Influence of Marine Oil Pollution and Countermeasures

In the article, status quo of oil pollution in China＇s offshore area was in- troduced, and the sources of oil pollution in the ocean were analyzed. Furthermore, the possible hazards of marine oil pollution were discussed and related countermea- sures were proposed, including implementation of laws and regulations, enhancing awareness of environment protection, improvement of pollution monitoring and early warning mechanism, physical treatment, chemical treatment and biological treatment. With economy development, the demand of oil is increasing accordingly. Hence, oil pollution has become an urgent issue to be solved for better exploration of oil and protection of marine environment.

Study on effects and treatment of ocean oil pollution

Because of the special physico-chemical properties and toxicity of oil in ocean, it causes the acute and chronic toxicity in marine life, through food chain comes into human body, has a serious harm on human＇s health. This test analysis influence of oil pollution in ocean, provides theoretical guidance of governing.

Effect of oil pollution on gluthione and relative enzyme in oyster (Saccostrea cuculiata)

The oysters ( Saccostrea cuculiata ) were collected from four stations around Xiamen Island (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong" an Bay, Huangcuo). The relation between the level of petroleum hydrocarbon in whole tissue and the contents of glutathione (GSH), the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in digestive gland and gill were investigated. The results showed: (1) The contents of petroleum hydrocarbon in oyster collected from four stations (Lundu Port, Xinglin Bay, Tong'an Bay, Huangcuo) were 380.68, 112.34, 27.31, 20.37μg/g wet weight, respectively; (2) the activity of Se-GPx and GST in digestive gland was lower than that in gill, and the content of GSH seemed reversibly; (3) among the four stations, both Se-GPx and GST activity of digestive gland and gill in Saccostrea cuculiata sampled from the four stations showed a good correlation with whole tissue petroleum hydrocarbon, could be as biomarkers of sea oil pollution.

Rapid Detection of Oil Pollution in Soil by Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Detection of oil pollution in soil has been carried out using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy（LIBS）. A pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet（Nd：YAG） laser（1,064 nm, 8 ns, 200 mJ） was focused onto pelletized soil samples. Emission spectra were obtained from oil-contaminated soil and clean soil. The contaminated soil had almost the same spectrum profile as the clean soil and contained the same major and minor elements. However, a C–H molecular band was clearly detected in the oil-contaminated soil, while no C–H band was detected in the clean soil. Linear calibration curve of the C–H molecular band was successfully made by using a soil sample containing various concentrations of oil. The limit of detection of the C–H band in the soil sample was 0.001 mL/g. Furthermore, the emission spectrum of the contaminated soil clearly displayed titanium（Ti） lines, which were not detected in the clean soil. The existence of the C–H band and Ti lines in oil-contaminated soil can be used to clearly distinguish contaminated soil from clean soil. For comparison, the emission spectra of contaminated and clean soil were also obtained using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray（SEM/EDX） spectroscopy,showing that the spectra obtained using LIBS are much better than using SEM/EDX, as indicated by the signal to noise ratio（S/N ratio）.

Numerical Study of Oil Pollution on Sea Waters

This paper adopted an upstream FEM of 2-D unsteady flow to calculate the tidal flow in Zhoushan sea area. Based on the verification of the tidal current and environmental situation, the effects of the oily waste discharged from the oil berths on water quality have been calculated with a similar method. The isodilutions of oil pollutant are drawn from different sewage discharges. The moving loci of the slick centrepoint of oil spill have been calculated. The spreading area of the oil spill has also been forecasted. The results indicate that the set of models can predict the transport of oil spill in the sea area with reasonable accuracy.

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natu- ral regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites--unpolluted site （US）, polluted and untreated site （PUS）, and polluted and treated site （PTS）-- were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0-10 cm and 10--20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 em US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0-10/10-20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10-20 cm, non-woody species of theUS were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0-10/10-20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10-20 cm than 0-10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively af- fected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.

A STUDY ON' SYNCHRONOUS-HI GH-DERIVATIVE SPECTFLUOR—THE DI FFERENTI ATI ON OF CRUDE OIL AND FUEL OIL POLLUTION

A method of synchronous-high-derivative spectfluor for identification of crude oil and fuel oil pollution is studied. The best operation conditions for the 2nd and 4th deriv, are set. To differentiate oil-spill at river and sea, this method is rapid and simple, and the spectra have high resolution power as 'fingerprint'.

