Stem sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron at different ages and its response to physical factors in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone, China

Haloxylon ammodendron, with its tolerance of drought, high temperature, and salt alkali conditions, is one of the main sand-fixing plant species in the oasis-desert transition zone in China. This study used the TDP30(where TDP is the thermal dissipation probe) to measure hourly and daily variations in the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at three age-classes(10, 15, and 20 years old,which were denoted as H10, H15, and H20, respectively) in the Minqin oasis-desert transition zone,China, from May through October 2020. By simultaneously monitoring temperature, relative humidity,photosynthetically active radiation, wind speed, net radiation, rainfall, and soil moisture in this region, we comprehensively investigated the stem sap flow velocity of different-aged H. ammodendron plants(H10,H15, and H20) and revealed its response to physical factors. The results showed that, on sunny days, the hourly variation curves of the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants at the three age-classes were mainly unimodal. In addition, the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants decreased significantly from September to October, which also delayed its peak time of hourly variation. On rainy days, the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron plants was multimodal and significantly lower than that on sunny days.Average daily water consumption of H. ammodendron plants at H10, H15, and H20 was 1.98, 2.82, and 1.91kg/d, respectively. Temperature was the key factor affecting the stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron at all age-classes. Net radiation was the critical factor influencing the stem sap flow velocity of H.ammodendron at H10 and H15;however, for that at H20, it was vapor pressure deficit. The stem sap flow velocity of H. ammodendron was highly significantly correlated with soil moisture at the soil depths of 50and 100 cm, and the correlation was strengthened with increasing stand age. Altogether, our results revealed the dynamic changes of the stem sap flow velocity in different-aged H. ammodendron forest stands and its response mechanism to local physical factors, which provided a theoretical basis for the construction of new protective forests as well as the restoration and protection of existing ones in this region and other similar arid regions in the world.

Evapotranspiration of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River, Northwest China

As a main component in water balance, evapotranspiration is of great importance for water saving and irrigation-measure making, especially in arid or semiarid regions. Although studies of evapotranspiration have been conducted for a long time, studies concentrated on oasis-desert transition zone are very limited. On the basis of the meteorological data and other parameters（e.g. leaf area index（LAI）） of an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River from 2005 to 2011, this paper calculated both reference（ET0） and actual evapotranspiration（ETc） using FAO56 Penman-Monteith and Penman-Monteith models, respectively. In combination with pan evaporation（Ep） measured by E601 pan evaporator, four aspects were analyzed：（1） ET0 was firstly verified by Ep;（2） Characteristics of ET0 and ETc were compared, while the influencing factors were also analyzed;（3） Since meteorological data are often unavailable for estimating ET0 through FAO56 Penman-Monteith model in this region, pan evaporation coefficient（Kp） is very important when using observed Ep to predict ET0. Under this circumstance, an empirical formula of Kp was put forward for this region;（4） Crop coefficient（Kc）, an important index to reflect evapotranspiration, was also analyzed. Results show that mean annual values of ET0 and ETc were 840 and 221 mm, respectively. On the daily bases, ET0 and ETc were 2.3 and 0.6 mm/d, respectively. The annual tendency of ET0 and ETc was very similar, but their amplitude was obviously different. The differences among ET0 and ETc were mainly attributed to the different meteorological variables and leaf area index. The calculated Kc was about 0.25 and showed little variation during the growing season, indicating that available water（e.g. precipitation and irrigation） of about 221 mm/a was required to keep the water balance in this region. The results provide an comprehensive analysis of evapotranspiration for an oasis-desert transition zone in the middle stream of Heihe River, which was seldom reported before.

