Distributed event-triggered optimal power management of distribution networks considering dynamic tariff

This paper introduces a novel fully distributed economic power dispatch(EPD)strategy for distribution networks,integrating dynamic tariffs.A two-layer model is proposed:the first layer comprises the physical power distribution network,including photovoltaic(PV)sources,wind turbine(WT)generators,energy storage systems(ESS),flexible loads(FLs),and other inflexible loads.The upper layer consists of agents dedicated to communication,calculation,and control tasks.Unlike previous EPD strategies,this approach incorporates dynamic tariffs derived from voltage constraints to ensure compliance with nodal voltage constraints.Addi-tionally,a fast distributed optimization algorithm with an event-triggered communication protocol has been developed to address the EPD problem effectively.Through mathematical and simulation analyses,the proposed algorithm's efficiency and rapid conver-gence capability are demonstrated.

On-Grid Tariff in China——History, Current Situation, and Proposed Reform

This article introduces the history of the reform of on-grid tariff in China, the current status of and currently adopted mechanisms related to on-grid tariffs of coal-fired and renewable energy power generation facilities. The article further discusses the proposed and on-going reform and restructure in the electricity price sector, and the trial reforms in regional electricity markets.

Power Tariff Reform and Energy Constraint in China

Power tariff reform and power restructuring should be coordinately advanced. In the period of the power tariff reform, attention should be fully given to possible demand growth, investment characteristics and environment pressure when taking transitional measures. In the stage, focal point of the reform is to establish a rational system of sales price to power network. Moreover, it is necessary to raise the electricity price for household consumption. The highly-centralized system of state-owned power enterprises is the root-cause of some basic problems in the power industry. The system would cause a great power overproduction, squeeze out private and foreign investment and constrain efficiency improvement. Effective energy strategy and security. China needs a state-class energy administration body and planning are a crux of dealing with crises of energy security. China needs a state-class energy administration body and should make massive research on energy economics.

Goal and Progress of Power Tariff Reform——An interview with Liu Zhenqiu,Vice Director ofDepartment of Price,NDRC

● Power tariffreform has made many important and substantialprogresses in respect ofmarketization● The benchmark tariff is a revolutionary progress made in China's power tariff reform● Coal-electricity price linkage is a transitional approach which needs further improvement● The principle of T&D pricing is "cost plus profit," but it can also be based on pro rata control● China's electricity market should choose the mode of bilateral contracting combined withcentralized market● The direction of the power tariff reform is that electricity price shall be controlled mainly by the re-lationship between supply and demand in the

Pricing Mechanism in Power Market Construction

The reform on electricity pricing mechanism is a critical problem in power market construction in China, and is in mutual supplementation and promotion with the latter. In particular, the pricing mechanism for electricity fed into network and that for electricity transmission and distribution as well as the relationship between coal and electricity prices, etc. have to be studied in depth. This paper presents several solutions and suggestions to these problems.

非理性偏好下动力电池再制造供应链最优决策与协调研究

考虑动力电池剩余容量不确定特征,构建由电池供应商和汽车制造商组成的再制造供应链,分别探讨决策双方完全理性、单向非理性偏好和双向非理性偏好等5种决策情形下的均衡解。研究发现:动力电池再制造容量起始点对回收量具有正向作用。在双向非理性偏好情形下,供应商的利他(公平)偏好程度增加导致制造商和系统总利润提高(降低),而自身利润总是降低;制造商的非理性偏好对供应链成员及系统利润的影响与供应商的非理性偏好程度有关。在单向非理性情形下,供应链成员的利他(公平)偏好程度增加导致自身利润下降(上升)而对方利润上升(下降)。两部定价契约和收益共享契约能够实现双向非理性偏好情形下再制造供应链的协调。

The Way to Relieve Tense Supply Situation of Power and Coal in China

This paper introduces the situation of coal and power production, the tense supply of powercoal and deteriorated coal quality in 2004, analyzes the causes of tense supply of power and coal, one ofwhich is due to the government regulated power tariff against rapid escalation of coal price that powerenterprises can hardly afford. It also presents some policy proposals to relieve the contradiction betweencoal and power, including to intensify macroscopic regulation between industries and regions, solve theproblem of power coal transportation and reduction or exemption of tax on coal industry and circulationlinks, through secondary distribution to regulate profit difference among industries.

Investigation on Grid Connections of Wind Power and PV Power in China

In order to fully comprehend the developing status of wind power and photovoltaic (PV) power generation, a special investigation on the integration of wind power and PV power was launched by the agencies of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERC) throughout China during July-October 2010. This report is completed based on the investigation along with routine supervisory and management programs. There are totally 573 wind power projects and 94 PV power projects involved. Existing problems in these projects are pointed out and proposals for regulation are put forward.

