The protective roles of tea tree oil extracts in bovine mammary epithelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Background: Tea tree oil(TTO) plays an important role in antibacterial activity and alleviating the inflammatory responses. Bovine mammary epithelium and polymorphonuclear leukocytes(PMNL) can actively respond to bovine mastitis infection. However, regulatory effects of TTO extracts on the innate immune response of bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs) and PMNL remain not reported. Therefore, aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of TTO extracts on the m RNA levels of the genes involved in the innate immune response of BMECs and PMNL.Results: Our results demonstrated that addition of 0.025% and 0.05% TTO increased the proliferation of BMECs, and significantly enhanced(P < 0.05) the viability of BMECs exposed to Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). An inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of S. aureus by TTO incubation. The 0.05% TTO reduced S. aureus biofilm formation, association and invasion of S. aureus to BMECs, and changed the morphological and structural features of S. aureus. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were decreased(P < 0.001) by the incubation of TTO. Interestingly, the expression of IL-8 known for PMNL chemotactic function was elevated(P < 0.05) by 0.05%TTO treatment. Consistently, 0.05% TTO increased the migration of PMNL in S. aureus-exposed BMECs when compared with S. aureus treatment alone(P < 0.05). In addition, PMNL incubated with 0.05% TTO decreased the levels of NFKB inhibitor alpha(NFKBIA) and TNF-α.Conclusions: Our results indicate that use of TTO can relieve the BMECs pro-inflammatory response caused by S.aureus and promote the migration of PMNL to mount the innate immune responses, and it may be novel strategy for the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus.

Germination of Seeds of Selected Leguminous Tree Species Moistened with Varying Concentrations of Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil Water Extracts

The study investigates the germination of selected leguminous tree species (LTS) native to the forest ecosystem and oil producing areas of Nigeria. Germination experiments of 250 seeds from each of the selected members of the Fabaceae family: Bauhinia monandra (Kurz), Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. and Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taubert were conducted in petri dishes double-layered with Whatman No. 1 filter papers for 10 days and moistened with varying concentrations of crude oil contaminated soil water extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml), with a view to determining the ability of these plants to germinate and establish in soil polluted with crude oil. The mean percentage germination of each tree species was thus determined. All the LTS germinated, but germination was concentration dependent, as percentage germination decreased with increased oil concentrations. Evaluation of the initial growth responses and tolerances of these LTS in oil-polluted soil may provide useful information about the potential of these plant species for phytoremediation.

In Vitro Somatic Embryogenesis in Some Oil Yielding Tropical Tree Species

Somatic embryogenesis was achieved in two oil yielding tropical tree species i.e. Simarouba glauca & Azadirachta indica using immature zygotic embryos as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 – 1.5 mg/l benzylaminopurine (BA) and 2.0 - 3.0 mg/l NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid) or 2, 4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and 3% sucrose. MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BA and 2.0 mg/l NAA was noted to be the most effective in inducing friable embryogenic callus (FEC) in Simarouba glauca;the number of somatic embryos per culture varied in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 – 1.5 mg/l BA and 1.0 mg/l NAA. In Azadirachta indica, somatic embryos developed on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA and 1.5 – 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D which were in various shapes and sizes after the first subculture on MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l abscisic acid. The somatic embryos which developed shoots were isolated and rooted in 1/2 strength MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/l abscisic acid and 2% sucrose. About 25% of embryos germinated within 20 days of culture in case of Simarouba glauca and 62% in Azadirachta indica. The somatic embryo-derived plantlets were transferred to the field after being hardened in the climate controlled hardening chamber.

Using Nonconventional Water in Irrigation of Olive Trees and Its Effect on Olive Oil Properties

The response of olive orchard with same age and type to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater and freshwater was investigated in three years. Physical and chemical properties of the treated municipal wastewater reuse in agriculture (the effluent) produced by the Sheikh Ejleen wastewater treatment plant in Gaza Strip, freshwater, soil, and olive oil were determined and compared with Palestinian and international standards. The biological oxygen?demand (BOD) of Sheikh Ejleen effluent is 60 mg·l-1, which indicates low quality effluent. The results indicate that most of olive oil quality parameters—including heavy metals and trace elements for both fruits irrigated with treated wastewater or irrigated with freshwater—fall within the acceptable standard limit values. Moreover, soil analysis shows that organic content and cation exchange capacity were improved in soil irrigated with treated wastewater in comparison with that irrigated with freshwater. The results also show that there is no trace elements or heavy metals accumulation in soil.

Estimating the Age of Oil-tea Camellia Trees

To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.

