Mesozoic-Cenozoic Tectonics of the Yellow Sea and Oil-Gas Exploration

The purpose of the present study was to study the tectonics of the Yellow Sea. Although oilgas exploration has been undertaken for more than 30 years in the southern Yellow Sea, the exploration progress has achieved little. There are three tectonic periods with near N-S trending shortening and compression （260-200 Ma, 135-52 Ma and 23-0.78 Ma） and three tectonic periods with near E-W trending shortening and compression （200-135 Ma, 52--23 Ma and 0.78 Ma） at the Yellow Sea and adjacent areas during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The lndosinian tectonic period is the collision period between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze Plates, which formed the basic tectonic framework for the Yellow Sea area. There were strong intraplate deformations during the Yanshanian （200-135 Ma） and Sichuanian （135-52 Ma） periods with different tectonic models, which are also the main formation periods for endogenic metallic mineral deposits around the Yellow Sea. The three tectonic periods during the Cenozoic affect important influences for forming oil-gas reservoirs. The Eocene-Oligocene （52-23 Ma） is the main forming period for oil-gas sources. The Miocene-Early Pleistocene （23-0.78 Ma） was a period of favorable passage for oil-gas migration along NNE trending faults. Since the Middle Pleistocene （0.78 Ma） the NNE trending faults are closed and make good conditions for the reservation of oil-gas. The authors suggest that we pay more attention to the oil-gas exploration at the intersections between the NNE trending existing faults and Paleogene- Neogene systems in the southern Yellow Sea area.

Exploration Potential of Atectonic Oil-gas Pools in the Northern Shelf Basin of the South China Sea

Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.

Distribution characteristics, exploration and development, geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.

Petroleum Exploration of Craton Basins in China

Craton basins are a significant petroliferous provenance. Having undergone multiple open- dose tectonic cycles and strong reworking of the late Cenozoic tectonic movement, the craton basins in China are highly broken. This has resulted in multi-source and multiphase hydrocarbon generation and later hydrocarbon accumulation so that a complicated spatial assemblage of primary, paraprimary and secondary oil-gas pools has been formed. The primary factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation include hydrocarbon-generating depressions, paleouplifts, paleoslopes, unconformity surfaces, paleo-karst, faults and fissure systems as well as the later conservation conditions. In consequence, the strategy of exploration for China＇s craton basins is to identify the effective source rocks, pay attention to the different effects of paleohighs and late reworking, enhance studies of the secondary storage space, attach importance to the exploration of lithologic oil-gas reservoirs and natural gas pools, and approach consciously from the secondary oil pools to the targets near the source rocks. At the same time, a complete system of technologies and techniques must be built up.

中国页岩油勘探开发面临的挑战与高效运营机制研究

中国页岩油资源丰富,并在多个盆地取得重大勘探开发突破,已成为石油战略接替新领域,但页岩油勘探开发时间相对较短,顶层的战略规划与政策导向尚未明确,存在勘探突破难、开发成本高和组织运营不畅等问题。为此,调研剖析了中美页岩油经营理念、宏观环境、资源配置、生产运行、科技水平和信息化程度等现状,深入思考中国页岩油勘探开发的痛点、难点和阻点,认为当前中国页岩油勘探开发主要面临理念思路、技术能力、运营管理和绿色发展等4大挑战。围绕中国能源战略,提出了实现中国页岩油高效运营的对策建议:谋划稳中求进的页岩油发展战略,构建市场机制下多主体融合的战略合作共同体,打造多兵种协作的生产运行新模式,建立迭代式创新的科技发展新机制,建立数智化赋能的信息支撑新范式,开创绿色低碳化的产业发展新格局,营造高契合友好的外部运营新环境。

渤海湾盆地天然气勘探新进展、未来方向与挑战

渤海湾盆地石油和天然气资源丰富,总体呈现“油多气少”的特征,随着国家“双碳”目标提出,天然气作为低碳清洁的过渡能源,其勘探开发愈发重要和紧迫。为了进一步明确渤海湾盆地天然气资源潜力与未来勘探方向,基于区域构造演化和烃源岩发育特征,明确了渤海湾盆地天然气资源分布,创新形成了地质理论和勘探技术,综合分析与类比指出了天然气勘探有利领域及面临的挑战。研究结果表明:①渤海湾盆地发育上古生界石炭系—二叠系煤系和新生界古近系始新统湖相2套主力气源岩,基于烃源岩生排烃模拟分析,测算渤海湾盆地天然气总资源量约为6.60×10^(12)m^(3),其中渤海海域为2.92×10^(12)m^(3),占近“半壁江山”;②近年通过对渤海海域深层天然气成藏地质理论研究和勘探技术攻关,取得了重要创新认识,包括新生界始新统湖相烃源岩晚期爆发式生烃、潜山规模性成储机制、潜山压扭性断层封堵、潜山多通道输导、宽方位地震成像和裂缝预测技术等;③在新地质认识基础上,通过类比分析,指出发育1套或2套主力气源岩的深大凹陷是未来天然气勘探有利区域,主要包括渤中、辽中、辽河西部等共计10个凹陷;④从层系上看,古潜山、古近系“双古”领域是天然气勘探的主力层系,古近系主要勘探目标为沙河街组混积岩及东营组湖底扇等。结论认为,研究成果明确了渤海湾盆地未来天然气勘探的有利区带、有利层系及面临的挑战,为渤海湾盆地未来天然气规模增储上产坚定了信心,并指明了方向。

