Properties of Cross-Rolled Low Alloy White Cast Iron Grinding Ball

The low-energy, multi-impact fracture resistance and the abrasiveness of the cross-rolled low alloy white cast iron grinding balls were studied after heat treatments at residual rolling temperature. Moreover, the means by which they are damaged and characters of the wear surface were analyzed. The results show that high resistance to impact fracture and high abrasiveness can be achieved after appropriate heat treatment at residual rolling temperature. This kind of heat treatment technology has several advantages under low impact and hard abrasive. These results are very useful for determining the optimized heat treatment technology at residual rolling temperatures.

Mechanism of high pressure roll grinding on compression strength of oxidized hematite pellets

The mechanism of high pressure roll grinding on improvement of compression strength of oxidized hematite pellets was researched by considering their roasting properties. The results indicate that oxidized hematite pellets require higher preheating temperature and longer preheating time to attain required compression strength of pellets compared with the common magnetite oxidized pellets. It is found that when the hematite concentrates are pretreated by high pressure roll grinding （HPRG）, the compression strengths of preheated and roasted oxidized hematite pellets get improved even with lower preheating and roasting temperatures and shorter preheating and roasting time. The mechanism for HPRG to improve roasting properties of oxidized pellets were investigated and the cause mainly lies in the increase of micro-sized particles and the decrease of dispersion degree for hematite concentrates, which promotes the hematite concentrate particles to be compacted, the solid-phase crystallization, and finally the formation of Fe203 bonding bridges during subsequent high temperature roasting process.

Optimization of Preventive Grinding of Backup Roll against Contact Fatigue Cracking

In order to optimize the current grinding procedure of the backup roll of 2050 continuously variable crown (CVC) mills, the behavior of rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracking was investigated. Two RCF short cracks, including vertical short crack and ratcheting short crack initiated from ratcheting, were observed. The behavior of both RCF cracks was analyzed in detail. Then a modified grinding procedure was proposed according to the behavior of RCF cracks and the preventive grinding strategy.

Strengthening pelletization of manganese ore fines containing high combined water by high pressure roll grinding and optimized temperature elevation system

Pelletization is one of useful processes for the agglomeration of iron ore or concentrates. However, manganese ore fines are mainly agglomerated by sintering due to its high combined water which adversely affects the roasting performance of pellets. In this work, high pressure roll grinding(HPRG) process and optimization of temperature elevation system were investigated to improve the strength of fired manganese ore pellets. It is shown that the manganese ore possesses good ballability after being pretreated by HPRG twice, and good green balls were produced under the conditions of blending 2.0% bentonite in the feed, balling for 7 min at 16.00% moisture. High quality roasted pellets with the compressive strength of 2711 N per pellet were manufactured through preheating at 1050 °C for 10 min and firing at 1335 °C for 15 min by controlling the cracks formation. The fired manganese pellets keep the strength by the solid interconnection of recrystallized pyrolusite grains and the binding of manganite liquid phase which filled the pores and clearance among minerals. The product pellets contain high Mn grade and low impurities, and can be used to smelt ferromanganese, which provides a possible way to use imported manganese ore fines containing high combined water to produce high value ferromanganese.

Fragmentation mechanism of low-grade hematite ore in a high pressure grinding roll

The fragmentation mechanism of low-grade hematite ore in a high pressure grinding roll(HPGR) was studied based on the characteristics of comminuted products at different specific pressure levels. The major properties included the reduction ratio, liberation, specific surface energy, and specific surface area. The results showed that the fracture of low-grade hematite ore in HPGR was an interactive dynamic process in which the interaction between coarse particles of gangue minerals and fine particles of valuable minerals was alternately continuous with increased compactness and compacting strength of materials. Within a range of 2.8–4.4 N/mm^2, valuable minerals were crushed after preferentially absorbing energy, whereas gangue minerals were not completely crushed and only acted as an energy transfer medium. Within a range of 4.4–5.2 N/mm^2, gangue minerals were adequately crushed after absorbing the remaining energy, whereas preferentially crushed valuable minerals acted as an energy transfer medium. Within a range of 5.2–6.0 N/mm^2 range, the low-grade hematite ore was not further comminuted because of the "size effect" on the strength of materials, and the comminution effect of materials became stable.