Numerical Experiments for the influence of the Transition Zone Migration on Summer Climate in North China

As the position of the transition zone changes obviously, that is, as the transition zone migrates to the north or the south from present position, it affects water or heat balance between the land and the atmosphere in a considerable degree and has a profound influence on climate in North China. The experiment results in this paper indicate whether in the dry case or in the wet case of the large-scale climatological background field, the surface air temperature in a wide range of the transition zone migration and its surrounding decreases as the transition zone migrates northward. Moreover, the net upward fluxes of the surface long wave radiation and the sensible heat decrease, and the evaporation to the atmosphere increases. As the transition zone migrates southward, the results are opposite. This kind of significant thermal forcing between the land and the atmosphere can excite secondary circulation or circulation cells, which interact with the large-scale circulation systems, changing the atmospheric motion, affecting the water vapor transportation and consequently having an effect on the precipitation.

Development and prospect of separated zone oil production technology

This article outlines the development of separated zone oil production in foreign countries,and details its development in China.According to the development process,production needs,technical characteristics and adaptability of oilfields in China,the development of separate zone oil production technology is divided into four stages:flowing well zonal oil production,mechanical recovery and water blocking,hydraulically adjustable zonal oil production,and intelligent zonal production.The principles,construction processes,adaptability,advantages and disadvantages of the technology are introduced in detail.Based on the actual production situation of the oilfields in China at present,three development directions of the technology are proposed.First,the real-time monitoring and adjustment level of separated zone oil production needs to be improved by developing downhole sensor technology and two-way communication technology between ground and downhole and enhancing full life cycle service capability and adaptability to horizontal wells.Second,an integrated platform of zonal oil production and management should be built using a digital artificial lifting system.Third,integration of injection and production should be implemented through large-scale application of zonal oil production and zonal water injection to improve matching and adjustment level between the injection and production parameters,thus making the development adjustment from"lag control"to"real-time optimization"and improving the development effect.

An Experimental Study on the Flow Characteristics of OilWater Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Straight Pipes

The flow patterns and their transitions of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipes were studied. The experiments were conducted in two kinds of horizontal tubes, made of plexiglas pipe and stainless steel pipe with 40mm ID respectively. No. 46 mechanical oil and tap water were used as working fluids. The superficial velocity ranges of oil and water were: 0.04-1.2m·s^-1 and 0.04-2.2 m·s^-1, respectively. The flow patterns were identified by visualization and by transient fluctuation signals of differential pressure drop. The flow patterns were defined according to the relative distribution ofoil and water phases in the pipes. Flow pattern maps were obtained for both pipelines. In addition, semi-theoretical transition criteria for the flow patterns were proposed, and the proposed transitional criteria are in reasonable agreement with available data in liquid-liquid systems.

气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流转换边界研究

针对塔河油田气水混注驱替“阁楼油”过程中泡状流与段塞流转换边界不清的问题,利用数值模拟方法对气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流进行了模拟分析。结果表明:在气相表观流速为0.01~1.00 m/s、液相表观流速为0.03~2.00 m/s、管径为76 mm的模拟条件下,管道中主要为泡状流和段塞流;与模拟结果相比,Barnea、Kokal、薛玉卿模型预测的转换边界偏小,Bhagwat和Yijun模型预测的转换边界偏大;随着气相表观流速增加,泡状流向段塞流转换时所需液量逐渐增大;在低液量条件下,越靠近管道中心,气泡数量越多,空隙率越大;随液量增加,单个小气泡体积减小,气泡在整个管道横截面上分布越均匀。基于漂移模型,考虑气泡群滑脱速度,建立了新的泡状流与段塞流转换边界模型,216组文献数据验证结果显示,新模型准确率为95.37%,准确度较高。建立的泡状流—段塞流转换边界模型,不仅可提高井筒压力、温度模型的计算精度,同时对塔河油田现场注入井井口参数优化、注入设备优选和提高“阁楼油”驱替效率有很好的理论指导意义。

