An Experimental Study on the Effect of a Nanofluid on Oil-Water Relative Permeability

The low porosity and low permeability of tight oil reservoirs call for improvements in the current technologies for oil recovery.Traditional chemical solutions with large molecular size cannot effectively flow through the nanopores of the reservoir.In this study,the feasibility of Nanofluids has been investigated using a high pressure high temperature core-holder and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR).The results of the experiments indicate that the specified Nanofluids can enhance the tight oil recovery significantly.The water and oil relative permeability curve shifts to the high water saturation side after Nanofluid flooding,thereby demonstrating an increase in the water wettability of the core.In the Nanofluid flooding process the oil recovery was enhanced by 15.1%,compared to waterflooding stage.The T2 spectra using the NMR show that after Nanofluid flooding,a 7.18%increment in oil recovery factor was gained in the small pores,a 4.9%increase in the middle pores,and a 0.29%increase in the large pores.These results confirm that the Nanofluids can improve the flow state in micro-sized pores inside the core and increase the ultimate oil recovery factor.

Experimental analysis of the pore structure, relative permeability, and water flooding characteristics of the Yan'an Formation sandstone, southwestern Ordos Basin

The oil and gas potential of the Yan'an Formation in the Ordos Basin has yet to be fully tapped. In this study, the pore structure, mobile fluid saturation, and water flooding micro-mechanism of the Yan'an Formation sandstone are systematically studied through the application of a series of rock physics and fluid experiments. The results show that there is a good positive correlation between porosity and permeability, and the reservoirs are divided into types Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ. Mercury injection tests show that the average pore throat radius of the oil-bearing reservoir ranges from 1 to 7 μm. The displacement pressure of the Yan'an Formation is also relatively low, and it decreases from 0.1 MPa to 0.01 MPa as the rock porosity increases from 11% to 18%. NMR tests show that small (diameter <0.5 μm) and medium pores (diameter ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 μm) are predominant in the reservoir. Different types of reservoirs have different characteristics of relative permeability curve. In addition, when the average oil recovery rate is less than 1 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency increases faster. However, when the average oil recovery rate is between 1–3.5 ml/min, the oil displacement efficiency is maintained at around 27%–30%. Physical properties of the reservoir, pore-throat structure, experimental pressure difference, and pore volume injected — all have significant effects on oil displacement efficiency. For Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ reservoirs, the increase of the pore volume injected has a significant effect on oil displacement efficiency. However, for Type Ⅲ reservoirs, the change of pore volume injected has insignificant effect on oil displacement efficiency. This study provides a reference for the formulation of estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) measures for similar sandstone reservoirs.

Non-Darcy flow in oil accumulation (oil displacing water) and relative permeability and oil saturation characteristics of low-permeability sandstones

Hydrocarbon resources in low-permeability sandstones are very abundant and are extensively distributed. Low-permeability reservoirs show several unique characteristics, including lack of a definite trap boundary or caprock, limited buoyancy effect, complex oil-gas-water distribution, without obvious oil-gas-water interfaces, and relatively low oil （gas） saturation. Based on the simulation experiments of oil accumulation in low-permeability sandstone （oil displacing water）, we study the migration and accumulation characteristics of non-Darcy oil flow, and discuss the values and influencing factors of relative permeability which is a key parameter characterizing oil migration and accumulation in low-permeability sandstone. The results indicate that： 1） Oil migration （oil displacing water） in low- permeability sandstone shows non-Darcy percolation characteristics, and there is a threshold pressure gradient during oil migration and accumulation, which has a good negative correlation with permeability and apparent fluidity; 2） With decrease of permeability and apparent fluidity and increase of fluid viscosity, the percolation curve is closer to the pressure gradient axis and the threshold pressure gradient increases. When the apparent fluidity is more than 1.0, the percolation curve shows modified Darcy flow characteristics, while when the apparent fluidity up＂ non-Darcy percolation curve; 3） Oil-water is less than 1.0, the percolation curve is a ＂concave- two-phase relative permeability is affected by core permeability, fluid viscosity, apparent fluidity, and injection drive force; 4） The oil saturation of low- permeability sandstone reservoirs is mostly within 35%-60%, and the oil saturation also has a good positive correlation with the permeability and apparent fluidity.

