Formation and destruction processes of upper Sinian oil-gas pools in the Dingshan-Lintanchang structural belt, southeast Sichuan Basin, China

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation hydrocarbon source rocks at the Dingshan- Lintanchang structure in the southeast Sichuan Basin were of medium-good quality with two excellent hydrocarbon-generating centers developed in the periphery areas, with a possibility of forming a medium to large-sized oil-gas field. Good reservoir rocks were the upper Sinian （Dengying Formation） dolomites. The mudstone in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation with a good sealing capacity was the cap rock. The widely occurring bitumen in the Dengying Formation indicates that a paleo oil pool was once formed in the study area. The first stage of paleo oil pool formation was maturation of the lower Cambrian source rocks during the late Ordovician. Hydrocarbon generation from the lower Cambrian source rocks stopped due to the Devonian-Carboniferous uplifting. The lower Cambrian source rocks then restarted generation of large quantities of hydrocarbons after deposition of the middle Permian sediments. This was the second stage of the paleo oil pool formation. The oil in the paleo oil pool began to crack during the late Triassic and a paleo gas pool was formed. This paleo gas pool was destroyed during the Yanshan-Himalayan folding, uplifting and denudation. Bitumen can be widely seen in the Dengying Formation in wells and outcrops in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas. This provides strong evidence that the Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery areas was once an ultra-large structural-lithologic oil-gas field, which was damaged during the Yanshan-Himalayan period.

Exploration Potential of Atectonic Oil-gas Pools in the Northern Shelf Basin of the South China Sea

Large-scale oil exploration has been done and large quantities of oil-gas fields have been found in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea for more than 20 years. The tectonic oil-gas pools are the main type. With the exploration to be deepened, looking for atectonic oil-gas pools is listed in China's exploration strategy. There are advantages for the forming of atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea. Because the level of water has been frequently changing within all historical periods, lithozones are changed alternately in both vertical and lateral directions and formed lithologic deposition especially at low water level stages, such as the low-lying fans of basin-floor fans and slope fans. Due to frequent tectonic movement within all historical periods, many structural surfaces and structural unconformities were formed. At the same time, they also formed many kinds of structural unconformity oil-gas pools. According to our exploration and research, the promising areas of atectonic reservoirs within marine basins include: (1) the basin-floor fan of the deep water district, such as the central depression of the Southeast Qiong basin and Baiyun sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (2) the frontal area of the large ancient delta, such as the Lingao structural belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Huizhou sag in the Zhujiangkou basin; (3) the unconformity pinchout belt or denudation belt in the slope area and the uplift area, for instance, the Yingdong slope belt in the Yingge Sea basin and Yacheng 13-1 structural belt in the southeast Qiong basin. All this proves that the prospects for atectonic oil-gas pools in the northern shelf basin of the South China Sea are very broad.

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DEEP DYNAMIC PROCESS AND THE FORMATION OF OIL-GAS POOLS IN THE SONGLIAO BASIN,CHINA

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN DEEPDYNAMIC PROCESS AND THEFORMATION OF OIL-GAS POOLS INTHE SONGLIAO BASIN, CHINALi Zhi’an(Changsha Institute of Geotectonics, Academia Sinica, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China)Songliao basin, crust structure, deep dynamics, the formation of oil-gas poolsThis essay deals in detail with the inhomogeneity of the crust structure and the variation of the Moho, the process of deep dynamics and also relations of deep dynamic process to the formation of oil-gas pools in Songliao Basin.

Sensitivities of Tornadogenesis to Drop Size Distribution in a Simulated Subtropical Supercell over Eastern China

ABSTRACT Numerical simulations with the Advanced Regional Prediction System （ARPS） model were performed to investigate the impact of microphysical drop size distribution （DSD） on tornadogenesis in a subtropical supercell thunderstorm over Anhui Province, eastern China. Sensitivity experiments with different intercept parameters of rain, hail and snow DSDs in a Lin-type microphysics scheme were conducted. Results showed that rain and hail DSDs have a significant impact on the simulated storm both microphysically and dynamically. DSDs characterized by larger （smaller） intercepts have a smaller （larger） particle size and a lower （higher） mass-weighted mean fall velocity, and produce relatively stronger （weaker） and wider （narrower） cold pools through enhanced （reduced） rain evaporation and hail melting processes, which are then less favorable （favorable） for tornadogenesis. However, tornadogenesis will also be suppressed by the weakened mid-level mesocyclone when the cold pool is too weak. When compared to a U.S. Great Plain case, the two microphysical processes are more sensitive to DSD variations in the present case with a higher melting level and deeper warm layer. This suggests that DSD-related cloud microphysics has a stronger influence on tornadogenesis in supercells over the subtropics than the U.S. Great Plains.