塔里木盆地塔西南山前带地震技术攻关进展及发展方向

塔里木盆地西南坳陷复杂山地山前带处于西昆仑造山带与天山造山带的交汇处,强烈挤压作用造成地下构造高陡破碎,与复杂多变的近地表地震地质条件共同造成地震原始数据信噪比极低,构造成像困难,是国内少有的超高难度探区。受地震资料品质影响,该区油气勘探长期未取得实质性突破。近年来持续开展了地震勘探攻关,采集方面加强近地表调查及激发接收参数优选,优化观测系统设计,开展线束地震及高密度宽方位三维地震采集技术攻关;处理方面探索多重联合约束初至层析反演、黄土区“黑三角”带强能量噪声压制、真地表速度建模和深度偏移成像等技术。经过技术攻关,地震资料品质不断得到提高,发现和落实了一批钻探目标,首次在侏罗系砂岩和石炭—二叠系碳酸盐岩取得两项重大突破,打开了塔西南山前带油气勘探新局面。

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区油气勘探新认识及攻关方向

南海北部陆缘盆地深水区已成为我国海洋油气勘探增储上产的重要领域,但由于构造演化史复杂,该区不同凹陷的沉积—构造特征、烃源岩生烃—储层成岩演化和成藏模式均存在明显差异。为准确认识该区油气勘探潜力和方向,基于前人研究成果和勘探实践,在综合分析烃源岩、储层、差异成藏等地质条件的基础上,剖析了南海北部陆缘盆地深水区成藏特征、油气勘探作业面临的挑战,并指出了下一步油气攻关研究方向。研究结果表明:①受地壳拆离作用及强烈薄化影响,该区地层沉积特征特殊,岩石地球物理性质多样;②软流圈差异抬升形成深水区独特的高热流背景,促使区域性湖相、煤型及叠合型等3类烃源灶快速、高强度生烃,生烃门限变浅;③深水盆地群的演化和成盆规模差异大,构造演化控制了盆地几何形态和储集体时空展布,深水区独特的板块构造位置、复杂的构造演化史、温压变化剧烈的地质特征等控制了油气成藏模式。结论认为:①该区油气勘探面临地震资料解析度低、规模有效储层预测困难、勘探成本高等技术与经济的双重挑战;②需要创新形成高地温背景下优质储层差异化分布规律的研究思路;③亟需提升勘探设备能力建设,攻关高效地震采集、“重磁电震”地球物理一体化采集处理、双井架钻探作业、多井段“一趟钻”等勘探关键技术,为我国海洋深水油气勘探开发的高质量发展做好理论和技术支撑。

新时代高校思想政治教育体验学习模式发展审思

新时代高校思想政治教育体验学习模式是育人范式“时代答卷”的守正创新、破解德育“人学空场”的实践回应、始终遵循“育人规律”的发展必然。在实践过程中,面临着体验内容与思想解惑“脱钩”、体验过程与技术进步“脱节”、体验评价与人本关怀“脱离”的困境挑战。新时代高校思想政治教育体验学习模式要建构体验内容与现实生活的交互链接、推进数字技术与体验场景的相互融合、注重外在体验与内在体悟的转换实效的实践路向。

“新中式”文化传播路径研究

该文全面探讨了“新中式”文化的内涵与特色,揭示其为融合中华传统文化与现代审美元素的独特文化现象。通过对“新中式”文化传播方式的深入分析,发现其涵盖了传统媒体、数字平台及文化交流活动等多元渠道。然而,当前文化传播面临定位模糊、知识产权保护不力、现代传播手段应用不足及国际认知度较低等挑战。针对这些困境,该文探讨了全球化背景下的文化交融、数字技术革新及消费升级等机遇,并提出了一系列建议:明确文化定位、加强知识产权保护、充分利用现代传播手段、加强国际交流与合作、培育专业人才与团队,旨在推动“新中式”文化更好地走向世界,为中华文化的传承与创新注入新的活力。

Determination of oil source rock palaeotemperature ascertains the direction of oil-gas exploration in Huahai-Jinta Basin

Having a good oil-generation condition, the Lower Cretaceous Xinminbao Group is the main oil-generation bed in the Huahai Depression. Although the Huahai-Jinta Basin has an exploration history of about 21 years, and has numerous oil indications, little advance has been made on oil exploration. Based on a synthetical study of geological data, and by using many methods such as apatite fission track, fluid inclusion, vitrinite reflectance