油气井口站立操作平台结构设计与有限元分析

为解决采油气树维护、测试、安装调试等高处作业无处系挂安全带,以及操作人员无站立空间的生产难题,在满足安全带系挂“高挂低用”和操作人员“站立操作”的使用要求的基础上,结合现场使用条件、空间以及采气/油树规格等信息,采用Creo软件对井口操作平台进行了结构设计,并利用ANSYS Workbench软件对平台的关承载部件进行了有限元分析。结果表明:设计的操作平台满足安全带系挂和人员站立的需求,且平台结构简单、拆装快捷,不受采气/油树高低的限制。有限元分析结果表明,平台各承载部件均能满足设计要求。分析结果验证了设计的正确性,可为现场应用提供理论基础。

基于故障树分析法海底油气管道溢油事故风险分析

基于故障树分析法(FTA),以风险评估准备、风险识别、风险分析及风险应对等4个层面简要分析了海底油气管道溢油事故风险。明确了海底油气管道溢油事故的主要风险为航运、渔业活动及海洋环境的扰动程度影响,并提出了从最小埋深、管道保护层的安全属性、监造施工、巡线周期、安全标识等预防措施。

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

不同树龄肉桂精油化学成分分析和活性研究

本研究通过超临界CO_(2)萃取方法提取不同树龄肉桂精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GCMS)对其挥发性成分进行分析,并评估其抗氧化活性和抑菌效果。结果表明:树龄较小的官桂的精油出油率和精油中的肉桂醛相对含量比板桂的高,树龄较大的板桂提取的精油中所含的萜烯类成分相对含量比官桂精油高;两组精油均具有一定的抗氧化效果,在相同质量浓度下,从板桂提取的精油对DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基的清除率稍强于官桂精油;两组精油对金黄色葡萄球菌和耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌均具有显著抑菌活性。肉桂精油的抗氧化和抑菌活性为主要成分肉桂醛、2-甲氧基肉桂醛和萜烯类化合物等多种活性成分共同作用的结果。

茶树油对脂多糖诱导奶牛小肠上皮细胞损伤的影响

本试验旨在研究茶树油(TTO)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导奶牛小肠上皮细胞(BIECs)损伤的影响。试验选取3头健康新生中国荷斯坦犊牛的空肠组织,分离并获得BIECs进行培养。通过使用不同浓度的LPS(0、1、2和4μg/mL)和不同浓度的TTO(0、0.00625%、0.01250%、0.02500%、0.05000%和0.10000%),建立细胞炎症模型。然后,对照组以不含TTO和LPS的培养基处理细胞;LPS组以1μg/mL的LPS处理细胞12 h;LPS+TTO组采用0.01250%和0.02500%的TTO预处理细胞12 h,经水洗后,再暴露于LPS处理12 h。结果表明:1)与对照组(未添加TTO)相比,添加0.00625%、0.01250%、0.02500%和0.05000%TTO对BIECs细胞活力无显著影响(P>0.05),添加TTO显著提高跨膜电阻(TEER)(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,添加0.01250%TTO显著提高BIECs中闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)、封闭蛋白(occludin)、闭合蛋白-1(claudin-1)和闭合蛋白-4(claudin-4)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),显著降低肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。2)与LPS组相比,LPS+TTO组TEER以及ZO-1、occludin和claudin-1的mRNA相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05),TNF-α的mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05);LPS+TTO组ZO-1蛋白相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05)。综上可知,TTO可以通过上调紧密连接蛋白表达和下调炎性因子表达,缓解LPS诱导的犊牛小肠上皮细胞屏障功能障碍和炎症损伤。

茶树精油微胶囊包埋工艺优化及表征

为抑制茶树精油挥发,增强其缓释效果,以茶树精油为芯材、海藻酸钠为壁材,采用离子凝胶法制备茶树精油微胶囊,在明确了海藻酸钠质量分数、吐温-80体积分数、氯化钙质量分数及芯壁质量比等单因素对包埋率影响的基础上,采用响应面法对其制备工艺进行优化。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及X-射线衍射仪(XRD)对茶树精油微胶囊进行表征,并对其缓释性能进行测定。结果表明:茶树精油微胶囊的最佳制备工艺条件为海藻酸钠质量分数1.5%、吐温-80体积分数0.2%、氯化钙质量分数1.4%、芯壁质量比2∶1,在此条件下制备的茶树精油微胶囊外形圆润、无拖尾、强度高、形态饱满,包埋率可达79.12%,同时具有良好的缓释效果;FTIR及XRD分析结果显示海藻酸钠通过静电作用与茶树精油结合并将其成功包埋,起到保护作用。本研究所采用的微胶囊制备工艺简单、包埋效果好,极大地提高了茶树精油的稳定性。