Oil pollution experiment in marine-enclosed experimental ecosystem Ⅰ. Ecological distribution of hydrocarbon-degradation bacteria

On the basis of the investigation into ecological distribution degradation and the self-purification ability of hydrocarbons by microbes, this paper deals with the study of ecological distribution of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria and its correlation with environmental factors in a marine-enclosed experimental ecosystem in the eastern part of the Xiamen Bay.

Compulsory Liability Insurance for Marine Drilling Platforms Pollution under Chinese Law

Compulsory liability insurance has widely existed in the field of marine insurance. However, marine drilling platforms have always been excluded from this system in China. In view of the special legal nature of oil pollution compulsory liability insurance for marine drilling platforms, this paper analyzes a number of issues related to oil pollution compulsory liability insurance, elaborates on the necessity for China to implement the system and makes some suggestions about the implementation of that.

Compensation for Damage to Marine Biodiversity under International Liability Regime on Vessel-Source Marine Oil Pollution Damage

Vessel-source marine oil pollution damage is governed by an international liability regime, including the CLC treaties, 2001 Bunker Convention and the 1977 Seabed Convention. Despite that ＂pollution damage＂ in these treaties does not exclude damage to marine biodiversity, the fact that damage to marine biodiversity is not mentioned in this regime arouses the question of compensability of damage to marine biodiversity under the regime. This article attempts to investigate this question from the perspectives of the relationship between marine environmental damage and damage to marine biodiversity and the possibility of compensation for damage to marine biodiversity under the regime. While the findings of this article reveal that the regime cannot provide sufficient compensation for such damage, this article in the conclusion offers some suggestions for the sake of remedying of damaged marine biodiversity under the regime.

Research on the Progress of Environmental Remediation Methodologies under the Conditions of Oil and Heavy Metal Pollution

In this paper, we conduct research on the progress of environmental remediation methodologies under the conditions of oil and heavy metal pollution. The main repair contaminated soil measures include chemical, physical and chemical measures, biological repair measures and agricultural ecological measures, engineering measures, etc. Selection principle is to adjust measures to local conditions, at the same time, take the technical, economic and effects of factors such as accessibility. After comparing the mentioned techniques, we conclude that the bioremediation method holds the best effectiveness for us to make contribution to the environmental protection. In final part, we give the conclusion and sct up the prospect.

Research on the Prevention Methodologies and Environmental Protection Countermeasures for Oil Pollution based on Latest Techniques from China and Abroad

In this paper, we conduct research on the prevention methodologies and environmental protection countermeasures for oil pollution based on latest techniques from China and abroad. Petroleum and petrochemical industry will also be able to have serious water pollution. Against oil pollution increasingly serious phenomenon, about how to control oil pollution has also carried on the thorough research and accumulated in the process of specific management experiences and lessons. We conduct theoretical analysis between the state-of-the-art methods of environmental protection countermeasures with examples, We firmly believe that more advances will occur in the future.

Distribution features of oil and preventive countermeasures in Meizhou Bay,China

The content and distributive feature of oil in Meizhou Bay, China during summer were analysed on the basis of water quality survey. The result showed that oil concentration ranges between 5—51 μg/dm 3 with an average of 19 8 μg/dm 3. The mixed coefficient is lower. The difference of oil distribution between high tide and low tide is related to the distribution of land pollution and is mainly decided by water dynamics. Average turn over rate and enrichment coefficient can provide fundamental information to estimate oil concentration in sea water.

Microbial Remediation and Optimization of Oil Polluted Wetlands at Dalian Bay in China

Objective The wetland at Dalian Bay in the Northeast of China has been polluted by oil severely. The effect of various microbes and operation parameters on the bioremediation of oil-polluted wetlands at Dalian Bay was investigated and reported previously. In the study, other operation conditions related to the status of medium were investigated via statistical experimental design and analysis and a necessary information is involved to use micro-technology in the application. Methods The method used involved the direct inoculation of selected bacteria, which were capable of degrading oil. The operation conditions were further optimized and evaluated by gravimetrical assay. Results The optimal pH and temperature for the studied bacteria to degrade the existing oil pollutants were established as pH 8.0 and 27℃. The mixed of various bacteria showed better results in terms of oil degradation than any single one. Among the selected four factors, disturbance, oxidant, nutrients, and biosurfactant, the former two contributed more impacts on the oil degradation in the early stage of process, while the latter two became the limiting factors in the late stage. Three sets of optimal conditions were obtained for each individual stage, but no one was suitable for the overall process. Conclusion The study demonstrated the technical feasibility of using direct inoculation into the contaminated soil samples to remove oil pollutants. It suggested that the operation conditions should be monitored and adjusted during the different stages of bio-reactions in the process to achieve the best result of oil degradation.

