Exploration Potential of Atectonic Oil-gas Pools in the Northern Shelf Basin of the South China Sea

Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.

Endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits and ore-bearing potentiality of strata

The problem of ore-bearing potentiality of the strata involves metallogenic theory and ore-search orientation.Studies of the spatial distribution of endogenic Au-Ag polymetallic ore deposits in North Hebei indicated that the strata in which ore deposits occurred range in age from Paleozoic,Proterozoic to Mesozoic.In addition the ore deposits are characterized as being strata-bound in nature.The arise and establishment of "extracting" viewpoint may be attributed to the following three reasons:1) influence by the idea of "ore-source bed";2) limitation of analytical techniques in the 1980s'(especially gold element);and 3) a small number of samples(sampling locations were mostly disturbed by mineralization).Studies have shown that ore-forming materials would most probably come from the deep interior of the Earth.Deep-seated ore-bearing materials including Au-Ag polymetals were brought to the shallow levels by way of mantle plume-mantle sub-plume-mantle branch structure multi-stage evolution,finally leading to the formation of ore deposits.

Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

Control of Facies and Potential on Jurassic Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Prediction of Favorable Targets in the Hinterland Region of the Junggar Basin

Exploration practices show that the Jurassic System in the hinterland region of the Junggar Basin has a low degree of exploration but huge potential, however the oil/gas accumulation rule is very complicated, and it is difficult to predict hydrocarbon-bearing properties. The research indicates that the oil and gas is controlled by structure facies belt and sedimentary system distribution macroscopically, and hydrocarbon-bearing properties of sand bodies are controlled by lithofacies and petrophysical facies microscopically. Controlled by ancient and current tectonic frameworks, most of the discovered oil and gas are distributed in the delta front sedimentary system of a palaeo-tectonic belt and an ancient slope belt. Subaqueous branch channels and estuary dams mainly with medium and fine sandstone are the main reservoirs and oil production layers, and sand bodies of high porosity and high permeability have good hydrocarbon-bearing properties; the facies controlling effect shows a reservoir controlling geologic model of relatively high porosity and permeability. The hydrocarbon distribution is also controlled by relatively low potential energy at the high points of local structure macroscopically, while most of the successful wells are distributed at the high points of local structure, and the hydrocarbon-bearing property is good at the place of relatively low potential energy; the hydrocarbon distribution is in close connection with faults, and the reservoirs near the fault in the region of relatively low pressure have good oil and gas shows; the distribution of lithologic reservoirs at the depression slope is controlled by the distribution of sand bodies at positions of relatively high porosity and permeability. The formation of the reservoir of the Jurassic in the Junggar Basin shows characteristics of favorable facies and low-potential coupling control, and among the currenffy discovered reservoirs and industrial hydrocarbon production wells, more than 90% are developed within the scope of facies- potential index FPI〉0.5, while the FPI and oil saturation of the discovered reservoir and unascertained traps have relatively good linear correlation. By establishing the relation model between hydrocarbon- bearing properties of traps and FPI, totally 43 favorable targets are predicted in four main target series of strata and mainly distributed in the Badaowan Formation and the Sangonghe Formation, and the most favorable targets include the north and east of the Shinan Sag, the middle and south of the Mobei Uplift, Cai-35 well area of the Cainan Oilfield, and North-74 well area of the Zhangbei fault-fold zone.

Bearing Capacity of Livestock and Poultry Breeding in Nanjing City Based on Planting-breeding Pattern

To assess the status of environmental beating capacity of livestock and poultry manure in Nanjing City, the environmental pollution warning value and environmental bearing potential of livestock and poultry manure in various districts of Nanjing were calculated according to livestock and poultry manure discharge coefticiem and manure content. The results showed that based on planting-breeding pattern, the livestock and poultry manure load in Nanjing City was 14.08 t/hm2 pig manure equivalent; the warning values of environmental bearing capacity of livestock and poultry breeding calculated by nitrogen and phosphor- us were 0.23 and 0.26, respectively, which were within the scope of environmental hearing capacity, with no threat to the environment. Under the premise of reasonable planing of livestock and poultry breeding and comprehensive utilization of manure, the environmental beating potential of livestock and poultry breed- ing in Nanjing City were 5. 667 3 million （nitrogen） and 11. 109 1 million （phosphorus） pigs equivalent, and there were nearly one third of bearing space more than the existing total breeding quantity.

