基于改进SMOTE算法和Ensemble模型的学习结果预测方法

为解决不同领域的数据分类和预测任务中单个机器学习算法适用性较差的问题,以及缓解数据集严重不平衡对预测性能的影响,提出了基于合成少数类过采样(SMOTE)和Ensemble集成模型的数据分类方法。传统SMOTE算法通过对少数类样本进行插值来生成新的合成样本,合成样本中存在噪声和样本间相似性较高的问题。为此,提出了改进的SMOTE算法,通过距离计算移除噪声样本和易混淆样本,得到高区分度的纯净合成样本。然后,利用Ensemble方法调整样本和分类器权重,并组成分类效果更好的强分类器。在公开在线学习数据集Kalboard360上的实验结果表明,使用极限随机树(ERT)分类器时,结合改进SMOTE和Ensemble模型后实现了97.9%的预测准确度,比单个ERT分类器提升了5.5%,证明所提改进SMOTE算法能够生成高质量的均衡化数据,且集成学习模型的性能显著优于单个机器学习算法。

Statistical Process Monitoring Based on Ensemble Structure Analysis

Dear Editor,This letter presents a novel process monitoring model based on ensemble structure analysis(ESA).The ESA model takes advantage of principal component analysis(PCA),locality preserving projections(LPP),and multi-manifold projections(MMP)models,and then combines the multiple solutions within an ensemble result through Bayesian inference.In the developed ESA model,different structure features of the given dataset are taken into account simultaneously,the suitability and reliability of the ESA-based monitoring model are then illustrated through comparison.Introduction:The requirement for ensuring safe operation and improving process efficiency has led to increased research activity in the field of process monitoring.

EDSUCh:A robust ensemble data summarization method for effective medical diagnosis

Identifying rare patterns for medical diagnosis is a challenging task due to heterogeneity and the volume of data.Data summarization can create a concise version of the original data that can be used for effective diagnosis.In this paper,we propose an ensemble summarization method that combines clustering and sampling to create a summary of the original data to ensure the inclusion of rare patterns.To the best of our knowledge,there has been no such technique available to augment the performance of anomaly detection techniques and simultaneously increase the efficiency of medical diagnosis.The performance of popular anomaly detection algorithms increases significantly in terms of accuracy and computational complexity when the summaries are used.Therefore,the medical diagnosis becomes more effective,and our experimental results reflect that the combination of the proposed summarization scheme and all underlying algorithms used in this paper outperforms the most popular anomaly detection techniques.

基于Local Cascade Ensemble方法的胎儿健康自动分类

为更好地自动评估胎儿宫内状态,提出一种基于local cascade ensemble(LCE)方法的胎儿健康状态分类模型。选用UCI数据集,使用ADASYN方法对不平衡数据集进行填充平衡,接着结合随机森林算法对数据特征进行选择,最后使用LCE方法对胎儿状态进行自动分类。实验结果表明,所提出模型使用的方法平均准确率、精确率、召回率和F1分数分别达到了0.9554、0.9054、0.9557和0.9290,对比传统的机器学习算法能得到更好的分类效果,有效降低了误判率。

Entropy of deterministic trajectory via trajectories ensemble

We present a formulation of the single-trajectory entropy using the trajectories ensemble. The single-trajectory entropy is affected by its surrounding trajectories via the distribution function. The single-trajectory entropies are studied in two typical potentials, i.e., harmonic potential and double-well potential, and in viscous environment by interacting trajectory method. The results of the trajectory methods are in agreement well with the numerical methods(Monte Carlo simulation and difference equation). The single-trajectory entropies increasing(decreasing) could be caused by absorption(emission) heat from(to) the thermal environment. Also, some interesting trajectories, which correspond to the rare evens in the processes, are demonstrated.

A redundant subspace weighting procedure for clock ensemble

A redundant-subspace-weighting(RSW)-based approach is proposed to enhance the frequency stability on a time scale of a clock ensemble.In this method,multiple overlapping subspaces are constructed in the clock ensemble,and the weight of each clock in this ensemble is defined by using the spatial covariance matrix.The superimposition average of covariances in different subspaces reduces the correlations between clocks in the same laboratory to some extent.After optimizing the parameters of this weighting procedure,the frequency stabilities of virtual clock ensembles are significantly improved in most cases.