Distribution characteristics, exploration and development, geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10^(12)m^(3),which includes about 20×10^(12)m^(3) of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10^(9)m^(3) in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.

Studies of Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) in Lithium Vapor Excitation at 2S→3D Two-Photon Resonance

We have developed a computational model which quantitatively studies the Electron Energy Distribution Function (EEDF) in laser excited lithium vapor at 2s→3d two-photon resonance. A kinetic model has been constructed which includes essentially all the important collisional ionization, photoionization, electron collisions and radiative interactions that come into play when lithium vapor (density range 1013?- 1014 cm-3) is subject to a sudden pulse of intense laser radiation (power range 105?- 106 W·cm-2) at wavelength 639.1 nm and pulse duration 20 ns. The applied computer simulation model is based on the numerical solution of the time-dependent Boltzman equation and a set of rate equations that describe the rate of change of the formed excited states populations. Using the measured values for the cross-sections and rate coefficients of each physical process considered in the model available in literature, relations are obtained as a function of the electron energy and included in the computational model. We have also studied the time evolution and the laser power dependences of the ion population (atomic and molecular ions) as well as the electron density which are produced during the interaction. The energy spectra of the electrons emerging from the interaction contains a number of peaks corresponding to the low-energy electrons produced by photoionization and collisional ionization such as assosicative and Penning ionization processes. The non-equilibrium shape of these electrons occurs due to relaxation of fast electrons produced by super-elastic collisions with residual excited lithium atoms. Moreover, a reasonable agreement between McGeoch results and our calculations for the temporal behaviour of the electron density is obtained.

基于OpenFOAM的港内波场数值模拟研究

掌握港内的波高分布特征对港口布局建设意义重大,物理模型制模成本较高、过程较为复杂,相关的数值模拟大多仅考虑了由防波堤口门传播进来的波浪影响,而忽略了越浪作用。针对这些局限性,基于开源软件OpenFOAM,建立环抱形直立式防波堤的三维数值波浪水池,将越浪与不越浪情况下的数值计算结果和物理模型试验结果进行比较,验证数值模型的准确性。结果表明:该模型能够较好地模拟堤顶越浪过程及港内波高分布情况,可用于优化港口布局的进一步研究。

关系型数据库性能测试技术研究

当前TPC-E基准测试系统存在的同种事务连续聚集和测试断尾会导致测试事务用例不佳,造成测试结果不准确。为此提出基于事务混合队列和延迟结束策略的事务分发控制方法来保障测试事务用例比从源头上最大限度接近基准规定。事务混合队列实现对测试事务用例混合比的整体控制。延迟结束策略消除了测试断尾造成的事务混合比波动。此外,为了降低资源损耗提出了动态线程池模型。上述模型能够在请求过多的情况下有效提高系统响应,在请求较少的情况下有效利用系统资源。最后将队列缓存机制引入测试系统。将高并发事物发送请求缓存到队列中,缓解了大量线程聚集创建带来的资源瞬时抢占问题。实验验证了测试系统的有效性、稳定性以及适配性。

分布式HLR的FEPool技术浅析

分布式HLR部署时FE Pool是一种可选的组网方式。在简要介绍分布式HLR的基础上,阐述了FE Pool的工作原理和实现机制,描述了对相关网元的配置需求,并结合N+1的组网方式探讨了FE Pool在实际应用中的优劣势。最后,给出了部署FE Pool的具体建议,指出已采用GT寻址、建设有独立信令监测系统的,可以采用这种建设方式。