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组页岩含油性及烃类赋存特征

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷古近系核桃园组发育优质湖相页岩层系,页岩油资源潜力巨大。前人针对该层系页岩含油性及烃类赋存状态的研究相对薄弱,可能是制约泌阳凹陷页岩油勘探突破的重要因素之一。以泌阳凹陷南部Y1井核三段Ⅲ亚段页岩为研究对象,通过岩石热解、多温阶热解、X射线衍射等地球化学分析技术,系统开展了页岩含油性、烃类赋存特征及影响因素研究。研究结果显示:核三段Ⅲ亚段页岩岩相组合主要包括长英质页岩相、云灰质页岩相和混合质页岩相,纹层结构发育。烃源岩类型整体处于好—优质范围,热演化程度处于生油阶段。有机显微组分以腐泥型为主,有机质类型为Ⅰ—Ⅱ1型。页岩含油性随埋深增大呈递增趋势,烃类赋存特征由中上部以吸附烃为主,过渡至下部以游离烃为主。碎屑矿物及有机碳含量是控制游离烃和吸附烃含量的主要因素。总体认为,核桃园组下部页岩含油饱和度指数整体高于100 mg/g,游离烃含量平均高于3 mg/g,具备较好的页岩油勘探开发前景。

花岗伟晶岩分异演化与含矿性评价——从造岩矿物组构视角

高演化稀有金属伟晶岩的成矿过程是复杂和苛刻的,涉及到岩浆-热液过程热历史、岩浆迁移路径与成矿空间、侵位环境的过冷程度以及岩浆组分中稀有金属元素的初始富集等条件。而伟晶岩的分带特征是其形成过程的一种综合体现,不论是伟晶岩区域分带还是伟晶岩内部结构分带,都反映了伟晶岩岩浆结晶分异过程中岩浆的性质与形成环境,而这同时也赋予了造岩矿物在组构上的特殊性,形成遗传代码,对其进行解密,从而能够用于示踪与评估花岗伟晶岩的演化程度与成矿潜力。对于区域伟晶岩群的成矿潜力评估,由于含矿熔体在组分上的跨度较大,随着远离母体花岗岩体距离的增大,伟晶岩群演化程度增加,熔体中铁镁质组分以及Ca、Ba、Sr等碱土金属含量迅速降低,而挥发分、助熔剂组分、碱金属含量在残余熔体中逐渐增加,长石、云母与石英在类别和组构上产生显著变化;其中长石向钾-钠端元演化,且钠长石相对钾长石占据主导地位,云母由黑云母向白云母以及锂白云母转变,石英阴极发光特征与晶体结构及微量元素成分也表现出规律性的变化。受矿物晶格的限制,长石的K/Rb、K/Cs以及云母的K/Rb、K/Cs、Nb/Ta等比值特征能有效区分不同矿化潜力的伟晶岩群。石英的阴极发光特征能够揭示其生长环境与历史,石英的Li、Al、Ti、Ge等微量元素组成可以用来区分不同类型的伟晶岩矿床,并提供关于岩浆演化和成矿过程的重要线索。伟晶岩内部分带的形成主要受成矿熔体规模、过冷度以及成矿空间的封闭性等因素的控制,但在初始熔体成分上可以具有较大的变化。其中强分带型稀有金属伟晶岩记录了完整的岩浆-热液演化过程,不同阶段石英、长石和云母在晶体形态、微观结构以及微量元素组成上都具有显著变化。弱分带型稀有金属伟晶岩(钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩)的造岩矿物组分在伟晶岩内部变化不大,其受构造控制明显,在空间上与贫矿伟晶岩之间可具有较大的矿物组成差异,表明二者之间存在流动分异过程。而长距离(以更厚的地壳或大型拆离断层为标志)的熔体迁移正是形成超大型伟晶岩稀有金属矿床的有利要素。