Securing Cloud-Encrypted Data:Detecting Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)Attacks through Deep Learning Ensemble

Data security assurance is crucial due to the increasing prevalence of cloud computing and its widespread use across different industries,especially in light of the growing number of cybersecurity threats.A major and everpresent threat is Ransomware-as-a-Service(RaaS)assaults,which enable even individuals with minimal technical knowledge to conduct ransomware operations.This study provides a new approach for RaaS attack detection which uses an ensemble of deep learning models.For this purpose,the network intrusion detection dataset“UNSWNB15”from the Intelligent Security Group of the University of New South Wales,Australia is analyzed.In the initial phase,the rectified linear unit-,scaled exponential linear unit-,and exponential linear unit-based three separate Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)models are developed.Later,using the combined predictive power of these three MLPs,the RansoDetect Fusion ensemble model is introduced in the suggested methodology.The proposed ensemble technique outperforms previous studieswith impressive performance metrics results,including 98.79%accuracy and recall,98.85%precision,and 98.80%F1-score.The empirical results of this study validate the ensemble model’s ability to improve cybersecurity defenses by showing that it outperforms individual MLPmodels.In expanding the field of cybersecurity strategy,this research highlights the significance of combined deep learning models in strengthening intrusion detection systems against sophisticated cyber threats.

Physics-Constrained Robustness Enhancement for Tree Ensembles Applied in Smart Grid

With the widespread use of machine learning(ML)technology,the operational efficiency and responsiveness of power grids have been significantly enhanced,allowing smart grids to achieve high levels of automation and intelligence.However,tree ensemble models commonly used in smart grids are vulnerable to adversarial attacks,making it urgent to enhance their robustness.To address this,we propose a robustness enhancement method that incorporates physical constraints into the node-splitting decisions of tree ensembles.Our algorithm improves robustness by developing a dataset of adversarial examples that comply with physical laws,ensuring training data accurately reflects possible attack scenarios while adhering to physical rules.In our experiments,the proposed method increased robustness against adversarial attacks by 100%when applied to real grid data under physical constraints.These results highlight the advantages of our method in maintaining efficient and secure operation of smart grids under adversarial conditions.

An Initial Perturbation Method for the Multiscale Singular Vector in Global Ensemble Prediction

Ensemble prediction is widely used to represent the uncertainty of single deterministic Numerical Weather Prediction(NWP) caused by errors in initial conditions(ICs). The traditional Singular Vector(SV) initial perturbation method tends only to capture synoptic scale initial uncertainty rather than mesoscale uncertainty in global ensemble prediction. To address this issue, a multiscale SV initial perturbation method based on the China Meteorological Administration Global Ensemble Prediction System(CMA-GEPS) is proposed to quantify multiscale initial uncertainty. The multiscale SV initial perturbation approach entails calculating multiscale SVs at different resolutions with multiple linearized physical processes to capture fast-growing perturbations from mesoscale to synoptic scale in target areas and combining these SVs by using a Gaussian sampling method with amplitude coefficients to generate initial perturbations. Following that, the energy norm,energy spectrum, and structure of multiscale SVs and their impact on GEPS are analyzed based on a batch experiment in different seasons. The results show that the multiscale SV initial perturbations can possess more energy and capture more mesoscale uncertainties than the traditional single-SV method. Meanwhile, multiscale SV initial perturbations can reflect the strongest dynamical instability in target areas. Their performances in global ensemble prediction when compared to single-scale SVs are shown to(i) improve the relationship between the ensemble spread and the root-mean-square error and(ii) provide a better probability forecast skill for atmospheric circulation during the late forecast period and for short-to medium-range precipitation. This study provides scientific evidence and application foundations for the design and development of a multiscale SV initial perturbation method for the GEPS.

Classification and Comprehension of Software Requirements Using Ensemble Learning

The software development process mostly depends on accurately identifying both essential and optional features.Initially,user needs are typically expressed in free-form language,requiring significant time and human resources to translate these into clear functional and non-functional requirements.To address this challenge,various machine learning(ML)methods have been explored to automate the understanding of these requirements,aiming to reduce time and human effort.However,existing techniques often struggle with complex instructions and large-scale projects.In our study,we introduce an innovative approach known as the Functional and Non-functional Requirements Classifier(FNRC).By combining the traditional random forest algorithm with the Accuracy Sliding Window(ASW)technique,we develop optimal sub-ensembles that surpass the initial classifier’s accuracy while using fewer trees.Experimental results demonstrate that our FNRC methodology performs robustly across different datasets,achieving a balanced Precision of 75%on the PROMISE dataset and an impressive Recall of 85%on the CCHIT dataset.Both datasets consistently maintain an F-measure around 64%,highlighting FNRC’s ability to effectively balance precision and recall in diverse scenarios.These findings contribute to more accurate and efficient software development processes,increasing the probability of achieving successful project outcomes.