Cross-Subsidy in Electricity Tariffs in China

With the incessant development of power market reform,the existing cross-subsidy in electricity tariffs has become a critical problem in China's power industry development.On the basis of the theories of cross-subsidy and electricity universal service,the authors take foreign countries' experience as reference to design several solutions to cross-subsidies in electricity tariffs in different phases of China's power industry development.Furthermore,the application and implementation of these solutions are analyzed in this paper.

Estimating the Impacts of Nuclear Phase-out and FIT on Tokyo Electric Power Company Jurisdiction

This study examines the effects of nuclear phase-out and newly implemented FIT （feed-in tariff） at the TEPCO （Tokyo Electric Power Company） jurisdiction. A power generation mix linear programming model is developed for the TEPCO jurisdiction up to 2030. Three results are found from this analysis. First, coal-fired power plants compensate for an abolishment of nuclear power generation when power mix is analyzed to maximum profits. Second, it is clarified that FIT provides competitiveness to wind power for potential and photovoltaics at the location where 15% of efficiency is expected at the TEPCO jurisdiction. Third, implementing FIT can decrease fossil-fuel dependency and CO2 emissions as much as planned nuclear power generation. However, system costs increase 4.61 trillion.

基于风电分时电价的虚拟电厂参与清洁供暖运营优化方法

随着“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的提出,迅速发展的风电由于其随机性与波动性,面临突出的风电消纳问题。蓄热式电采暖作为中国北方地区主要供暖设备,虚拟电厂作为需求侧资源的主要聚合技术手段,聚合蓄热式电采暖的虚拟电厂可为消纳风电、提高风电利用率提供解决途径。对此,提出一种基于风电功率的分时电价划分方法,实现虚拟电厂聚合蓄热式电采暖参与基于分时电价的清洁供暖交易优化运营。首先,阐述虚拟电厂聚合蓄热式电采暖用户参与风电供暖的交易模式;其次,考虑热惯性对蓄热式电采暖和房屋进行精细化建模,提出基于层次凝聚聚类算法的分时电价方法,建立基于Weber-Fechner定律的负荷模糊响应模型,并构建多方主体综合收益最大、弃风量最小和负荷波动最小的虚拟电厂多目标运营优化模型;最后,通过算例分析风电消纳效果和虚拟电厂收益,验证该方法能够有效促进风电消纳、提高多方主体积极性,并具有一定的规模经济性,以期为缓解弃风问题提供参考。

基于联盟博弈的多虚拟电厂参与日前电力市场竞标模型

当前多虚拟电厂联盟面临售电垄断防范机制匮乏、个体主观性偏好难以多维评估刻画等问题。提出基于联盟博弈的多虚拟电厂参与日前电力市场竞标模型。引入联盟内部动态过网费机制,量化内部功率交互产生的增量运行成本,以防售电垄断;计及虚拟电厂个体在联盟选择问题上的多指标偏好性,建立基于模糊层次分析法-决策试行与评价实验室法的联盟选择结果评估框架,以充分刻画多指标关联性;采用合并-分裂规则构建分布式联盟方案,通过求解配电网-多虚拟电厂联盟双层博弈模型获取多指标评分,基于综合评估结果进行迭代,获得最优联盟方案。算例结果验证了所提模型的有效性及经济性。

多交易模式下混合式抽水蓄能电站优化调控策略

“双碳”目标下,实现常规水电与抽水蓄能二者功能结合的混合式抽水蓄能电站是水力发电的新趋势,而如何制定合理的调控策略是混合式抽水蓄能适应电力市场发展的关键难点。因此,提出了一种适用于混合式抽水蓄能电站的多交易运行模式,同时根据常规水电与抽水蓄能的特点提出了混合式抽蓄电站内部协同调控方法。多交易模式下混合式抽水蓄能的常规水电部分实行峰谷电价结算、抽水蓄能部分实行两部制电价结算,同时允许电站保留容量电费参与日前现货市场出清。基于该运行模式和调控方法,以混合式抽水蓄能电站利润最大化和社会福利最大化为目标提出了双层优化调控模型。最后通过算例分析证明了所提模型的有效性,同时分析结果表明所提混合式抽水蓄能调控策略有利于实现水电资源的合理利用,对比不同单一交易运行模式电站利润至少提高1.2%。