铝土岩系和煤系地层中沉积黏土型锂矿床:研究现状与展望

沉积岩型锂矿是自然界中最主要的锂矿床之一,我国铝土岩系和煤系地层中沉积黏土型锂矿主要分布在扬子地块西南部和华北地块,该类型锂矿分布广、储量大,对其进行研究对破解我国未来锂资源困局具有重要意义。本文总结了我国铝土岩系和煤系地层中黏土型锂矿的分布状况,锂的赋存状态、来源,以及开发利用现状等方面的研究进展。锂的富集过程主要与风化-沉积作用及火山岩浆活动有关,锂主要来源于火山凝灰岩、早期形成的岩浆岩、黏土岩等富锂基底岩石。锂以锂绿泥石独立矿物或者类质同象/吸附在黏土矿物、三水铝石和勃姆石中。锂的提取流程与锂的赋存状态密切相关。随着实验及工业提锂技术的发展,该类型锂资源具有广阔的前景。

苏北盆地溱潼凹陷沙垛1井侵入岩岩石学特征及其储集性与含油性研究

火成岩油气藏逐渐成为重要的油气藏类型,但火成岩储层非均质性很强,储集性能变化很大,储层成因机制研究非常薄弱,成为制约火成岩储层评价的主要瓶颈。以苏北盆地溱潼凹陷古近系阜宁组二段侵入岩为研究对象,通过系统的岩心观察、薄片鉴定、电子探针分析测试和测井解释等,剖析了溱潼凹陷沙垛1井阜二段侵入岩岩性、岩相特征、储层特征和储层发育主控因素。结果表明:该区侵入岩的岩性纵向变化显著,由多期侵入岩叠加组成,顶部为辉绿岩,中部为辉石二长岩,下部为橄榄辉长岩;孔隙发育程度不均一,辉绿岩和辉石二长岩孔隙发育程度低,而橄榄辉长岩孔隙发育程度较高;由于多期侵入作用的叠加以及热液蚀变的改造,发育了较好的储集空间。孔隙类型主要为溶蚀孔和构造裂缝,还发育收缩裂缝。影响储层物性的主要因素是岩性和热液流体活动,其中橄榄辉长岩中辉石等暗色矿物最易蚀变,溶蚀孔发育程度高;此外,区域性的断裂构造在许多致密的火成岩中产生了大量的构造裂缝,有效沟通了侵入岩储层的孔缝系统,且为后期的溶蚀作用提供了岩浆热液流动的通道。沙垛1井钻遇的侵入岩总体上含油性差,下部侵入岩层中可见零星荧光显示,上部侵入岩层中基本不含油。

基于空间相关性的高原山区村庄分类与布局优化

村庄分类是编制村庄规划和制定发展策略的重要基础。本研究以典型高原山区——云南省玉龙县为研究对象,首先运用层次分析法构建“三评价”(生态敏感性评价、发展潜力评价、建设适宜性评价)指标体系;其次对“三评价”进行空间相关性分析,得到初始村庄分类结果;最后运用状态空间法计算村庄承载力,对初始村庄分类进行修正,得到最终的村庄分类。结果表明:研究区村庄具有显著的高原山区空间分布异质性,其“三评价”空间自相关系数分别为0.343、0.253、0.110;60%以上村庄处于可承载状态,承载力较高区域集中于研究区的东南、西北和中部地区;经综合承载力测算修正后,特色保护类占23%,城郊融合类占4%,搬迁撤并类占15%,集聚提升类占40%,暂不明确类占18%。针对不同类型的村庄,结合承载力的计算结果,提出布局优化策略。研究结果可为乡(镇)级国土空间规划编制和“多规合一”实用性村庄规划实施提供方法参考和依据。

Lubrication condition monitoring of journal bearings in diesel engine based on thermoelectricity

There is still a lack of effective lubrication condition monitoring methods in the field of diesel engines.The paper proposes a novel thermoelectric approach to divide the lubrication state of bearings.First,the generation mechanism of thermoelectric potential on bearings is clarified.Then,both experimental and simulation studies are done,and a strong correlation between lubrication and thermoelectric potential is shown.The film thickness and temperature are further confirmed as significant factors influencing thermoelectric potential.Generally,the thermoelectric potential increases with temperature.However,a small film thickness ratio(when the film thickness ratio is less than 4)will suppress the thermoelectric potential.Three typical lubrication states of bearings are distinguished through thermoelectric potential and supported by the Stribeck curve results.Moreover,the significant influence of lubrication on the bearing is confirmed through the analysis of surface morphology and composition.