LP油田沉降罐过渡带原油破乳脱水实验研究

LP油田沉降罐过渡带原油中含有起乳化作用的胶态FeS等成分,导致原油脱水困难,不能满足原油进后续电脱水器的要求;分析了过渡带原油物性、原油组分及采出水组成,对FeS脱除剂及破乳剂的筛选进行优化实验,重点研究了FeS脱除剂与破乳剂联合破乳效果及适应性。结果表明,筛选出的FeS脱除剂BLJ-01对FeS有很好的溶解效果,体积分数3%的FeS脱除剂BLJ-01和质量浓度800 mg/L的破乳剂X-75联合使用,55℃下可有效去除沉降罐过渡带原油中FeS,沉降罐过渡带原油脱水率达85.78%;BLJ-01与X-75配合使用适应性较强,对含水率超过40%的P2联合站沉降罐过渡带原油脱水率均可达80%以上,且在弱酸或弱碱性条件下都可以表现出优良的破乳效果,也适用于SJ站沉降罐过渡带原油的破乳脱水,并能显著降低破乳剂使用量。

聚丙烯酰胺对高黏油-水环状流流动特性的影响

针对稠油水环输送的水环流动改进问题,提出稠油流动边界层在聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)水环作用下的模拟实验方法,基于自主研发设计的室内油-水两相流可视化环道实验装置,采用500#白油模拟旅大稠油,实验研究了稠油-水环状流外环水相中添加PAM前后的流型特征与阻力特性,评价了PAM对水环润滑的协同减阻效果,分析了PAM对水环流动稳定性的作用机理。实验结果表明:PAM对稠油-水环状流的流型特征与阻力特性均有显著影响,使环状流的分布区域缩小,其缩减区域转变为分层流和塞状流,当其为分层流时减阻作用丧失;当油相表观流速为0.23~0.90m/s时,PAM减阻率随含水率增加先迅速增大后缓慢减小,在测试范围内最高达35%。研究结果可为稠油水环输送工艺优化提供理论指导和技术支持,也可为稠油管输流动改进提供新理念与新方法。

Laboratory simulation and CO_(2) flooding efficiency of oil-water transition zones in a low permeability reservoir in the Jilin Oilfield

Geological reserves of oil-water transition zone(OWTZ)in low-permeability reservoirs have been considered as uneconomical resources because of high water cut and low abundance.Though the OWTZ may account for 30%-50%of a reservoir,it has not been paid more attentions yet.The average oil saturation of the OWTZ is about 35%,which is equal to that of a reservoir after water flooding.Currently,CO_(2) flooding is an effective technique for residual oil recovery after water flooding,which could reduce the residual oil saturation greatly.Therefore,it is of significance for the EOR of the low-permeability reservoir if the CO_(2) flooding could be successfully applied in the OWTZ.In this study,a method based on a long core to simulate distribution of oil saturation in OWTZs is set up in the laboratory using bidirectional saturation.In order to investigate CO_(2) flooding characteristics in OWTZs,experiments are carried out on 3 sets of initial oil saturation,and the recoverable reserves of the OWTZ and its contribution to the EOR are calculated based on the WJ reservoir in the Jilin Oilfield,China.

Impacts of Recent Climate Change on Dry-Land Crop Water Consumption in the Northern Agro-Pastoral Transitional Zone of China

Climate change has substantially impacted crop growth and development in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone. Examination of the response of crop water consumption to climate change may provide a guide for adapting local agricultural production and ecological construction to new realities. The water consumption of three local crops （wheat, naked oats, and potatoes） is examined for Wuchuan County in the northern agro-pastoral transitional zone of China using meteorological data from 1960 to 2007 and soil moisture data from 1983 to 2007. The relationships between climate change and the crop water consumption are discussed. The results show that Wuchuan experienced both a warming trend and a reduction of precipitation between 1960 and 2007. The annual mean surface air temperature increased at a rate of 0.04℃ yr-1 and the annual precipitation decreased at a rate of 0.7 mm yr-1 . Both trends are particularly pronounced between 1983 and 2007, with an increase in annual mean temperature of 0.09℃ yr-1 and a decrease in annual mean precipitation of 2.1 mm yr-1 . Crop water consumption decreased between 1983 and 2007 for wheat （1.65 mm yr-1 ）, naked oats （2.04 mm yr-1 ）, and potatoes （3.85 mm yr-1 ）. Potatoes and naked oats consume more water than wheat. Climate change has significantly impacted crop water consumption. Water consumption and rainfall during the growing season are positively correlated, while water consumption and active accumulated temperature are negatively correlated. Compared to precipitation, accumulated temperature has little impact on crop water consumption. Recent climate change has been detrimental for crop production in Wuchuan County. Adaptation to climate change should include efforts to breed drought-resistant crops and to develop drought-resistant cultivation techniques.