适应能源转型发展的输配电价动态激励机制研究

在能源转型的背景下,“重约束,轻激励”的输配电定价方式已不适应输配电网络低碳、安全、高效转型的发展需求。因此,该文设计了一种激励与约束相容的输配电价动态激励机制,研究表明:转型阶段下,需要进一步通过优化电网投资结构,减少投资冗余来提高输配电网络运营效率,电网仍是成本超支风险的主要承担者;省级电网的低碳、安全、高效之间的耦合协调程度整体呈现为逐年提升;所提激励机制兼顾差异性和公平性,有利于各省输配电网的清洁、低碳、可持续发展。

机场服务区光储配置和电能管理双层规划模型

电动汽车的兴起增加了机场服务区内的用电负荷。为此,利用机场周边发展光伏与储能,结合电动汽车停放期间充电特点,建立电动汽车参与价格型需求响应、服务区光储容量配置的双层优化模型。上层模型为光伏与储能设备容量优化配置,以光储配置成本最小为目标;下层模型中提出考虑分时电价与电动汽车停放中不同充电需求的服务区电能优化管理策略,同时,建立电动汽车负荷随机模型与价格型需求响应模型,以充电效益、光储效益最大为目标,建立典型日优化控制模型并优化电动汽车负荷曲线、服务区内储能控制。仿真中考虑光伏出力与充电负荷随机性,通过蒙特卡罗方法消除其对结果的影响,并且分析需求响应不确定性对优化结果的影响。结果表明:考虑分时电价与电动汽车充电效益的光储系统优化配置可节省一次投资费用,利用分时电价政策的充电和光储优化控制可获取更好的经济效益。因此,合理的系统配置与场地利用、充电管理和光储控制,是提高能源利用和经济效益的有效途径。

考虑权利结构的农产品直播电商供应链分级决策及协调研究

在直播电商深度赋能实体经济、助推企业数字化转型、促进新型消费的过程中,传统的农产品供应链转变成为农产品直播电商供应链,从而满足了消费者对农产品质量的差异化需求,农产品分级任务可以由供应商或零售商提供,供应商与不同主播合作时的权利结构差异会影响供应链决策。通过建立Stackelberg博弈模型,研究由不同的权利结构和农产品分级模式构成的4种决策模型对供应链各主体利润的影响,运用两部定价契约对4种决策模型的结果进行供应链协调。研究发现:第一,在供应商主导且零售商分级时,供应链总利润实现最大化。第二,拥有合作主导权的同时主动承担农产品分级任务,能够获得最大收益,即供应商主导且分级时供应商利润实现最大,零售商主导且分级时零售商利润实现最大。第三,权利结构差异是影响零售商直播营销努力水平的重要因素。第四,两部定价契约可以实现供应链协调,且通过数值仿真对结论进行了验证。

新能源上网电价与利润经济模型研究

在碳达峰、碳中和战略目标要求下,电力系统面临低碳转型的挑战。风电、光伏等波动性可再生电力将会快速发展,平价上网时代,新能源发电项目将会取消各种补贴,使得很多新能源项目的开发、运营经济性受到其所处区域燃煤标杆上网电价、非技术性成本、发电利用小数、本体发电成本等的影响。文章介绍了上网电价的定价机制,分析了新能源发电成本,建立了新能源上网电价与利润经济模型,这对于新能源发电企业的经营决策、风险评估、政策制订及行业发展趋势预测等方面具有重要意义,有助于推动新能源产业的健康、可持续发展。

考虑碱性电解槽状态转换的风电制-储氢系统优化调度

针对风电制—储氢系统的优化调度问题,提出了一种考虑碱性电解槽状态转换的日前出力优化调度模型。该模型以系统日收益最高为目标,结合分时电价,引入电解槽状态转换过程中的冷热启动成本和功率波动成本,满足各个设备动态运行约束及系统功率平衡约束条件,调用Gurobi求解器进行优化求解。采用实际的风电出力数据和电氢负荷数据,对3种典型日场景下的优化结果进行分析。算例表明:所建立的优化调度模型能够满足电氢负荷需求,合理调节电解槽的3种状态,显著降低电解槽功率波动幅度和系统总成本,验证了所提模型的有效性。

市场结构与补贴变化如何造成中国风电行业过度投资?

近年来,中国大力发展可再生能源,然而伴随着风电装机容量的快速发展,中国的风电产业也产生了“抢装”“弃风限电”等问题。主要关注中国的风力发电行业,通过理论模型与实证模型,分析在中国现行的电力调度体制下,风力发电市场的过度投资问题。论证了风电上网电价下调前后,市场总装机容量的动态变化过程,并得出结论:风电开发商竞争激烈的地区更容易产生过度投资的问题。