Application of multi-algorithm ensemble methods in high-dimensional and small-sample data of geotechnical engineering:A case study of swelling pressure of expansive soils

Geotechnical engineering data are usually small-sample and high-dimensional,which brings a lot of challenges in predictive modeling.This paper uses a typical high-dimensional and small-sample swell pressure(P_(s))dataset to explore the possibility of using multi-algorithm hybrid ensemble and dimensionality reduction methods to mitigate the uncertainty of soil parameter prediction.Based on six machine learning(ML)algorithms,the base learner pool is constructed,and four ensemble methods,Stacking(SG),Blending(BG),Voting regression(VR),and Feature weight linear stacking(FWL),are used for the multi-algorithm ensemble.Furthermore,the importance of permutation is used for feature dimensionality reduction to mitigate the impact of weakly correlated variables on predictive modeling.The results show that the proposed methods are superior to traditional prediction models and base ML models,where FWL is more suitable for modeling with small-sample datasets,and dimensionality reduction can simplify the data structure and reduce the adverse impact of the small-sample effect,which points the way to feature selection for predictive modeling.Based on the ensemble methods,the feature importance of the five primary factors affecting P_(s) is the maximum dry density(31.145%),clay fraction(15.876%),swell percent(15.289%),plasticity index(14%),and optimum moisture content(13.69%),the influence of input parameters on P_(s) is also investigated,in line with the findings of the existing literature.

Neural network study of the nuclear ground-state spin distribution within a random interaction ensemble

The distribution of the nuclear ground-state spin in a two-body random ensemble(TBRE)was studied using a general classification neural network(NN)model with two-body interaction matrix elements as input features and the corresponding ground-state spins as labels or output predictions.The quantum many-body system problem exceeds the capability of our optimized NNs in terms of accurately predicting the ground-state spin of each sample within the TBRE.However,our NN model effectively captured the statistical properties of the ground-state spin because it learned the empirical regularity of the ground-state spin distribution in TBRE,as discovered by physicists.

Improving Thyroid Disorder Diagnosis via Ensemble Stacking and Bidirectional Feature Selection

Thyroid disorders represent a significant global health challenge with hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism as two common conditions arising from dysfunction in the thyroid gland.Accurate and timely diagnosis of these disorders is crucial for effective treatment and patient care.This research introduces a comprehensive approach to improve the accuracy of thyroid disorder diagnosis through the integration of ensemble stacking and advanced feature selection techniques.Sequential forward feature selection,sequential backward feature elimination,and bidirectional feature elimination are investigated in this study.In ensemble learning,random forest,adaptive boosting,and bagging classifiers are employed.The effectiveness of these techniques is evaluated using two different datasets obtained from the University of California Irvine-Machine Learning Repository,both of which undergo preprocessing steps,including outlier removal,addressing missing data,data cleansing,and feature reduction.Extensive experimentation demonstrates the remarkable success of proposed ensemble stacking and bidirectional feature elimination achieving 100%and 99.86%accuracy in identifying hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism,respectively.Beyond enhancing detection accuracy,the ensemble stacking model also demonstrated a streamlined computational complexity which is pivotal for practical medical applications.It significantly outperformed existing studies with similar objectives underscoring the viability and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.This research offers an innovative perspective and sets the platform for improved thyroid disorder diagnosis with broader implications for healthcare and patient well-being.

Effectiveness of hybrid ensemble machine learning models for landslide susceptibility analysis:Evidence from Shimla district of North-west Indian Himalayan region

The Indian Himalayan region is frequently experiencing climate change-induced landslides.Thus,landslide susceptibility assessment assumes greater significance for lessening the impact of a landslide hazard.This paper makes an attempt to assess landslide susceptibility in Shimla district of the northwest Indian Himalayan region.It examined the effectiveness of random forest(RF),multilayer perceptron(MLP),sequential minimal optimization regression(SMOreg)and bagging ensemble(B-RF,BSMOreg,B-MLP)models.A landslide inventory map comprising 1052 locations of past landslide occurrences was classified into training(70%)and testing(30%)datasets.The site-specific influencing factors were selected by employing a multicollinearity test.The relationship between past landslide occurrences and influencing factors was established using the frequency ratio method.The effectiveness of machine learning models was verified through performance assessors.The landslide susceptibility maps were validated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves(ROC-AUC),accuracy,precision,recall and F1-score.The key performance metrics and map validation demonstrated that the BRF model(correlation coefficient:0.988,mean absolute error:0.010,root mean square error:0.058,relative absolute error:2.964,ROC-AUC:0.947,accuracy:0.778,precision:0.819,recall:0.917 and F-1 score:0.865)outperformed the single classifiers and other bagging ensemble models for landslide susceptibility.The results show that the largest area was found under the very high susceptibility zone(33.87%),followed by the low(27.30%),high(20.68%)and moderate(18.16%)susceptibility zones.The factors,namely average annual rainfall,slope,lithology,soil texture and earthquake magnitude have been identified as the influencing factors for very high landslide susceptibility.Soil texture,lineament density and elevation have been attributed to high and moderate susceptibility.Thus,the study calls for devising suitable landslide mitigation measures in the study area.Structural measures,an immediate response system,community participation and coordination among stakeholders may help lessen the detrimental impact of landslides.The findings from this study could aid decision-makers in mitigating future catastrophes and devising suitable strategies in other geographical regions with similar geological characteristics.