The Influence Law of Oil Relative Permeability on Water Cut

Water cut is a key evaluation parameter for reservoir development evaluation. Relative permeability curve reflects reservoir characteristics and fluid characteristics. It is important to figure out the influence law of oil relative permeability on water cut. Based on the 269 relative permeability curves of Bohai oilfields, the distribution of oil index of Bohai oilfields were studied. On the basis, combined with Corey expression of relative permeability and fractional flow equation, the theoretical relationship between oil index and water cut increasing rate was established. Three end points of water cut increasing rate curve were proposed and the influence law between three end points and oil index was studied. The results show that the oil index has a linear relationship with three end points. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is large than 1, with the increase of oil index, maximum value of water cut increasing rate gradually increase. When the value of water oil mobile ratio is less than 10, oil index has great effect on recovery percent when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value as well as water cut when water cut increasing rate reaches to the maximum value. The application of SS field shows that the theoretical value is consistent with the field data.

A Method for Calculating Oil Field Relative Permeability Curve by Using Water Drive Characteristic Curve in High Water Cut Stage

With the production of strong bottom water reservoir, it will soon enter the ultra-high water cut stage. After entering the ultra-high water cut period, the main means of stable production is liquid extraction. Large liquid volume has a certain impact on the physical property distribution and fluid seepage law of the oilfield. The relative permeability curve measured according to the industry standard is not used for the prediction of development indicators and the understanding of the dynamic law of the oilfield. In order to understand the characteristics of water drive law in high water cut stage of water drive oilfield, starting from the water drive characteristic curve in high water cut stage, the method for calculating the relative permeability curve is deduced. Through numerical simulation verification and fitting the actual production data, it is confirmed that the obtained relative permeability curve is in line with the reality of the oilfield, It can provide some guiding significance for understanding the production law and water drive law of strong bottom water reservoir in ultra-high water cut stage.

陆相页岩油开发实验技术现状与展望

随着页岩油勘探开发力度不断加大,页岩油开发实验技术在继承常规油藏和页岩气藏实验技术方法的基础上不断发展完善,初步形成了一套油藏物理与渗流机理实验技术体系,为页岩油藏地质评价、油藏工程优化设计及提高采收率提供了有力技术支撑。系统总结了孔隙度、渗透率、油水饱和度、润湿性、相对渗透率、渗吸等6项实验技术国内外发展现状,结合陆相页岩油成熟度低、非均质性强、纹层和微裂缝发育等特点,从实验技术的测定方法和原理、关键影响因素和实验控制条件、方法优缺点和技术适用性等方面,提出了各实验技术面临的主要问题、发展趋势和攻关方向。研究结果表明:①统一岩样清洗溶剂及清洗时间是提高孔隙度不同测定方法之间可对比性的关键,核磁共振测定孔隙度技术是满足矿场快速分析需求的技术发展方向。②非规则、多方向以及模拟地层压力变化的渗透率测定技术是下步技术发展方向。③酒精浸泡法和二维核磁共振(T_(1)-T_(2))法是页岩油水饱和度测定的技术发展方向,依然面临黏土束缚水、吸附油对测定精度的影响难题。④液滴形态法是页岩油藏润湿性测定技术的未来发展方向之一,需要对实验方法及表面润湿和自发渗吸2个过程的综合评价方法进行深化研究并统一标准。⑤实验测定和数值方法相结合是获取页岩油藏相对渗透率的有效路径,微量油水计量、末端效应校正以及考虑压力时变的技术方法是攻关方向。⑥压后弹性开发中渗吸效果评价、闷井时间优化应采用带压渗吸测定方式,基于核磁共振T_(2)谱、分层T_(2)谱和T_(1)-T_(2)谱的带压渗吸测定方法将是重要技术发展方向之一。

高含水油井关停后剩余油再富集速度研究

高含水断块油藏开发末期构造高部位油井在关井一段时间后,会产生剩余油再富集现象。目前关于剩余油再富集速度的研究中,对剩余油运移过程的影响因素考虑不够全面,影响计算精度。针对该问题,在对运移中剩余油再富集受力分析的基础上建立小油滴状和柱状剩余油再富集速度模型,通过正交试验确立2种剩余油再富集速度的主要敏感因素,并建立了2种剩余油再富集速度及再富集时间图版。研究结果表明:存在驱替压差时,储层渗透率为影响2种剩余油再富集速度的主控因素;当储层渗透率一定,驱替压差的增大和原油黏度的减小有利于2种剩余油再富集速度的增大;同一注采井距位置处的小油滴距离孔隙中滞留柱状剩余油越近,聚集过程中剩余油再富集时间越长,但数值上增加不多。该研究对高含水油藏剩余油再富集潜力区评价具有借鉴意义。

