A CFD Model to Evaluate Near-Surface Oil Spill from a Broken Loading Pipe in Shallow Coastal Waters

Oil spills continue to generate various issues and concerns regarding their effect and behavior in the marine environment,owing to the related potential for detrimental environmental,economic and social implications.It is essential to have a solid understanding of the ways in which oil interacts with the water and the coastal ecosystems that are located nearby.This study proposes a simplified model for predicting the plume-like transport behavior of heavy Bunker C fuel oil discharging downward from an acutely-angled broken pipeline located on the water surface.The results show that the spill overall profile is articulated in three major flow areas.The first,is the source field,i.e.,a region near the origin of the initial jet,followed by the intermediate or transport field,namely,the region where the jet oil flow transitions into an underwater oil plume flow and starts to move horizontally,and finally,the far-field,where the oil re-surface and spreads onto the shore at a significant distance from the spill site.The behavior of the oil in the intermediate field is investigated using a simplified injection-type oil spill model capable of mimicking the undersea trapping and lateral migration of an oil plume originating from a negatively buoyant jet spill.A rectangular domain with proper boundary conditions is used to implement the model.The Projection approach is used to discretize a modified version of the Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions.A benchmark fluid flow issue is used to verify the model and the results indicate a reasonable relationship between specific gravity and depth as well as agreement with the aerial data and a vertical temperature profile plot.

Characteristics of Oil Contamination and Numerical Modelling of Its Transport in Fracture-Karst Water in Zibo City,China

In this paper, the hydraulic characteristics of the fracture-karst aquifer and the distribution patterns of petrochemical contaminants are studied. Then, a numerical model using the mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is constructed to predict the distribution and transport of petrochemical compounds in groundwater. The results of numerical modelling and sensitivity analysis show that it may be a workable way for aquifer remediation to combine contamination sources control and capture zone establishment.

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

Experimental study on the movement of oil spill under freeze-thaw action

Oil leakages cause environmental pollution,economic losses,and even engineering safety accidents.In cold regions,researchers urgently investigate the movement of oil spill in soils exposed to freeze-thaw cycles.In this study,a series of laboratory model experiments were carried out on the migration of oil leakage under freeze-thaw action,and the distributions of the soil temperature,unfrozen water content,and displacement were analyzed.The results showed that under freeze-thaw action,liquid water in soils migrated to the freezing front and accumulated.After the pipe cracked,oil pollutants first gathered at one side of the leak hole,and then moved around.The pipe wall temperature affected the soil temperature field,and the thermal influence range below and transverse the pipe wall(35–40 cm)was larger than that above the pipe wall(8 cm)owing to the soil surface temperature.The leaked oil's temperature would make the temperature of the surrounding soil rise.Oil would inhibit the cooling of the soils.Besides,oil migration was significantly affected by the gravity and water flow patterns.The freeze-thaw action would affect the migration of the oil,which was mainly manifested as inhibiting the diffusion and movement of oil when soils were frozen.Unfrozen water transport caused by freeze-thaw cycles would also inhibit oil migration.The research results would provide a scientific reference for understanding the relationship between the movement of oil pollutants,water,and soil temperature,and for establishing a waterheat-mass transport model in frozen soils.

Laboratory investigation into the oil diffusion from submarine pipeline under water flow

A physical model test has been conducted to study the oil diffusion from the submarine pipeline under water flow.The crude oil in the flume is spilled from a leakage point of the pipeline and diffused from the seabed to the surface. By the non-contact optical measuring technology, an image acquisition and data analysis system is designed to explore the spilled mechanism and characteristic. The oil trajectory, velocity and the rising time to the surface are obtained through this system. The influence of the water flow and the spilled discharge on the behavior of the spilled oil are analyzed from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The sensitivity study of the characteristic physical quantities to various factors are presented afterward. The spilled oil under water is mainly distributed in the form of the scattered particles with different sizes. The rising process of the oil can be divided into three stages: full, dispersion and aggregation period. The spilled discharge is the primary factor affecting the rising time of the oil particles. In the rising process of the oil particles, the vertical velocity of the oil is mainly affected by the spilled discharge, and the transverse velocity is more dependent on the water velocity. The deviation of the transverse oil velocity is much larger than that of the rising time and the vertical oil velocity. The study can provide a theoretical reference for the prediction system of oil spill emergency.