Improving Channel Estimation in a NOMA Modulation Environment Based on Ensemble Learning

This study presents a layered generalization ensemble model for next generation radio mobiles,focusing on supervised channel estimation approaches.Channel estimation typically involves the insertion of pilot symbols with a well-balanced rhythm and suitable layout.The model,called Stacked Generalization for Channel Estimation(SGCE),aims to enhance channel estimation performance by eliminating pilot insertion and improving throughput.The SGCE model incorporates six machine learning methods:random forest(RF),gradient boosting machine(GB),light gradient boosting machine(LGBM),support vector regression(SVR),extremely randomized tree(ERT),and extreme gradient boosting(XGB).By generating meta-data from five models(RF,GB,LGBM,SVR,and ERT),we ensure accurate channel coefficient predictions using the XGB model.To validate themodeling performance,we employ the leave-one-out cross-validation(LOOCV)approach,where each observation serves as the validation set while the remaining observations act as the training set.SGCE performances’results demonstrate higher mean andmedian accuracy compared to the separatedmodel.SGCE achieves an average accuracy of 98.4%,precision of 98.1%,and the highest F1-score of 98.5%,accurately predicting channel coefficients.Furthermore,our proposedmethod outperforms prior traditional and intelligent techniques in terms of throughput and bit error rate.SGCE’s superior performance highlights its efficacy in optimizing channel estimation.It can effectively predict channel coefficients and contribute to enhancing the overall efficiency of radio mobile systems.Through extensive experimentation and evaluation,we demonstrate that SGCE improved performance in channel estimation,surpassing previous techniques.Accordingly,SGCE’s capabilities have significant implications for optimizing channel estimation in modern communication systems.

Growth and Interactions of Multi-Source Perturbations in Convection-Allowing Ensemble Forecasts

This study investigated the growth of forecast errors stemming from initial conditions(ICs),lateral boundary conditions(LBCs),and model(MO)perturbations,as well as their interactions,by conducting seven 36 h convectionallowing ensemble forecast(CAEF)experiments.Two cases,one with strong-forcing(SF)and the other with weak-forcing(WF),occurred over the Yangtze-Huai River basin(YHRB)in East China,were selected to examine the sources of uncertainties associated with perturbation growth under varying forcing backgrounds and the influence of these backgrounds on growth.The perturbations exhibited distinct characteristics in terms of temporal evolution,spatial propagation,and vertical distribution under different forcing backgrounds,indicating a dependence between perturbation growth and forcing background.A comparison of the perturbation growth in different precipitation areas revealed that IC and LBC perturbations were significantly influenced by the location of precipitation in the SF case,while MO perturbations were more responsive to convection triggering and dominated in the WF case.The vertical distribution of perturbations showed that the sources of uncertainties and the performance of perturbations varied between SF and WF cases,with LBC perturbations displaying notable case dependence.Furthermore,the interactions between perturbations were considered by exploring the added values of different source perturbations.For the SF case,the added values of IC,LBC,and MO perturbations were reflected in different forecast periods and different source uncertainties,suggesting that the combination of multi-source perturbations can yield positive interactions.In the WF case,MO perturbations provided a more accurate estimation of uncertainties downstream of the Dabie Mountain and need to be prioritized in the research on perturbation development.