真空自耗熔炼的数值模拟在TC11钛合金产品中的应用

采用真空电弧重熔过程模型软件(BMPS-VAR)通过数值模拟研究了∅760 mm TC11钛合金铸锭真空自耗熔炼过程中不同阶段的熔池形状、温度场及元素成分分布,并采用与熔炼模拟相同的工艺进行试验验证。结果表明,实测铸锭缩孔深度为112 mm,与模拟结果基本一致。VAR过程的数值模拟为建立TC11钛合金真空自耗熔炼模型及解决冶炼实际问题提供了有效的结果预测和技术支撑。

某游泳馆照明设计案例分析

结合某游泳馆建设项目,探讨游泳馆照明设计中常见的问题,包括照明设计的配电、照度、控制、节能、可靠、安全等相关问题。同时运用DIALux仿真软件搭建模型,对照明设计的方案实施过程介绍与分析,提出具备科学性与可行性的相关内容与技术要点,结果可供类似的游泳馆照明设计参考。

Mechanism of Silurian Hydrocarbon Pool Formation in the Tarim Basin

There are three formation stages of Silurian hydrocarbon pools in the Tarim Basin. The widely distributed asphaltic sandstones in the Tazhong （central Tarim） and Tabei （northern Tarim） areas are the results of destruction of hydrocarbon pools formed in the first-stage, and the asphaltic sandstones around the Awati Sag were formed in the second-stage. The hydrocarbon migration characteristics reflected by the residual dry asphalts could represent the migration characteristics of hydrocarbons in the Silurian paleo-pools, while the present movable oil in the Silurian reservoirs is related to the iater-stage （the third-stage） hydrocarbon accumulation.

Types, Evolution and Pool-Controlling Significance of Pool Fluid Sources in Superimposed Basins:A Case Study from Paleozoic and Mesozoic in South China

Having multiple tectonic evolution stages, South China belongs to a superimposed basin in nature. Most marine gas pools became secondary pools. The pool fluid sources serve as the principal pool-controlling factors. On the basis of eight typical petroleum pools, the type, evolution in time-space, and the controlling of petroleum distribution of pool fluid sources are comprehensively analyzed. The main types of pool fluid sources include hydrocarbon, generated primarily and secondly from source rocks, gas cracked from crude oil, gas dissolved in water, inorganic gas, and mixed gases. In terms of evolution, the primary hydrocarbon was predominant prior to Indosinian; during Indosinian to Yenshanian the secondary gas includes gas cracked from crude oil, gas generated secondarily, gas dissolved in water, and inorganic gas dominated; during Yenshanian to Himalayan the most fluid sources were mixed gases. Controlled by pool fluid sources, the pools with mixed gas sources distributed mainly in Upper Yangtze block, especially Sichuan （四川） basin; the pools with primary hydrocarbon sources distributed in paleo-uplifts such as Jiangnan （江南）, but most of these pools became fossil pools; the pools with secondary hydrocarbon source distributed in the areas covered by Cretaceous and Eogene in Middle-Lower Yangtze blocks, and Chuxiong （楚雄）, Shiwandashan （十万大山）, and Nanpanjiang （南盘江） basins; the pools with inorganic gas source mainly formed and distributed in tensional structure areas.

INCONSECUTIVE “SANDWICH STRUCTURE” PATTERN FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE WARM WATER IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL

An inconsecutive high frequency distribution with a"sandwich structure"pattern for high temperature warm water warmer than 29℃ in the western Pacific warm pool(WPWP) was found using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) sea surface temperature(SST) data,a relatively high resolution data for space.This phenomenon only shows up in boreal summer(June to September),and becomes obvious when WPWP SST is higher than 29℃.As observed,East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) impinges on Philippine Islands in July,which has an important impact on the formation and maintenance of the "sandwich structure".Winds affect the distribution of SST in two ways:one by increasing the local latent heat flux and the other by transporting cold water towards the southeast of Philippine Islands.