低渗透油藏压驱技术现状及发展趋势

压驱技术是近年来针对低渗透油藏高效开发而提出的一种增加储层动用程度、提高原油采收率的储层改造技术。压驱技术先通过高压小排量向地层注入大量携带化学剂的液体,然后进行焖井,通过压力的扩散和化学剂与裂缝孔隙中的原油充分置换而达到增产的目的。文中结合国内外压驱技术的最新研究动态,从压驱技术现状、设计原则、设计方法、应用分析及发展趋势等方面展开论述,重点分析了压驱技术与水力压裂技术的区别、增产机理和设计方法以及现场应用效果等,同时也指出了当前压驱技术理论研究方面的欠缺,展望了该技术的发展趋势和应用前景。

DES+CTAB复配驱油剂体系提高低渗致密砂岩油藏采收率机理

针对低渗致密油藏注水困难、采收率低等问题,利用尿素基深共晶溶剂(DES)与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)复配的驱油剂体系,对驱油剂在低渗致密油藏中的降压增注和提高采收率机理进行了研究。研究结果表明:①驱油剂体系可以将油水界面张力降低至10^(-3)mN/m以下,大大提高了洗油效率;②驱油剂体系可有效抑制黏土矿物水化,避免了低渗致密砂岩中黏土矿物水化膨胀带来的流体敏感性损害;③驱油剂体系可对砂岩表面进行界面修饰,驱油剂溶液浸泡后样品的油相接触角由25.8°增加至61.4°,亲水性增强,亲油性减弱,有助于吸附在岩石孔隙壁面的油膜脱落;④超前注入驱油剂的注入压力降低率平均为79.64%,采收率平均为50.96%,远大于常规水驱(一次注水→注驱油剂驱→二次注水)的采收率。

苏北盆地石港特低渗储层微观特征及提高采收率对策研究

苏北盆地石港油田属低孔、特低渗砂岩油藏,油井自然产能低,采用水力压裂后注水开发可提高产油能力,但油田开发中呈现低采油速度、低采出程度和开发效果差的特点,开发矛盾加剧。因此,需明确低效开发原因,探究提高采收率对策,为提高石港油田开发效果提供理论依据。通过全岩矿物成分分析、气测岩心孔渗参数、岩心敏感性评价等方法,从岩石矿物组成、孔喉结构和岩石敏感性等方面分析了其储层的微观特性;通过油藏数值模拟以及室内岩心实验研究了压裂水驱后剩余油的分布特征;通过核磁共振在线驱替实验探究了提高采收率的对策。结果显示,储层岩心呈现出典型的低孔、特低渗特征,且在开发过程中具有一定的速度敏感性和水敏感性。压裂水驱后,岩心中剩余油主要分布在0.01~1μm中小孔径的孔道中,使用表面活性剂驱及二次水驱将岩心中剩余油采收率提高了14.81%。储层渗透率特低、微孔隙和微裂缝发育、速敏、水敏等是其低效开发的主要原因。注水开发会导致岩石矿物膨胀、运移,增大流动阻力,所以区块经压裂水驱仅明显提高主流线上剩余油的采出程度,整体动用程度不高,剩余油仍有较多富集。建议采用化学驱及多轮次驱替以增强中小孔道中原油动用程度,进一步提升油田开发效果。

CO_(2)驱不同注入方式对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响

CO_(2)驱是提高低渗透储层采收率有效的技术手段。CO_(2)与原油接触后使体系中的沥青质以固体形式沉积下来,对储层造成一定堵塞,但同时发生的溶蚀作用整体上提高了储层渗流能力,且不同注入方式下CO_(2)驱对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响具有一定差异。开展了CO_(2)连续注入及CO_(2)-水交替注入后有机垢堵塞机理实验、储层润湿性实验及CO_(2)-水溶液对岩石的溶蚀评价实验,并对相对渗透率曲线参数变化特征进行评价,定量表征了CO_(2)驱不同注入方式对低渗透储层渗流能力的影响程度。结果表明:CO_(2)驱产生的有机垢会对岩石孔喉造成堵塞,但整体上CO_(2)与绿泥石反应导致的溶蚀作用更强,使得低渗透储层采收率有效提高;且CO_(2)-水交替注入比CO_(2)连续注入引起的有机垢堵塞要弱,溶蚀作用效果更好,渗透率损失率更低,能够在中、大孔隙中取得更好的驱油效果,整体上更能增大岩石孔隙空间和渗流通道,使得低渗透储层采收率有效提高。