Non-crossing Quantile Regression Neural Network as a Calibration Tool for Ensemble Weather Forecasts

Despite the maturity of ensemble numerical weather prediction(NWP),the resulting forecasts are still,more often than not,under-dispersed.As such,forecast calibration tools have become popular.Among those tools,quantile regression(QR)is highly competitive in terms of both flexibility and predictive performance.Nevertheless,a long-standing problem of QR is quantile crossing,which greatly limits the interpretability of QR-calibrated forecasts.On this point,this study proposes a non-crossing quantile regression neural network(NCQRNN),for calibrating ensemble NWP forecasts into a set of reliable quantile forecasts without crossing.The overarching design principle of NCQRNN is to add on top of the conventional QRNN structure another hidden layer,which imposes a non-decreasing mapping between the combined output from nodes of the last hidden layer to the nodes of the output layer,through a triangular weight matrix with positive entries.The empirical part of the work considers a solar irradiance case study,in which four years of ensemble irradiance forecasts at seven locations,issued by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,are calibrated via NCQRNN,as well as via an eclectic mix of benchmarking models,ranging from the naïve climatology to the state-of-the-art deep-learning and other non-crossing models.Formal and stringent forecast verification suggests that the forecasts post-processed via NCQRNN attain the maximum sharpness subject to calibration,amongst all competitors.Furthermore,the proposed conception to resolve quantile crossing is remarkably simple yet general,and thus has broad applicability as it can be integrated with many shallow-and deep-learning-based neural networks.

A Novel Hybrid Ensemble Learning Approach for Enhancing Accuracy and Sustainability in Wind Power Forecasting

Accurate wind power forecasting is critical for system integration and stability as renewable energy reliance grows.Traditional approaches frequently struggle with complex data and non-linear connections. This article presentsa novel approach for hybrid ensemble learning that is based on rigorous requirements engineering concepts.The approach finds significant parameters influencing forecasting accuracy by evaluating real-time Modern-EraRetrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA2) data from several European Wind farms usingin-depth stakeholder research and requirements elicitation. Ensemble learning is used to develop a robust model,while a temporal convolutional network handles time-series complexities and data gaps. The ensemble-temporalneural network is enhanced by providing different input parameters including training layers, hidden and dropoutlayers along with activation and loss functions. The proposed framework is further analyzed by comparing stateof-the-art forecasting models in terms of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE),respectively. The energy efficiency performance indicators showed that the proposed model demonstrates errorreduction percentages of approximately 16.67%, 28.57%, and 81.92% for MAE, and 38.46%, 17.65%, and 90.78%for RMSE for MERRAWind farms 1, 2, and 3, respectively, compared to other existingmethods. These quantitativeresults show the effectiveness of our proposed model with MAE values ranging from 0.0010 to 0.0156 and RMSEvalues ranging from 0.0014 to 0.0174. This work highlights the effectiveness of requirements engineering in windpower forecasting, leading to enhanced forecast accuracy and grid stability, ultimately paving the way for moresustainable energy solutions.

An Enhanced Ensemble-Based Long Short-Term Memory Approach for Traffic Volume Prediction

With the advancement of artificial intelligence,traffic forecasting is gaining more and more interest in optimizing route planning and enhancing service quality.Traffic volume is an influential parameter for planning and operating traffic structures.This study proposed an improved ensemble-based deep learning method to solve traffic volume prediction problems.A set of optimal hyperparameters is also applied for the suggested approach to improve the performance of the learning process.The fusion of these methodologies aims to harness ensemble empirical mode decomposition’s capacity to discern complex traffic patterns and long short-term memory’s proficiency in learning temporal relationships.Firstly,a dataset for automatic vehicle identification is obtained and utilized in the preprocessing stage of the ensemble empirical mode decomposition model.The second aspect involves predicting traffic volume using the long short-term memory algorithm.Next,the study employs a trial-and-error approach to select a set of optimal hyperparameters,including the lookback window,the number of neurons in the hidden layers,and the gradient descent optimization.Finally,the fusion of the obtained results leads to a final traffic volume prediction.The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms other benchmarks regarding various evaluation measures,including mean absolute error,root mean squared error,mean absolute percentage error,and R-squared.The achieved R-squared value reaches an impressive 98%,while the other evaluation indices surpass the competing.These findings highlight the accuracy of traffic pattern prediction.Consequently,this offers promising prospects for enhancing transportation management systems and urban infrastructure planning.

Deep-Ensemble Learning Method for Solar Resource Assessment of Complex Terrain Landscapes

As the global demand for renewable energy grows,solar energy is gaining attention as a clean,sustainable energy source.Accurate assessment of solar energy resources is crucial for the siting and design of photovoltaic power plants.This study proposes an integrated deep learning-based photovoltaic resource assessment method.Ensemble learning and deep learning methods are fused for photovoltaic resource assessment for the first time.The proposed method combines the random forest,gated recurrent unit,and long short-term memory to effectively improve the accuracy and reliability of photovoltaic resource assessment.The proposed method has strong adaptability and high accuracy even in the photovoltaic resource assessment of complex terrain and landscape.The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the comparison algorithm in all evaluation indexes,indicating that the proposed method has higher accuracy and reliability in photovoltaic resource assessment with improved generalization performance traditional single algorithm.