Decomposition of Phragmites australis rhizomes in artificial land-water transitional zones （ALWTZs） and management implications

Rhizomes are essential organs for growth and expansion of Phragmites australis. They function as an important source of organic matter and as a nutrient source, especially in the artificial land-water transitional zones （ALWTZs） of shallow lakes. In this study, decomposition experiments on 1- to 6-year-old R australis rhizomes were conducted in the ALWTZ of Lake Baiyangdian to evaluate the contribution of the rhizomes to organic matter accumulation and nutrient release. Mass loss and changes in nutrient content were measured after 3, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days. The decomposition process was modeled with a composite exponential model. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationships between mass loss and litter quality factors. A multiple stepwise regression model was utilized to determine the dominant factors that affect mass loss. Results showed that the decomposition rates in water were significantly higher than those in soil for 1- to 6-year-old rhizomes. However, the sequence of decomposition rates was identical in both water and soil. Significant relationships between mass loss and litter quality factors were observed at a later stage, and P-related factors proved to have a more significant impact than N-related factors on mass loss. According to multiple stepwise models, the C/P ratio was found to be the dominant factor affecting the mass loss in water, and the C/N and C/P ratios were the main factors affecting the mass loss in soil. The combined effects of harvesting, ditch broadening, and control of water depth should be considered for lake administrators.

Seawater Intrusion in the Longkou-Laizhou Area, Shandong

The extensive intrusion （covering an area of 83.7-238.3 km;and accounting for 18.6-31.5% of the total area of the plain）, the presence of a transitional zone 1.5-6.0 km in width, and the interconnection in distribution between the seawater intrusion district and the region lower than the sea level caused by the strong drop of the groundwater level are major characteristics of the seawater intrusion in the study area. Cation exchange played an important role during the formation of chemical composition of the groundwater in the seawater intrusion district.

低吸水率陶瓷再生砂对砂浆力学和干燥收缩性能的影响及机理研究

为了解决废弃陶瓷再生利用和河砂短缺的问题,开展了低吸水率陶瓷再生砂(由废弃低吸水率瓷质陶瓷墙地砖制备而成,简称陶瓷砂)的性能及其等体积全取代河砂对砂浆力学和干燥收缩性能的影响研究。结果表明:陶瓷砂的吸水率、表观密度和压碎指标均较低,是一种轻质高强的细骨料;在水胶比、胶凝材料组成和砂浆工作性能相同的情况下,与河砂砂浆相比,水胶比为0.45、0.35和0.25的三种陶瓷砂砂浆的力学性能均明显提高,其中28 d抗压强度分别提高了39.1%、26.8%和24.6%,且28 d干燥收缩值分别降低了45.7%、17.9%和5.3%;水胶比越大,陶瓷砂砂浆的抗压强度、抗折强度和弹性模量提高幅度越大,干燥收缩值降低幅度越大。性能改善的机理是陶瓷砂自身强度高,陶瓷砂表面粗糙并含有1~20μm的微孔,且含有大量1~5μm的微粉,以其取代河砂后改善了砂浆中界面过渡区和水泥石的微观结构。