樟树5种化学型精油组成及其胰脂肪酶抑制活性研究

采用GC和GC-MS方法分析确定了樟树5种精油化学成分组成,进一步研究了5种不同类型精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性。结果表明:5种精油主成分分别为:芳樟醇(91.98%)、樟脑(81.25%)、龙脑(91.88%)、反式-橙花叔醇(52.63%)和桉叶油素(57.73%)。精油的胰脂肪酶抑制活性顺序为:反式-橙花叔醇型>桉叶油素型>芳樟醇型>樟脑型>龙脑型。其中反式-橙花叔醇型精油IC50为(20.02±3.27)mg/mL,当其精油浓度为100 mg/mL时,胰脂肪酶抑制率达90.17%±1.56%。

Flower development and sexual dimorphism in Vernicia montana

The mu oil tree(Vernicia montana Lour.) is a dioecious species, but the genetic mechanisms underlying its phenotypic sexual dimorphism are unclear. In this study, we determined two pivotal phases of sex differentiation of mu oil tree via morphological and histological analyses of unisexual flowers:(Ⅰ) differentiation of male or female primordia to produce staminate flowers(SFs) or transient hermaphrodite flowers(HFs),and(Ⅱ) complete abortion of stamens in transient HFs to generate pistillate flowers(PFs). A total of 1621 sex-biased genes were identified by comparative transcriptome analysis which exhibited elevated rates of protein evolution than unbiased genes. The female-biased genes were enriched in the production of defense compounds while male-biased genes were focused on the production of viable pollens. Transcriptomebased analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs) between PFs and SFs in phase Ⅰ involved in abscisic acid(ABA), auxin(AUX), cytokinin(CK), ethylene(ET), and gibberellin(GA) biosynthesis and signaling showed higher expression levels in males than in females in general, whereas the DEGs involved in jasmonic acid(JA) and salicylic acid(SA) pathways displayed opposite expression patterns. Moreover,differentially expressed endogenous ABA, AUX, GAs, JA, and SA exhibited consistent biased expression patterns with the DEGs by UPLC-MSbased analysis. Exogenous application of an anti-ethylene plant growth regulator could promote the development of stamens in PFs and generated HFs. Comparative transcriptomic and hormonal analyses of PFs and SFs in phase Ⅱ indicated an increase in ET concentration when abortion of stamens in PFs occurred. This study suggested that phytohormones play key roles in sex dimorphism and ET may determine the development of stamens in PFs of mu oil tree, which provides an insight into plant sex differentiation mechanisms.

茶树精油微胶囊制备及其结构表征

为解决茶树精油稳定性差,对光、热、氧和湿度高度敏感,挥发性较强等问题,利用复合凝聚法制备微胶囊提高茶树精油稳定性。研究优化复合凝聚法制备茶树精油微胶囊的工艺,探究不同均质时间、均质速度、pH及凝聚时间对茶树精油乳液乳化效果和微胶囊的微观形态影响,并阐明茶树微胶囊包埋特性和缓释性能。研究结果表明,以明胶-六偏磷酸钠复合凝聚层为壁材,茶树精油乳液制备条件均质转速为20000 r/min,均质时间为15 min;茶树精油微胶囊复合凝聚pH为4.37,得到形态较均匀、微粒直径为0.80~1.32μm,包埋率为(44.75±0.09)%,缓释性能为65.13%。该研究为茶树精油微胶囊的制备提供必要的数据支撑。

樟树精油中6种低含量成分的高效分离及抗氧化性能研究

采用分段减压蒸馏结合柱层析方法,以目标成分含量大于80.0%为目标,开展了樟树精油中<10.0%低含量成分的高效分离研究,获得了柠檬烯(93.2%)、乙酸龙脑酯(87.5%)、反式-橙花叔醇(85.8%)、β-石竹烯(91.1%)、4-松油醇(92.6%)、α-松油醇(87.2%)等6种组分,收率分别为36.0%、14.0%、11.0%、21.0%、38.0%和10.0%。进一步研究了各组分的抗氧化性能,结果表明,乙酸龙脑酯、反式-橙花叔醇、4-松油醇和α-松油醇组分的IC_(50)值分别为96.6、87.6、73.6和105.4 mg/m L,抗氧化性能优于单萜标准品;柠檬烯和β-石竹烯组分的IC_(50)值分别为66.2和48.5 mg/m L,抗氧化性能低于单萜标准品。

Influence of Subjective Knowledge, Objective Knowledge and Health Consciousness on Olive Oil Consumption—A Case Study

Unlike the case in Mediterranean countries, where olive oil consumption is driven by habit or tradition, in a population where olive oil consumption rates are considerably low, it appears reasonable to suppose that the initial decision to buy a fairly expensive product—as is the case with olive oil in the Uruguayan market—may result from an individual’s overall interest in health-related issues and/or their acquaintance with relevant nutritional properties of the particular product—in this case, olive oil. Consumer subjective and objective knowledge, interest in health-related issues, and demographic variables were studied for their potential relationship (explanatory capacity) with olive oil consumption frequency, using a sample of 256 inhabitants of Montevideo (Uruguay). Several of the studied variables were found to relate to olive oil consumption, such as subjective and objective knowledge, age, education level, marital status, and interest in health-related issues. Subjective knowledge was found to have the highest explanatory capacity. An increase in subjective knowledge is therefore expected to lead to an increase in consumption frequency among regular olive oil consumers, while it may also encourage less frequent or non-consumers to purchase olive oil and become acquainted with the product.