人工智能时代教育治理现代化的现实挑战与实践探索

教育治理现代化在适应教育可持续发展、实现国家治理现代化和打破传统教育时间和空间的限制方面具有重要意义。基于此,文章针对人工智能时代教育治理现代化存在的多元教育治理主体功能性缺位以及教育治理权力配置亟待优化等问题,通过明辨多元教育治理主体权限、推进以党领导为核心的教育决策权力分配机制创新,给出了人工智能时代推进教育治理现代化的实践探索路径,以实现教育治理的现代化。

Design and feasibility analysis of a new completion monitoring technical scheme for natural gas hydrate production tests

As a prerequisite and a guarantee for safe and efficient natural gas hydrates(NGHs)exploitation,it is imperative to effectively determine the mechanical properties of NGHs reservoirs and clarify the law of the change in the mechanical properties with the dissociation of NGHs during NGHs production tests by depressurization.Based on the development of Japan’s two offshore NGHs production tests in vertical wells,this study innovatively proposed a new subsea communication technology-accurate directional connection using a wet-mate connector.This helps to overcome the technical barrier to the communication between the upper and lower completion of offshore wells.Using this new communication technology,this study explored and designed a mechanical monitoring scheme for lower completion(sand screens).This scheme can be used to monitor the tensile stress and radial compressive stress of sand screens caused by NGHs reservoirs in real time,thus promoting the technical development for the rapid assessment and real-time feedback of the in-situ mechanical response of NGHs reservoirs during offshore NGHs production tests by depressurization.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

我国陆相页岩油勘探开发进展、挑战及对策

我国国内石油对外依存度居高不下,但常规石油增储上产难度大,函需寻找新的石油接替资源。借鉴美国通过页岩油气革命实现能源独立的经验,近年来,我国页岩油勘探开发和理论技术都取得了可喜进展。我国页岩油以陆相为主,发育多套岩相组合、矿物组成类型,具有时代跨度大、岩相变化快的特点。页岩油勘探开发也面临着地质理论、工程技术、管理政策等方面的挑战。建议加强陆相页岩油富集机理的理论研究、加大页岩油钻完井和压裂技术攻关,出台支持页岩油勘探开发的配套政策。

河南省太原组—山西组页岩气勘探进展、挑战及展望

河南省太原组、山西组页岩气属于新区、新层系,目前已取得了太原组日产天然气9400 m^(3)的重大勘探进展。本文系统总结了该套层系页岩气勘探进展、页岩气富集规律新认识,梳理了制约勘探开发的技术挑战,进而探讨了勘探前景。综合研究认为,太原组、山西组具有普遍含气的地质特征,太原组中部是直井压裂甜点层段;建议在河南省东部太原组和山西组厚度相对较大、埋深2000~3500 m、成熟度相对较低、构造相对稳定的勘探甜点区评价基础上,开展甜点层段优选,进一步优化钻井工艺及压裂试气参数,有望取得商业性突破。

“利津游戏”的创新探索

“利津游戏”经过长期实践探索,逐步形成了嵌入中国文化基因、蕴含多彩自然教育、渗透科学探索精神、凸显强烈挑战精神等四个创新特征。

水工环地质在矿产勘查中的应用策略分析

随着地球科学的发展,水工环地质逐渐在矿产勘查中展现其重要性。该文深入探讨了水工环地质在矿产勘查中的具体应用和策略,并分析了其在实际操作中的优势和挑战。文中还对如何更好地融合传统的矿产勘查方法和水工环地质技术进行了探讨,旨在推进更加高效、精确的矿产资源勘查。

论四川盆地页岩气资源勘探开发前景

四川盆地是目前中国页岩气勘探开发的重点地区,也是最成功的地区.四川盆地页岩气资源勘探开发前景,将在较大程度上反映和影响中国页岩气未来的发展前景.通过全面总结近年来该盆地页岩气勘探开发的新进展,得出了以下认识：①四川盆地经历了海相、陆相两大沉积演化,发育了海相、海陆过渡相、陆相三类富有机质页岩,形成了震旦系陡山沱组、寒武系筇竹寺组、奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组、二叠系龙潭组、三叠系须家河组、侏罗系自流井组6套有利的页岩气富集层系;②深水陆棚相、集中段厚度大、热演化程度适中、正向构造背景下裂缝发育、储层超压是五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气富集的“五大”关键要素;③该盆地页岩气勘探开发仍面临资源富集“甜点区”及资源潜力不清、深度超过3 500 m的深层页岩气勘探开发技术不成熟等两大挑战.结论认为：四川盆地已在侏罗系、三叠系和寒武系初步实现了页岩气发现,在奥陶系—志留系实现了工业化突破和初步规模生产,未来发展前景较好;该盆地页岩气资源可以实现经济有效勘探开发,预期可实现年产量300×108～600×108 m3;对该盆地页岩气资源勘探开发将为中国页岩气资源规模发展提供重要的理论与技术支撑.