海上低渗油藏CO_(2)混相驱可行性实验研究

海上珠江口盆地陆丰凹陷低渗、特低渗储量丰富,水驱开发难度大,注气开发需求迫切。CO_(2)驱是提高采收率的主要技术之一,但目前海上CO_(2)综合利用方面应用较少。以陆丰凹陷L油藏为例,开展了目标油藏原油注CO_(2)驱油机理实验和长岩心CO_(2)驱油效果评价实验,重点对比CO_(2)注入前后原油相态特征的变化,并对不同开发方式驱油效果进行了对比优化研究,为目标油田CO_(2)驱可行性提供依据。实验结果表明,CO_(2)可以有效提高低渗油藏的开发效果,提高采收率幅度可以在水驱的基础上提高11.75%,交替驱可以作为后期注CO_(2)防窜和进一步提高采收率的技术手段。实验研究结果对海上低渗油藏CO_(2)注气开发提供技术支持。

东营凹陷低渗透岩性油藏储层非均质性特征及水驱剩余油分布规律

中国低渗油藏潜力巨大,受控于地下储层特性及开发技术水平,目前采出程度偏低。以东营凹陷H67块沙二段的低渗透岩性油藏为例,运用地震、测井、岩芯、分析化验及生产动态资料,分析了低渗透岩性油藏的储层非均质性特征,描述了其对注水开发的影响,阐明了剩余油的分布规律。研究表明,低渗透油藏储层孔喉半径小,平面与层内非均质性强,主要体现在稳定展布的夹层及韵律砂层渗透性相差大,平面上砂体及物性展布有明显的方向性;受控于储层非均质性,低渗透岩性油藏注水开发中存在地层能量不足、单井日液量低及平面水驱不均衡等特点,水驱后剩余油储量丰度依然较大,剩余油主要富集在层内及平面储层厚度大、物性差的区域。以上成果及认识对低渗透岩性油藏的开发具有重要的指导意义。

低渗透裂缝性油藏测井侧向剩余油挖潜措施研究——以长庆A油田为例

针对长庆A油田低渗透裂缝性油藏注水开发动态特点,通过深化精细基础地质研究,结合老区检查井取心、测井资料,开展了剩余油分布精细评价、不同水线距离的检查井水洗程度评价,以及裂缝对剩余油分布和开发效果的影响分析。结果表明,低渗透裂缝性油藏主向井水淹严重、侧向区剩余油富集,侧向剩余油挖潜设计方案可行;油藏井网加密调整后开发效果评价证实,侧向剩余油挖潜方案可减缓油藏递减、改善油藏的开发效果。可为同类油藏开发中后期实施井网调整、增储挖潜及油藏采收率提高提供有益借鉴。

四川盆地公山庙油田中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段致密油藏流体渗流特征

针对致密油藏岩石孔隙结构复杂、流体渗流阻力大、油气产量低、开发效益较差等问题,以四川盆地中部地区(简称“川中地区”)公山庙油田中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段低渗透、特低渗透致密砂岩油藏为例,在储层岩石润湿性实验基础上,开展了流体低速渗流实验、恒速水驱油实验和自发渗吸实验等多项研究。研究结果表明:①川中地区公山庙油田沙一段致密油藏的储层岩石总体上呈弱亲水性特征,在完全饱和地层水条件下的水相渗流曲线为一条直线,且经过坐标原点,地层水单相渗流符合达西定律且不存在启动压力或启动压力梯度。②在通过油驱水建立束缚水饱和度的条件下,岩石孔隙表面吸附的水膜降低了油相渗流通道,两相渗流存在贾敏效应,增加了油相渗流的附加阻力。油相低速渗流曲线不过坐标原点,存在启动压力或启动压力梯度;储层岩石的渗透率越低,启动压力或启动压力梯度越大。③驱替速度和岩石渗透率对水驱油效果有较大影响,在较高的驱替速度下,注入水在大孔道中发生指进和沿裂缝发生水窜是造成水驱油效率降低的主要原因。④岩石渗透率对渗吸驱油效果有显著影响,且裂缝样品的渗吸驱油效率大于基质样品的渗吸驱油效率。⑤对致密油藏实施大规模压裂改造,所形成的高渗透缝网可有效降低流体渗流的启动压力或启动压力梯度,再辅以单井吞吐(水油渗吸交换)的开采方式,这种组合是保证致密油藏长期稳产的重要技术措施。研究成果对致密油藏以及页岩油的开发具有重要的借鉴意义。