莺歌海盆地莺北区渐新统资源潜力与勘探方向

莺歌海盆地莺北区中新统烃源岩资源潜力有限,制约了油气勘探。利用地质、地球物理和地球化学等资料,开展了莺北区渐新统三角洲识别与含煤性分析、资源潜力评价和不同构造单元成藏条件比较等工作,明确了莺北区渐新统资源潜力和有利勘探方向。研究表明:①莺北区渐新世具备发育大型(扇)三角洲的物质基础和构造条件,崖城组—陵水组继承性发育大型煤系三角洲,形成崖城组三角洲平原煤系和陵水组陆源海相泥岩2类烃源岩;②莺北区渐新统煤系三角洲是莺北区主力烃源岩,主要处于高成熟—过成熟度大规模生气阶段,天然气资源量达1.13万亿方;③莺北区凹陷带、东部斜坡带中组合是有利勘探方向,构造脊、鼻状构造等具有良好汇聚背景上的大型岩性、地层圈闭是发现大中型气田的重要领域。本项研究成果指导了莺北区的勘探突破。

松辽盆地白垩系青山口组页岩沉积环境及其含油性特征

松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组页岩地层厚度大、分布广泛,有机质丰度高,蕴含了丰富的页岩油资源。对页岩地层形成时沉积环境的研究,以及对页岩油富集层段含油性特征的探索,可为页岩油富集层段与甜点的预测提供理论依据。结合前人的研究成果,通过对比松辽盆地中央坳陷区不同凹陷的2口典型井——古龙凹陷GY8HC井和三肇凹陷ZY1井部分样品的总有机碳(TOC)含量、热解数据、有机显微组分类型以及主、微量元素,深入研究了2个凹陷青山口组页岩的含油性差异与沉积环境特征,进而对含油性差异的影响因素进行了分析。研究区青山口组2口典型井的页岩含油性相关指标显示,ZY1井页岩TOC含量显著高于GY8HC井,但其游离烃含量与含油饱和度指数比GY8HC井低。页岩形成时的地球化学环境控制着有机质的富集。对比2口井样品的主、微量元素发现,ZY1井青山口组沉积时期气候更加湿润、水体还原性强,且其古生产力以及古水深要显著高于GY8HC井。这些条件都有利于有机质的保存,因而形成了ZY1井页岩更高的有机质丰度。GY8HC井有机质类型是以腐泥质为主的Ⅰ型干酪根,且处于成熟—高成熟阶段;而ZY1井有机质类型以Ⅱ1型干酪根为主,Ⅰ型含量较少,并处于低熟—成熟阶段,因此,GY8HC井页岩的生油潜力更好。

基于自然电位曲线的含烃砂岩地层水矿化度反演方法

地层水矿化度是重要的储层参数,也是进行储层精细评价的基础。当储层含烃后,自然电位曲线的异常幅度变小,将影响反演地层水矿化度的精度。基于公开发表文章中的实验数据,定量表征了纯砂岩储层中含水饱和度、地层水矿化度、泥浆滤液矿化度和自然电位异常幅度之间的关系,并将该关系与饱和度模型联立,构建了基于自然电位曲线的含烃砂岩地层水矿化度的反演模型。将反演模型在目标井中进行了应用,并开展了岩心束缚水矿化度实验,来验证模型反演结果。结果表明,反演结果与实验结果基本一致,该反演模型定量表征了烃类对自然电位曲线的抑制作用,能准确计算地层水矿化度,为流体识别和油藏定量评价提供了依据。

毕节市岔河区块6#煤储层特征分析及有利区评价

基于煤炭地质勘查,对岔河向斜南翼6#煤储层特征及有利区进行了研究。分析认为:该区块主力煤层6#煤层厚度较大,平均厚度为5.92 m;煤层气组分以CH 4为主,该煤层平均含气量为20.48 cm^(3)/t,煤层含气潜力较大,6#煤层煤厚、含气量分布特征受次级构造影响很大。选取煤层单层厚度及埋深、含气量、煤体结构四项指标,初步圈定了煤层气有利勘探区,其中,一类有利区面积为38.63 km^(2),二类有利区面积为36.44 km^(2),煤层气资源量122.7亿m^(3),资源丰度为1.63亿m^(3)/km^(2)。研究表明该区块具有一定的有利勘探面积,资源量较为丰富,适合进一步开展煤层气勘探工作。