特高含水期油藏潜力区与开发对策耦合方法

针对高含水期油藏剩余油分布特征,以油藏工程理论为基础,考虑经济因素,建立了特高含水期油藏剩余可采储量丰度分区划分方法,得到了整个油藏的高潜力区域与低潜力区域。结合油藏渗流状况划分出了油藏的高速流动区域与低速流动区域。综合考虑2种分区结果,进一步确定了不同区域的开发对策。在实际区块的应用结果表明,综合考虑油藏的高潜力区域与低潜力区域和地层渗流的低速流动区域与高速流动区域,可以与开发对策进行有效耦合,对特高含水期油藏调整开发对策具有实际指导意义。

花山流域河水同位素年内变化及采样方案优化

小流域河水同位素特征和采样方案研究对深入理解流域降水径流关系和构建同位素水文站网具有重要意义。针对江淮过渡带代表流域花山流域总控断面及其邻近嵌套子流域出口断面,开展了1个完整水文年的高频率采样,分析河水氢氧同位素年内变化特征,为制定小流域河水采样方案提供依据。结果表明:①花山流域两断面河水氢氧同位素的变化一致,但流域总控断面河水氢氧同位素要高于支流出口断面。②河水的氢氧同位素在年内从汛期开始呈现4个阶段的变化,即夏季波动下降期、秋季上升期、冬季平稳期和春季上升期。③河水同位素对暴雨过程有3种响应类型:暴雨中期陡降型、暴雨中期缓降型和暴雨后期缓降型。④推荐的河水常规采样方案为:夏季2 d采集1次,其他季节每15 d采集1次;推荐的降雨期间河水采样方案为:对夏、秋、春季出现中大雨以上的降雨,从降雨开始到降雨结束后的每隔4 h采集1次断面水样。研究成果可为中小流域站网河水同位素监测采样提供借鉴。

双轴受压下水灰比对水泥砂浆氯离子扩散的影响规律

氯离子严重影响混凝土结构的耐久性,为研究水灰比对水泥砂浆氯离子扩散规律的影响,首先对水泥砂浆试块施加指定荷载,并采用快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM法)测定水泥砂浆氯离子扩散系数,然后通过数字图像处理技术(DIC)、压汞法(MIP)和纳米压痕测定试块的应变云图、孔隙结构特征和界面过渡区力学性能,揭示氯离子扩散机理,最后建立氯离子扩散系数预测模型,并对其进行试验验证。结果表明:在受压应力水平增加时,水泥砂浆氯离子扩散系数先降低后提高,单轴加载的临界应力约为极限荷载的25%,双轴加载的临界应力约为极限荷载的50%;水泥砂浆中的孔隙率随着水灰比的增加而变大,水灰比越大,浆骨之间的界面过渡区厚度越大,硬度和弹性模量越小,对压荷载越敏感,成为水泥砂浆最薄弱的区域;荷载作用前后,无害孔和少害孔的孔隙率变化不大,随着荷载的增大,有害孔的孔隙率有降低趋势,而多害孔的孔隙率有所提升,使得水泥砂浆氯离子扩散系数变大。

中国油气勘探开发成就与未来潜力:深层、深水与非常规油气——专访中国科学院院士、石油地质与构造地质学家贾承造

中国石油工业上游取得了举世瞩目的成就:在资源困难条件下石油产量保持在年产量2×108 t水平,天然气产量快速增长,2022年天然气产量2200×108 m3,成为世界第4大产气国。塔里木盆地克拉2气田的发现是中国天然气勘探史的标志性成果,主要归功于对塔里木盆地构造性质和库车含油气系统的杰出研究和资源预测。中国的风险勘探工程、岩性地层油气藏勘探工程,以及国家科技重大专项“大型油气田及煤层气开发”极大地推动了中国油气勘探开发,提升了中国石油工业勘探开发科技水平,为中国油气产量增长作出了重大贡献。中国石油工业上游未来的发展潜力在深层、深水和非常规油气的勘探开发,以及老油气田提高采收率和CCS-CCUS业务。未来石油工业的发展将更多地依靠深层、深水与非常规油气地质理论技术的创新、钻井压裂和海洋工程施工能力的建设、更高效的组织管理能力和献身于中国石油工业的年轻一代。