The sensitivity of the array resistivity log to mud filtrate invasion and its primary five-parameter inversion for improved oil water recognition

In order to improve reservoir fluid recognition, the sensitivity of array resistivity response to the difference of the invasion properties in both oil-bearing layers and water layers is analyzed. Then the primary inversion is carried out based on the array resistivity log. The mud invasion process is numerically simulated based on the oil-water flow equation and water convection diffusion equation. The results show that the radial resistivity of a fresh mud-invaded oil-bearing layer presents complex distribution characteristics, such as nonlinear increase, increasing to decreasing and low resistivity annulus, and the resistive invasion profile of a water layer is monotonic. Under specific conditions, array resistivity log can reflect these changes and the array induction log is more sensitive. Nevertheless, due to the effect of factors like large invasion depth, reservoir physical and oil-bearing properties, the measured apparent resistivity may differ greatly from the actual mud filtrate invasion profile in an oil-bearing layer. We proposed a five-parameter formation model to simulate the complex resistivity distribution of fresh mud-invaded formation. Then, based on the principle of non-linear least squares, the measured array resistivity log is used for inversion with the Marquardt method. It is demonstrated that the inverted resistivity is typically non-monotonic in oil-bearing layers and is monotonic in water layers. Processing of some field data shows that this is helpful in achieving efficient reservoir fluid recognition.

Upstream Operations in the Oil Industry： Rigorous Modeling ofan Electrostatic Coalescer

This paper deals with a first-principle mathematical model that describes the electrostatic coalescer unitsdevoted to the separation of water from oil in water-in-oil emulsions, which are typical of the upstreamoperations in oil fields. The main phenomena governing the behavior of the electrostatic coalescer are denscribed, starting from fundamental laws. In addition, the gradual coalescence of the emulsion droplets isconsidered in the mathematical modeling in a dynamic fashion, as the phenomenon is identified as a keystep in the overall yield of the unit operation. The resulting differential system with boundary conditionsis then integrated via performing numerical libraries, and the simulation results confirm the available lit-erature and the industrial data. A sensitivity analysis is provided with respect to the main parameters. Themathematical model results in a flexible tool that is useful for the purposes of design, unit behavior predic-tion. performance rnoniroring, and ontimization.

Simulation and Modelling of Water Injection for Reservoir Pressure Maintenance

Water injection has shown to be one of the most successful,efficient,and cost-effective reservoir management strategies.By re-injecting treated and filtered water into reservoirs,this approach can help maintain reservoir pressure,increase hydrocarbon output,and reduce the environmental effect.The goal of this project is to create a water injection model utilizing Eclipse reservoir simulation software to better understand water injection methods for reservoir pressure maintenance.A basic reservoir model is utilized in this investigation.For simulation designs,the reservoir length,breadth,and thickness may be changed to different levels.The water-oil contact was discovered at 7000 feet,and the reservoir pressure was recorded at 3000 pounds per square inch at a depth of 6900 feet.The aquifer chosen was of the Fetkovich type and was linked to the reservoir in the j+direction.The porosity was estimated to be varied,ranging from 9%to 16%.The residual oil saturation was set to 25%and the irreducible water saturation was set at 20%.The vertical permeability was set at 50 md as a constant.Pressure Volume Temperature(PVT)data was used to estimate the gas and water characteristics.

Diesel oil infiltration in soils with selected antecedent water content and bulk density

The effects of soil texture, initial water content and bulk density on diesel oil infiltration in fine sand and silty clay loam materials were evaluated. Three physical and two empirical equations express diesel oil infiltration through soils with time, with coefficients of determination greater than 0.99. Diesel oil infiltrates more quickly in the fine sand than in the silty clay loam material. Diesel oil infiltration rates are found to decrease with increasing initial water content and bulk density for the silty clay loam material. The infiltration rate of diesel oil in the fine sand material increases slightly with increasing initial water content. The diesel oil saturated conductivity(Kdiesel) decreases with increasing bulk density for the silty clay loam column. Diesel oil sorptivity(S) decreases linearly with increased initial water content and bulk density of the silty clay loam material. Changes in empirical parameters relative to initial water content and bulk density are similar to the parameter S.

Geochemical characteristics of oils among real cores in displacement model

Physical simulation experiment on oil displacement is an important approach to understand the mechanism and efficiency of displacement. Physical simulation experiments on water-flooding and chemical flood-ing in real cores with different lithologies and physical properties, reservoir Rock-Eval, TLC-FID, GC of saturated hydrocarbon fractions and GC-MS of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions were performed to investigate differences in the geochemistry of residual oils in the cores processed by water-flooding and chemical flooding. After fine sandstone was displaced with the two methods, the preferable replacement efficiency was displayed by the chemical constitutions of residual oils. As to glutenite, water-flooding is less effective, while chemical flooding has excellent performance according to changes in chemical compounds in oils. The results showed that the geochemical characteristics of the reservoir oils and lithology and physical properties of reservoir bed need to be considered in selecting replacement methods. In addition, the geochemical parameters for residual oils slightly changed during water-flooding and chemical flooding, which suggested the water-flooding and chemical flooding could not affect the application of these parameters in geochemistry.