山西莫底沟矿区含硫矿物产酸潜力评估

含硫矿物产酸潜力的综合评估对于酸性矿山废水防治和生态环境保护具有重要意义。以山西省河津市莫底沟矿区为例,基于岩石样品地球化学静态测试结果,结合含硫矿物储量和矿井涌水量估算,综合评估了莫底沟矿区含硫矿物的产酸潜力。结果表明:莫底沟矿区内太原组10号煤、本溪组铝土矿和本溪组硫铁矿均具有产酸潜力,太原组煤层间的灰岩不具备产酸潜力;估算出莫底沟矿区的最大产酸量为1.9万t H_(2)SO_(4),年产酸性废水量为30.9万m^(3),产酸年限为265.5 a;对评估过程中的不确定因素进行分析发现,最大产酸量偏大,年产酸性废水量偏小,产酸年限偏大。

煤矿典型导含水体井下孔中电法三维正演模拟研究

煤矿开采深度逐步加大,隐伏导含水体成为水害的主要隐患。为了提高孔中电法探测精度,采用有限元法通过电位分析对典型导含水体模型进行全空间三维正演模拟,研究了三维正演理论中的电位计算式、边界问题、变分问题及网格剖分,建立了基础模型,分析了电位分布规律及其误差;针对隐伏正断层、垂直陷落柱、含水采空区典型模型的三维正演模拟结果,总结了各模型的电位等值线特征及变化规律。结果表明,低电阻率使电位等值线变得稀疏,高电阻率使电位等值线变得稠密,且畸变的范围与模型设定的规格相吻合。煤矿井下孔中电法可以有效探测导含水体,探测效率高,靠近靶点,三维正演模拟效果良好,为反演计算提高探测精度奠定了理论基础。

Bearing Incipient Fault Detection Method Based on Stochastic Resonance with Triple-Well Potential System

Bearing incipient fault characteristics are always submerged in strong background noise with weak fault characteristics, so that the incipient fault is hard to detect. Stochastic resonance (SR) is accepted to be an effective way to detect the incipient;however, output saturation may occur if bistable SR is adopted. In this paper, a bearing incipient fault detection method is proposed based on triple-well potential system and SR mechanism. The achievement of SR highly replays on the nonlinear system which is adopted a triple-well potential function in this paper. Therefore, the parameters in the nonlinear system are optimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the objective of optimization is to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of the fault signal. After optimization, the optimal system parameters are obtained thereby the resonance effect is generated and the bearing incipient fault characteristic is enhanced. The proposed method is validated by simulation verification and engineering application. The results show that the method is effective to detect an incipient signal from heavy background noise and can obtain better outputs compared with bistable SR.

高斯势分段双稳随机共振在不同噪声下的轴承故障诊断

为解决经典双稳随机共振(classical bistable stochastic resonance, CBSR)在强噪声下输出信噪比(signal-to-noise ratio, SNR)较低问题,将非饱和分段双稳随机共振(unsaturated piecewise bistable stochastic resonance, UPBSR)与高斯势(gaussian potential, GP)随机共振结合得到一种高斯势分段双稳随机共振(Gaussian potential piecewise bistable stochastic resonance, GPPBSR)。首先,将GPPBSR与CBSR、UPBSR的势函数分析对比;其次,以SNR和平均信噪比增益(mean signal-to-noise ratio increase, MSNRI)为衡量指标,分别在高斯白噪声和色噪声背景下通过遗传算法参数寻优得到SNR和MSNRI随系统参数的变化规律,其结果表明在两种噪声背景下,GPPBSR系统的SNR和MSNRI均优于UPBSR,抗噪性能更好;最后,为验证在不同场景下GPPBSR系统轴承故障诊断的实用性,将UPBSR和GPPBSR系统应用于6205-2RS JEM SKF和HRB 6205-2Z两种型号的轴承故障诊断中。仿真结果表明,GPPBSR系统在两种噪声背景下的故障信号诊断均是可行的,且比CBSR和UPBSR的性能更优越。