Application of bacteria-plant association in bio-degradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil

The bacteria and plants were associated to remove diesel oil pollutants from soil.Three efficiently degrading bacteria(named strains Q10,Q14 and Q18,respectively) were isolated.Two plants(alfalfa and Indian mustard) were selected to form the association.Biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil was accelerated by bacteria-plants association.The main results are summarized as follows.The plants-bacteria association was more effective in biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil than in respective experiments carried out with plants or bacteria alone.Strain Q18-Indian mustard association resulted in the maximum diesel oil reduction(69.18%).The activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in soil were enhanced and microbial populations in soil,especially in rhizosphere,were also stimulated in the treatment of bacteria-plant association.Overall,the soil conditions might be improved by alfalfa or Indian mustard to benefit the growth of bacteria,which resulted in degradation of diesel oil pollutants more effective by the bacteria-plant association.The bacteria-plants association may be a better approach to the removal of diesel oil pollutants from soil.

Optimization of reed-specific degrading bacteria by response surfaces for remediation of crude oil-polluted soil in Xinjiang,China

This paper discussed the optimization of conditions for remediation of crude oil-polluted soil based on pot experiment by applying reed-specific degrading bacteria, and using response surfaces methodology. We took the initial crude oil concentration, the amount of inoculation, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the use of surfactant （Tween-80） as independent variables （factors）, and the degrading ratio of crude oil as the dependent variable （response） after a 90-day experiment. The experiment explored the impacts of each independent variable and their interactions on the bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil using the Box-Behnken design. Working with a simulated forecasting model the study obtained optimization va reed＋specific degrading bacteria, a nitrogen to phosphorus ues for the treatment parameters of 200 g/kg of the ratio of about 6.0. and 0.2% surfactant. Under experimental conditions, for crude oil concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 g/kg, the optimal effects of the treatments achieved 71.87%, 66.61% and 54.52% degradation of the crude oil, respectively. The results can provide a basis for the technical development of plant-microorganism combined bioremediation of crude oil-polluted soil.

Research progress and strategies for multifunctional rapeseed： A case study of China

financially supported by the Key R＆D Program of Jiangxi Province of China （20152ACF60010）;the Key Projects of Hunan Science and Technology Support Program of China （Application research of Guiye A male sterile line）;the Research Project of Humanities and Social Sciences in Universities of Jiangxi Province, China（JC1315）;supported by Emmy Noether DFG grant MA 6473/1-1

An environmental approach for used oil management in Asian cities: a Bangkok's experience

This paper addresses increasing concern about the pollution threat of used oil being illegally dumped and the impact of oil on air pollution and freshwater ecosystems in Asian countries. Used oil is a very serious waste management problem. These results call for management action such as maximising the collection and recovery of used oil. The Thai government recognizes the need to recycle used oil and has been active in encouraging programs to accomplish this goal. Thus unless new approaches and incentives are developed, used oil generation may become an increasing serious problem to our environment. The purpose of this study is to examine the technical and economic feasibility, of recycling used oils. In addition, this paper briefly discusses the problems to be overcome and outlines potential mechanisms for providing the necessary disposal controls in order to maximize the protection to public health and environmental quality from potential hazards posed by used lube oil disposal.

Structure and Potential Application of Konjac Glucomannan Nano Microfibril Aerogel

An ultra-light and high porosity nano microfibril aerogel was prepared from konjac glucomannan（KGM） by the electrospinning and freeze-drying. The structure of aerogel was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） while the density and compressive strength of the samples were studied separately. Results reveal that porous network structure of the KGM nano microfibril aerogel is constructed by intermolecular hydrogen bonds in random and interpenetrate way. The nano microfibril structure presents in the KGM aerogel,which is an important reason of its high density and compressive strength. There is a potential application for this unique nano microfibril aerogel in the absorption of biodegradation bacteria to solve problems in marine oil spill pollution.