荒漠—绿洲过渡带典型混交灌木根区土壤含水率变化特征

土壤水分是干旱区植被生长的限制因子,研究荒漠—绿洲过渡带植被根区土壤水分时空变化对抵御沙漠化进程具有重要意义。以荒漠-绿洲过渡带3种典型混交灌木梭梭×泡泡刺(SS×PP)、泡泡刺×沙拐枣(PP×SG)、沙拐枣×梭梭(SG×SS)为研究对象,对3种典型混交灌木根区0~100 cm土层土壤进行连续采样并测定土壤含水率。结果表明:1)7-9月,3种混交灌木根区0~100 cm土层土壤含水率的变化范围依次为:梭梭×泡泡刺0.54%~2.75%、1.06%~2.41%、0.73%~4.72%;沙拐枣×梭梭0.42%~2.59%、0.96%~2.35%、0.57%~3.58%;泡泡刺×沙拐枣0.31%~2.38%、0.56%~2.33%、0.79%~3.71%。3种混交灌木在0~60 cm土层土壤含水率随深度增加而增大,60~100 cm土层各类型混交灌木土壤含水率变化逐渐趋于稳定。2)7月,0~100 cm土层混交灌木梭梭×泡泡刺的土壤含水率显著高于沙拐枣×泡泡刺,9月,20~40、60~100 cm土层混交灌木沙拐枣×梭梭的土壤含水率显著低于其他2种混交灌木类型。3)3种混交灌木土壤持水能力大小为梭梭×泡泡刺>泡泡刺×沙拐枣>沙拐枣×梭梭。研究结果为荒漠—绿洲过渡带防风固沙植被建设中植物种类的选择提供科学依据。

2017-2018年河南宝天曼天然栎林碳水通量观测数据集

基于微气象学理论的涡度相关通量观测技术,直接测定了亚热带暖温带过渡区天然栎林生态系统尺度的生产力、能量分配和水分利用等功能和过程,为研究森林生态系统碳水循环过程机理提供了重要的数据基础。本研究选取位于河南宝天曼森林生态站的天然栎林作为研究对象,使用涡度相关系统和环境梯度系统进行长期定位观测,并对2017年1月至2018年12月的监测数据进行了整理、质量控制和分析。本数据集包括空气温湿度、土壤温湿度、风速、风向、光合有效辐射、向上/向下的短波辐射、向上/向下的长波辐射、净辐射、显热通量、潜热通量和碳通量等观测指标,形成了半小时、日尺度、月尺度和年尺度的数据产品,以期为研究亚热带-暖温带过渡区典型森林生态系统对气候变化的响应和适应及其机制提供数据基础。

水驱油田特高含水阶段无效水循环带的判别方法——以渤海B油田为例

水驱油田特高含水期,随着水驱开发的深入,油田含水饱和度增加,相渗曲线中水相渗透率快速上升,且在油田的开发后期,高过水倍数下,水相渗透率会急剧增加,呈现K ro/K rw与S w的关系曲线快速偏离直线的现象,造成无效水循环带的形成。为此,需要对油田特高含水阶段无效水循环带的判别方法进行深入研究。针对渤海B油田的实际岩心以及开发动态数据进行了分析,筛选出含水率高于90%的油井,分析单井含水率导数变化及水驱特征曲线,对含水率导数出现峰值、水驱特征曲线出现偏离直线且上翘的油井鉴定为存在无效水循环带,明确了该油田无效水循环带的判别方法。利用这种方法,对渤海B油田高含水油井进行了筛选,并实施了相应治理措施,取得了很好的增油效果。