中渗透油藏化学驱开发效果影响因素研究

针对中国石化中渗透油藏化学驱开发效果主要影响因素不明确的问题,选取典型中渗透区块,采用数值模拟手段,以驱油效果和经济指标为目标,开展了油藏地质参数、开发动态参数及驱油体系参数对化学驱开发效果的影响规律研究,并结合中国石化化学驱现场应用情况,给出了中渗透油藏实施化学驱的相关参数建议。建议优先实施块状油藏化学驱,储量规模150×10^(4)t左右、井组采注井数比介于1.5~2.5之间实施化学驱能取得较好效果;在油藏进入高含水阶段需尽早实施化学驱,注入含水时机越早(含水低于90%)、剩余油饱和度越高(剩余油饱和度高于30%),则化学驱效果越好;驱油体系的注入总量、注入方式、注入段塞PV及注入浓度等决定了化学驱的经济有效性,二元复合驱效果要好于聚合物驱,且注入总量控制在1200 PV•mg/L以内,注入方式以小段塞高浓度高频为主,注入段塞PV数控制在0.5~0.6 PV为宜。

马岭油田S区延10储层特征及水驱规律研究

马岭油田S区块已进入注水开发的中高含水期,研究其水驱规律对后续改善注水开发效果具有实际意义。以S区延10_(1)^(2-1)层段为研究对象,以区域构造背景及构造特征为基础,从岩心资料、测井数据着手,重点分析沉积微相与砂体平面展布特征,总结储层物性,分析储层非均质性特征。结合油田生产资料,从非均质性方面重点分析延10储层平面、纵向水驱规律。结果表明:受储层渗透率非均质的影响,纵向上的水驱呈现复合韵律的特点,高渗透率部位水洗程度高,剩余油含油饱和度较低;较低渗透率部位水洗程度较低,含油饱和度相对较高。油层在纵向上的产液量、产水量、含水率同样呈复合韵律特点。平面上的水驱呈现出沿砂体延伸方向推进较快,主流线方向上的油井见效快。位于负向构造部位的油井较早见水,进入水量多,油层水洗较为充分;位于正向构造部位的油井注入水进入较晚,进入水量较少,水洗程度相对较低。注入水优先沿高渗透带方向推进,该方向水推较快,吸水较多。

油田深度调剖化学剂驱油效率与机理

随着石油资源的日益紧张,提高油田开采效率成了石油行业面临的主要挑战。选用3种不同的化学剂(PAM、SDBS、PAA)并通过测定岩心渗透率和油水界面张力进行驱油效率实验。实验结果显示,PAA在提高岩石渗透率方面表现最为突出,从130.14 m D增加到212.43 m D,增幅为63.2%,而SDBS则在降低油水界面张力方面表现最佳,从38.92 m N·m^(-1)降至21.00 m N·m^(-1),降低了46.2%。此外,在中温(40℃)和中压(20 MPa)以及适中的注入流量(100 L·min^(-1))下,驱油效率达到最优。化学剂在改变岩石孔隙结构及降低油水界面张力方面的作用,共同促进了油水流动性的提升,从而显著增强了整体的驱油效果。研究结果对于指导实际油田作业中化学剂的选择和应用具有重要的参考价值,为油田开发提供了新的视角和方法。

涉水油田储罐溢油风险量化评估技术研究

文章分析了储罐溢油发生的事故原因、影响机制,通过细化影响因子,整合数据模型,从涉水油田储罐溢油频率、环境受体影响、溢油泄漏后果、溢油风险等级等方面构建了储罐溢油风险模型,通过实际运算案例对方法进行验证,提出熟练运用模型,夯实基础信息强化体系管理,加强人员培训提升安全意识等强化储罐溢油风险管理的建议。通过评估潜在风险,有助于各涉水油田企业、港口码头、海事部门、应急部门采取相应风险管控措施,减少事故发生的可能性,提升安全生产管理水平、保护生态环境。

裂缝性油藏渗流特征及注水策略

为提高裂缝性油藏数值模拟精度,提供有效注水策略,以渤海大型裂缝性油藏锦州25-1南潜山油藏为研究对象,采用数字岩心技术,结合多相流模拟,明确半风化壳上段和下段微观孔喉特征及相渗曲线特征,结合数值模拟和矿场实践,开展采油速度化及注水方式优化研究。研究表明:微裂缝发育程度对基质岩块相渗曲线和毛细管力曲线形态具有重要的控制作用;微裂缝越发育的岩心,驱油效率越高,越有利于产生基质渗吸作用;微裂缝长度和裂缝频数满足幂律分布规律,其幂律指数约为1.5;开发初期裂缝系统的产量占主导地位,开发中后期基质系统的产量贡献逐步增加,裂缝系统和基质系统累计产量贡献比约为2∶1;开发初期通过优化采油速度,含水上升阶段采用循环注水的方式,采收率预计提高4.5个百分点。该研究对于裂缝性油藏开发策略及注水方案的制订具有重要指导意义。