浅水受限区水下油气田开发方案

针对国内浅水油气资源开发环境影响及空间受限等问题,本文提出了国产浅水水下生产系统的总体设计方案。通过对浅水水下生产系统关键设备结构进行分析,提出了一种满足受限区海域开发要求的环境友好型设计思路。结果表明:通过系统和总体布置的设计,国产浅水水下生产系统与深水相比在单体重量、作业方式、维护检修方面更加经济。

茶树精油对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能以及肠道屏障功能的影响

本试验旨在研究茶树精油(TTO)对断奶仔猪生长性能、抗氧化能力、免疫功能及肠道屏障功能的影响。选取21日龄断奶仔猪150头,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,各TTO组分别在基础饲粮中添加25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO,饲喂28 d后测定其生长性能指标、血浆抗氧化和免疫指标。而后根据生长性能与血浆抗氧化和免疫指标结果选择对照组和50 mg/kg TTO组进行肠黏膜抗氧化与免疫指标的检测,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色切片观察肠道组织结构,16S rDNA测序分析肠道菌群结构。结果显示:1)各TTO组的料重比均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),各TTO组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但以50 mg/kg TTO组料重比最低。2)与对照组相比,25、50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),丙二醛(MDA)的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。3)50、100、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);25、200 mg/kg TTO组血浆中免疫球蛋白M(IgM)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),同时100 mg/kg TTO组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组回肠绒毛隐窝比极显著升高(P<0.01)。5)与对照组相比,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠、回肠黏膜中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),十二指肠、空肠黏膜中GSH-Px的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),回肠黏膜中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量极显著升高(P<0.01),空肠、回肠黏膜中MDA的含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。6)50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠及回肠黏膜中分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)的含量极显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。7)在门水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的相对丰度显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在属水平上,50 mg/kg TTO组十二指肠和回肠中梭状芽孢杆菌属(Clostridium)的相对丰度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),十二指肠、回肠和盲肠中克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)的相对丰度均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);50 mg/kg TTO组在氨基酸代谢、辅因子和维生素代谢、萜类化合物和聚酮酸的代谢等功能上较对照组极显著增强(P<0.01)。综上可知,在饲粮中添加TTO可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,提升机体的抗氧化能力和免疫功能,增强肠道屏障功能,提升仔猪的健康水平。

柴油-麻风树生物柴油混合燃油的微爆特性研究

为探明柴油-麻风树生物柴油混合燃油的蒸发过程与机理,达到生物柴油与柴油混合用于柴油机缸内稳定燃烧的目的,在723和873 K环境温度下将麻风树生物柴油(JME)和柴油混合,JME所占比例分别为10%、20%和50%(质量分数)。采用热电偶挂滴技术,高速摄像机及Halcon软件代码处理液滴图像,分析柴油-麻风树生物柴油混合燃油(JME10、JME20和JME50)的微爆特性。实验研究得出:不同混合比例的混合燃油与液滴微爆强度大小呈类似于抛物线的函数关系,JME20为最好混合比例的混合油,在此情况下,混合比例的增减都会影响液滴微爆效果,JME20的液滴微爆存在微爆延迟时间最小值,有利于燃油与空气的充分混合。环境温度的提高,对JME10、JME20、JME50的燃油液滴微爆质量的提高均有促进作用,均能缩短蒸发时间。

原油价格不确定性测度及其对宏观经济的非对称影响研究

有效测度原油价格不确定性并研究其对我国宏观经济的影响,具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文基于最小生成树模型,从全局视角衡量原油多元定价机制中195个影响因素的相对重要程度,并采用高维因子非预期条件波动率模型测度国际原油价格的不确定性。基于收敛交叉映射模型,本文对原油价格不确定性与宏观经济间的非线性因果关系进行识别,研究发现仅存在原油价格不确定性对固定资产投资、产出增速的单向因果关系。进一步地,在厘清原油价格不确定性对宏观经济影响机制的基础上,利用包含马尔可夫区制转移特征的向量自回归模型考察原油价格不确定性对我国宏观经济的影响,理论与实证结果均表明原油价格不确定性对我国宏观经济具有显著负向影响;在不同经济状态下,原油价格不确定性对投资、产出增速的影响具有非对称性。本研究为有效防范原油市场风险、保障能源安全和推动经济稳定增长提供了理论支持。