Mechanical Property of Low Chromium Semi-Steel Grinding Ball Prepared by Cross Rolling

The preparing method,rolling technology and mechanical properties of low chromium semi-steel grinding ball by cross rolling were studied.The results show that when the low chromium semi-steel bar is forged from55mm to50mm,cross-rolled into grinding ball at 1 000-1 050℃,air cooled and tempered at 550℃for 2h,the best mechanical properties,especially the abrasive resistance under the action of hard abrasive,can be obtained.

ON-LINE INSPECTION TECHNIQUES OF MANUFACTURING QUALITY OF ROLLED-STEEL SHEET

On-line measurement of manufaturing quality of rolled steel needs the performances of noncontact, high-responds, high-resolution and high aceuracy. The reccntly developed hardware makes it possible. This paper gives a review of the development of this techniques and introduces four kinds of developed measurement systems. And the future development trends in this field was also discussed.

Low-Energy Multi-Impact Fracture Resistance of Cross Rolled Low Chromium Cast Semi-Steel Containing Rare Earth Grinding Ball

The low-energy multi-impact fracture resistance of the cross rolled low chromium cast semi-steel containing RE grinding balls was studied. Moreover, its damage mode was analyzed by means of metallographic examination, scanning electron microscopic examination and drop ball test. The results show that it can obtain extractive impact fracture resistance after proper heat treatment. More advantages were obtained for the ball worked in the condition of low-imp ductility act. The main reasons are the function of RE and the change in morphology of eutectic carbide network.

Surface property variations in flotation performance of calcite particles under different grinding patterns

Based on the working principles of particle bed comminution, particles produced by high-pressure grinding rolls （HPGR） have surface properties different from particles produced by other grinding patterns, which exert great influence on mineral flotation. Flotation performances of calcite particles under different grinding patterns involving the use of HPGR, a jaw crusher, a dry ball mill, a wet ball mill, and a wet rod mill were studied using single mineral flotation tests. The surface properties of the particles under different grinding patterns were characterized to determine the flotation performance variation in terms of specific surface area, particle size distribution, AFM, XPS, and zeta potential. The results show that particles ground by HPGR exhibited improved flotation performance within the lower range of grinding fineness in both NaOL and dodecyl amine flotation systems compared to the particles prepared using other grinding patterns. Specific surface area, particle size distribution, surface roughness, Fe（III） contamination, binding energy, and zeta potential are greatly influenced by grinding patterns, which is the main cause of the flotation performance variation.

Analyses on uniformity of particles under HPGR finished grinding system

In order to deal with the disadvantages of excessive grinding and non-uniformity in finished particle under high-pressure grinding rolls （HPGR） finished grinding system, four aspects were investigated, including evaluating indicators, effects of operating factors, effect of particle uniformity on the flotation and formation mechanism of particle uniformity. Experiment of HPGR finished grinding system, cationic reverse flotation experiment and simulation test of particle bed comminution under the condition of quasi-static were carried out. Theoretical analyses indicated that both of uniformity coefficient and average particle size should be included in the uniformity analysis of the mineral particles. The results show that the effect of circulation fan impeller speed on particle uniformity is the most evident, HPGR working pressure and roll gap are second and HPGR roller speed is the last. Average particle size has a more obvious effect on the grade of flotation concentrate while uniformity coefficient has a more obvious effect on the flotation recovery. Considering the two aspects of grade and recovery, the optimal uniformity coefficient for flotation is 1.1-1.2 and the optimal average particle size for flotation is 50-55 μm. The operating factors which promote the shielding effect and compact effect in the HPGR finished grinding system should be strengthened based on the uniformity of particles.

Numerical analysis of grinding power consumption of a vertical planetary mill

Planetary wheel rolling on a coal-bed was simplified as rigid wheel rolling on the coal-bed with a rigid base when a Ver- tical planetary mill(VPM)is running.Based on our analysis,we conclude that the Bekker formulation for computing rolling resis- tance is not applicable to calculate directly the rolling resistance of the wheel.According to the principle of the Bekker apparatus,pressure-sinkage curves were obtained by tests on a piece of mono-axial consolidation apparatus used in soil-mechanics.The de- formation modulus of the coal-bed was calculated using elastic mechanics.A finite element model of the planetary wheel coal-bed was built up by the use of a rigid and a Drucker-Prager material model in LS-DYNA.According to the simulation results,the wheel rolling resistance,the grinding power consumption and the motor power of the mill were calculated and the mistake in the initial design of the mill was modified.The simulation results agree well with the results of the semi-industrial tests.