油气田注水系统腐蚀预测模型的研究进展

以国外某油田注水系统的腐蚀风险现状为例,总结了影响注水系统腐蚀结垢的因素,归纳了传统油气工业腐蚀和结垢预测模型的研究现状,分析了其建模依据、理论基础、关键参数、适用环境及存在的不足。介绍了使用编程、智能算法等技术方法进行建模计算的优异性,并探讨了相应模型的优缺点。最后,提出了油田注水系统与传统油气工业的腐蚀预测模型的异同及建立注水系统腐蚀预测模型应考虑的因素,对注水系统腐蚀结垢预测模型的研究发展进行了展望。

断控缝洞型油藏底水驱剩余油分布规律及挖潜策略

根据断控缝洞型油藏构造成因和地震资料,分析了典型缝洞结构特征,设计并制作了“树状”缝洞结构三维大尺度可视化物理模型,开展了不同生产速度、不同井储配置关系下底水驱和底水驱后多介质协同开采实验,揭示了该类缝洞结构下底水驱剩余油形成机制和分布规律,明确了底水驱后不同开采方式下剩余油动用特征。研究表明,“树状”缝洞结构中,底水驱后剩余油主要包括非井控区断裂带剩余油和井控区断裂带顶部“阁楼型”剩余油;高生产速度下存在明显的底水沿断裂带的水窜现象,采用间歇式排采可以有效削弱断裂带间的干扰效应,起到抑制水窜的效果;与直井开采相比,水平井能够降低断裂带间的导流能力差异,呈现出较好的抗水窜能力;水平井越靠近“树冠”上部,底水驱阶段采收率越高,但综合考虑底水驱及后续注气开发,水平井部署在“树冠”中部且钻穿较多数量的断裂带时总采收率更高;底水驱后顶部注气吞吐优于气驱、大段塞吞吐优于小段塞吞吐,既可以有效动用与油井横向连通的井控区断裂带顶部“阁楼型”剩余油又可以动用非井控区断裂带剩余油,从而大幅度提高采收率。

CO_(2)快速吞吐提高页岩油采收率现场试验

页岩油注CO_(2)吞吐提高采收率技术处于探索阶段,目前面临着CO_(2)与页岩储层及流体相互作用机制不明确、数值模拟技术不成熟、缺乏规模注采及低成本回收工艺等技术难题。为探索页岩油注CO_(2)提高采收率主控机理,以苏北盆地溱潼凹陷古近系阜宁组二段页岩油为对象开展了超临界CO_(2)水岩反应实验,分析了高温高压条件下页岩矿物溶蚀作用及其对孔隙度和渗透率的影响,并通过注CO_(2)恒质膨胀实验、最小混相压力测试评价了地层超压条件下注CO_(2)后原油高压物性变化特征,并在此基础上开展考虑多因素数值模拟研究优化了设计注入参数,最终通过矿场试验验证了技术可行性。研究结果表明:(1) CO_(2)水岩反应以碳酸质矿物溶蚀占主导,长英质矿物部分溶解,生成中大孔隙;(2)在地层原油中注入适量的CO_(2),显著萃取了原油中间烃组分,原油黏度从5.151 mPa·s下降到1.250 mPa·s,且CO_(2)首先萃取轻烃组分,随生产时间增加萃取组分逐渐变为重烃;(3)基于人工压裂与天然缝网混合介质组分数模模型,优化设计单井吞吐注气量1.7×10~4 t,注气速度500~600 t/d,焖井时间50 d;(4)低压侧加热的页岩油CO_(2)吞吐地面工艺,可依据CO_(2)注入地面工艺多参数数据模型,实现精准控温,避免注入管线冻堵及井下油管和套管材料低温脆断问题;(5)产出气CO_(2)浓度高于80%时,采用气相回收直注工艺,实现产出气回收成本降至104元/t。结论认为,CO_(2)快速吞吐有效提高了页岩油采收率,形成的机理认识和技术系列可为页岩油注CO_(2)吞吐开发提供参考和借鉴。

致密油藏驱渗结合采油可行性研究

致密油藏孔喉较小而渗吸作用显著,为提高致密油藏水驱效率,提出驱渗结合采油方法,同时利用驱替与渗吸作用。为验证该方法的可行性与主控因素,在水驱模型的基础上,考虑了渗吸作用,并基于实验数据特征建立了渗吸项模型,建立了驱渗结合采油数值模拟模型。结果表明,渗吸作用有效增加了注入水的波及面积,有效置换出基质中的原油,提升了采油效率;主控地质因素包括基质/裂缝孔隙度、渗透率和渗吸经验参数,主控工程因素包括注水压力、裂缝间距和半长;现场应用表明相较水驱方式,驱渗结合采油的日产油速度提高了约1倍,受效时间约为200 d,提高累产约为340 t,说明驱渗结合采油工艺可有效提高中国致密油藏的采收率,所建模型可用于驱渗结合采油的优化设计。

