to solve problems such as old well casing damages, shutting down wells, low-productivity and low- efficiency wells, and high water cut wells to improve the utilization rate of old wells; through separate layer system improved injection production pattern, adjustment wells have been optimized and deployed, and part measures wells have been preferably selected to tap the residual oil improve the degree of reserves control realize the stabilization of oil production and control of water cut in an old oilfield, and further improve the development effects.

Design and operation problems related to water curtain system forunderground water-sealed oil storage caverns

The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale （millions of cubic meters） underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.

Pt-H2SO4/Zr-montmorillonite： An efficient catalyst for the polymerization of octamethylcy-clotetrasiloxane, polymethylhydrosiloxane and hexamethyldisiloxane to low-hydro silicone oil

The liquid phase ring-opening of octamethylcy-clotetrasiloxane （D4） was investigated over Pt-H2SO4/Zr- montmorillonite catalyst. Montmorillonite （Mt）, Zr-Mt, H2SO4/Mt, H2SO4/Zr-Mt and Pt-H2SO4/Zr-Mt were also detected for evaluation. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, NH3-TPD and pyridine-FTIR measurements. In comparison to activate clay which is used in the industry of catalyst, Zr-Mt catalyst displayed stronger acidity and more excellent catalytic activity in the polymerization of D4, polymethylhydrosiloxane （DH） and hexamethyldisiloxane （MM） to low-hydro sili- cone oil. Relative to Zr-Mt, the acidity of H2SO4/Zr-Mt was noticeably improved and the catalyst exhibited a higher capability of ring-opening of D4 conversion and yield of low-hydro silicone oil. To enhance the stability of H2SO4/Zr-Mt catalyst, a small amount of metals （Pt） was doped. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption results indicated that pore textural parameters of the Pt-H2SO4/Zr-Mt had not changed with larger specific surface area. Compared with H2SO4/Zr-Mt, the total acidity of Pt-H2SO4-Zr/Mt catalyst retained, but the content of the Bransted acid increased and the content of the Lewis acid decreased. The Pt-H2SO4-Zr/Mt catalyst displayed higher catalyst reproducibility. After 40 h reaction of polymerization, the yield of low-hydro silicone oil decreased from 93% to 42% over H2SO4/Zr-Mt catalyst, while the yield of low-hydro silicone oil reduced from 93% to 78% over Pt-H2SO4/Zr-Mt catalyst. A sharp decrease in catalytic activity after 35 h of Pt-H2SO4/Zr-Mt catalyst was detected. Furthermore, Pt-H2SO4/Zr-Mt was completely regenerated under appropriate condition and appeared good repeatability in the D4, DH and MM to low-hydro silicone oil.