EPC Pool组网下PTN网络配置方案

组建EPC Pool后,当EPC发生故障时S1-Flex需进行切换,通过分析EPC与PTN落地设备的对接配置方案、LTE业务的转发路径、PTN系统的L2/L3与纯L3路由发布和L3 VPN的业务模型,探讨城域网L2/L3与纯L3设备和省干落地设备与纯L3设备间的L3 VPN路由配置方案,实现PTN系统与EPC Pool的协同配合,进而提高PTN和LTE业务安全性。

Riverbank Erosional Features in the Stanley Pool of the Congo River and Some Geotechnical Classifications of the Sands

The Stanley Pool, an almost circular island about thirty kilometers in diameter, crossed by the Congo River, is subject to diversified erosion of its riverbanks. This study highlights description using geotechnical particle size distribution analysis of soils of the shoreline that make up the shoreline. Three critical areas of the island were examined to characterize the origins of these erosion phenomena. The results obtained show that the soil materials are mostly sands with very fine or fine grains characteristic of very unstable soils. The morpho-sedimentological characteristics of the areas studied show that these soils are plastic (with a Plasticity Index between 15 percent and 19 percent). The presence of water, action of currents or groundwater flow easily destabilize the materials that make up the riverbank and cause the fines to creep (Collapse of sandy riverbanks, Landslide of sandy riverbanks, …).

核心网分布式HSS/HLR引入FEPOOL组网方案研究

通过对FE动态用户接入能力、容灾、设备冗余度等多维度对比分析,得出FE POOL组网引入的必要性。其次,分别就负责2/3G用户处理的HLR-FE和负责LTE用户处理的HSS-FE组POOL方案原理给出详细描述,并就部署FE POOL的相关要求、需考虑的问题以及运营商未来引入FE POOL组网的策略给出初步建议。

The Double Edge Sword Based Distributed Executor Service

Scalability is one of the most important quality attribute of softwareintensive systems,because it maintains an effective performance parallel to the large fluctuating and sometimes unpredictable workload.In order to achieve scalability,thread pool system(TPS)(which is also known as executor service)has been used extensively as a middleware service in software-intensive systems.TPS optimization is a challenging problem that determines the optimal size of thread pool dynamically on runtime.In case of distributed-TPS(DTPS),another issue is the load balancing b/w available set of TPSs running at backend servers.Existing DTPSs are overloaded either due to an inappropriate TPS optimization strategy at backend servers or improper load balancing scheme that cannot quickly recover an overload.Consequently,the performance of software-intensive system is suffered.Thus,in this paper,we propose a new DTPS that follows the collaborative round robin load balancing that has the effect of a double-edge sword.On the one hand,it effectively performs the load balancing(in case of overload situation)among available TPSs by a fast overload recovery procedure that decelerates the load on the overloaded TPSs up to their capacities and shifts the remaining load towards other gracefully running TPSs.And on the other hand,its robust load deceleration technique which is applied to an overloaded TPS sets an appropriate upper bound of thread pool size,because the pool size in each TPS is kept equal to the request rate on it,hence dynamically optimizes TPS.We evaluated the results of the proposed system against state of the art DTPSs by a clientserver based simulator and found that our system outperformed by sustaining smaller response times.

MSC POOL核心网性能分析

为了减少移动核心网的信令链路负荷,提高资源利用率,提出了一种核心网的组网方案。通过MSC POOL组网实现该方案,并对接入到MSC POOL核心网中的随机移动用户建立概率模型,利用泊松概率分布模型对MSC POOL网络进行理论定性分析和实验。实验结果表明,与传统组网相比,该方案降低了网络负载率,提高了切换成功率和位置更新成功率,对于移动网络结构和性能有着整体的提升。

Covariance Estimation Using High-Frequency Data： An Analysis of Nord Pool Electricity Forward Data

The modeling of volatility and correlation is important in order to calculate hedge ratios, value at risk estimates, CAPM （Capital Asset Pricing Model betas）, derivate pricing and risk management in general. Recent access to intra-daily high-frequency data for two of the most liquid contracts at the Nord Pool exchange has made it possible to apply new and promising methods for analyzing volatility and correlation. The concepts of realized volatility and realized correlation are applied, and this study statistically describes the distribution （both distributional properties and temporal dependencies） of electricity forward data from 2005 to 2009. The main findings show that the logarithmic realized volatility is approximately normally distributed, while realized correlation seems not to be. Further, realized volatility and realized correlation have a long-memory feature. There also seems to be a high correlation between realized correlation and volatilities and positive relations between trading volume and realized volatility and between trading volume and realized correlation. These results are to a large extent consistent with earlier studies of stylized facts of other financial and commodity markets.