物理模拟融合油藏精细刻画法表征特低渗油藏中高含水期剩余油分布

中国低渗透油藏分布广泛,其中大部分区块已进入中高含水期,并且由于剩余油类型及成因不明确导致采出程度普遍较低,因此延长低渗透油藏稳产期是亟需解决的问题。结合井口生产资料和储层水驱前缘波及系数对油藏模型进行历史拟合,建立了特低渗油藏剩余油的精细刻画模型,并综合利用静动态物理模拟实验、生产资料动态分析等方法,明确了特低渗油藏中高含水期剩余油成因及类型,据此提出了针对性的剩余油挖潜策略,最终在姬塬油田耿155区长1特低渗油藏进行了现场应用。研究结果表明,特低渗油藏剩余油主要分为储层平面和垂向非均质性导致的储层非均质型剩余油、局部储层注采不对应导致的注采不完善型剩余油以及储层黏土矿物运移膨胀导致的欠注型剩余油,针对性挖潜后目标井组采出程度提高5.1%~12.4%。经现场应用后,预测原油累计采出量相比原始措施提高15.6%~37.3%,为特低渗油藏中高含水期挖潜提供理论和技术支撑。

引江补汉工程取水口饮用水水源保护区划分

引江补汉工程是南水北调中线工程的后续水源,为保障汉江中下游干流水质安全和湖北省补水区城乡生活供水安全,有必要在工程取水口周边划定饮用水水源保护区。在充分考虑水质保护要求、交通航运、港口建设发展、应急响应需求等因素的基础上,针对三峡调度运行不同水位情况、工程引水代表流量和相应水质条件设计工况情景,基于水动力水质模型计算和应急响应时间估算结果,提出引江补汉工程龙潭溪取水口水源保护区范围建议,为将来保护区划定提供技术支撑。计算结果表明,以龙潭溪取水口为中心划分饮用水水源保护区的径向距离应≥1.3 km。

基于Maxwell-Wagner模型的含水绝缘油的介电性质分析

绝缘油的微水检测对保障电力变压器的安全运行具有重要意义,而含水绝缘油的介电性质分析能够为绝缘油的微水检测提供物性参考。将Maxwell-Wagner模型简化,得到混合介质复介电常数与离散相含量之间的关系式,基于Maxwell-Wagner模型探究了含水绝缘油在不同温度、不同微水体积分数下随电场频率变化的介电性质。结果表明:在0.5~20 GHz内,微水体积分数为0.0010%时,Maxwell-Wagner模型计算的含水绝缘油实部最大误差不超过0.0514%,虚部最大误差不超过1.0500%,因此该模型适用于研究含水绝缘油的介电性质。复介电常数实部变化量随微水体积分数升高而增大,随电场频率增加而变小;虚部变化量随微水体积分数增加而增大,随电场频率增加,先增大后减小。实部及虚部变化量均随温度的增加而增大。研究表明,微水体积分数、温度及频率能够显著影响含水绝缘油的介电性质。

深水油气输送软管内部流体渗透规律研究进展

海洋柔性管道作为我国实现海上油气自主开发急需的关键技术装备,由于其结构及材料特点,无法避免内部流体的渗透,国内相关研究仍处于起步阶段,渗透带来的后果尚不明确,研究方法尚不成熟。从输送软管内部气体的渗透行为出发,阐明渗透可能引起的危害;对目前国内外软管渗透的数学模型、实验方法、现场测试手段三种研究方法进行详细分析,并对比评价输送软管流体渗透量的预测模型,阐述未来模型构建应当囊括的因素;材料实验应侧重不同工况下的材料渗透性质,样管及原型实验应侧重模拟屏蔽效应等影响渗透的因素;系统梳理现有的现场测试手段,认为测试应重点向环空剩余体积连续监测、环空流体组分检测和外包覆层破损检测方向发展。

多层砂岩油藏分层注水井分注井段优化方法

针对现有分层注水井分注层段确定方法实用性较差的技术问题,开展了分注层段优化方法研究。应用生产动态大数据分析方法,确定出与分注段划分密切相关的10项地质参数;利用归一化、变权及矩阵等数学变换方法,建立了分注层段计算数学模型;结合油藏数值模拟技术和矿场动态监测拟合技术,形成了以10项地质参数为基础,以提高油层动用程度为目标的合理分注政策界限优化方法。实例计算表明,该方法所需参数容易获得,计算过程简单,克服了现有方法仅考虑静态地质参数适用性差,或需要建立复杂地质模型开展数值模拟的繁琐计算过程等,实现了利用注入端、采出端及井网间三类地质参数辅以简单数学计算即可确定分注方案的新方法。以井组gXⅡ为例,应用该方法优化并现场实施,油层动用程度提高了15.7个百分点、产油量增加了23.4 t/d、综合含水率下降了1.16个百分点,验证了分注井段优化新方法的实用价值。