Research on the Monitoring System of CNC Grinding Process Based on Acoustic Emission

Using on-line monitoring during the CNC grinding process,the hazard case such as the crushing of grinding wheel and various safety accidents could be avoided,and the optimum time for dressing and replacing grinding wheel could also be determined,and hence,the service life of the grinding wheel could be prolonged and grinding quality could be improved. To overcome the limitation of some traditional techniques in which some parameters including the grinding power and force,torque and so on were monitored,the acoustic emission (AE) technique,which provides high sensitivity and responding speed,were developed in the present paper. The mechanism of AE during grinding was reviewed. Moreover,a virtual AE monitoring system,which could monitor the grinding state under different working conditions during the grinding,has been developed based on the Virtual Instruments technique. Some experiments were also performed on the internal grinder. The results showed that the AE signals became stronger with increasing the main shaft speed and grinding depth or decreasing the distance between the AE sensor and grinding area.

射流冲击强化改性研磨对Cronidur30轴承钢耐摩擦腐蚀性能的影响

采用第四代射流冲击强化研磨机对Cronidur30轴承钢板进行不同加工时间的射流冲击强化改性研磨处理,在3.5%NaCl溶液中利用往复式摩擦磨损试验机对该钢板试样进行摩擦腐蚀试验;通过显微硬度计测量加工后试样截面的显微硬度;利用金相显微镜测量强化层厚度和观察磨痕的表面形貌。研究表明:射流冲击强化改性研磨处理后Cronidur30轴承钢板的表面粗糙度和显微硬度增大,晶粒细化,表面出现组织均匀的致密强化层;加工时间越长,钢板表面的显微硬度越高,表面强化层越厚;在相同的载荷条件下,射流冲击强化改性研磨加工时间越长,试样摩擦系数和磨损量越小,耐摩擦腐蚀性能越高。

风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球加工技术

针对国内现有风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球机加工精度低,加工效率低的问题,对钢球在光球机动、静磨盘沟道内的运动规律、受力特点和磨削机理进行分析,光球时钢球受到的磨削力与动、静磨盘沟道深度比有关,并基于ADAMS仿真得到最佳动、静磨盘沟道深度比为7∶3,去两极和环带、成形、走圆工序最佳动磨盘转速分别为90,120,90 r/min。样机试验结果表明,改进后光球机的光球效率提高了30%,球形误差至少提高了0.2 mm,表面粗糙度Ra值至少减小了0.03 mm。

基于综合熵权-信噪比的球轴承外圈沟道ELID磨削加工参数优化

为提高球轴承外圈沟道表面的加工质量,实现对电解在线砂轮修整ELID磨削加工试验中摆动参数、磨削参数的精确控制,设计正交试验并基于试验数据建立表面质量与加工参数之间的二阶响应模型和指数回归模型;通过熵权理论确定表面粗糙度与轮廓度的综合权重,最终获得最优加工参数,并结合信噪比的基本特性分析加工参数对表面质量的影响程度。结果表明:指数回归模型对表面粗糙度预测较为精确,二阶响应模型对轮廓度预测较为精确,误差均在5%以下;表面粗糙度、轮廓度综合权重分别为0.4568,0.5432,最优加工参数为摆动幅度11°、摆动速度6°/s、砂轮转速19500 r/min、工件转速50 r/min;加工参数的影响程度由大到小依次为摆动幅度、摆动速度、工件转速、砂轮转速。

重载曲线钢轨滚动接触疲劳时变规律及治理优化

为探明某重载铁路小半径曲线钢轨因滚动接触疲劳提前失效机理及优化现有打磨策略,针对该重载线曲线段发生的U75V热处理钢轨滚动接触疲劳损伤,开展不同半径、运量曲线钢轨的现场试验、室内试验、数值仿真,揭示现场不同圆曲线段钢轨疲劳随服役时间的演化规律。研究结果表明:钢轨疲劳随服役时间的演化大致分为裂纹萌生与快速扩展和裂纹-磨耗共生2个阶段。在进入裂纹-磨耗共生阶段后,R600 m、R800 m重载圆曲线段随着服役时间累计会因钢轨显著失形导致轮轨匹配恶化,虽对轨距角裂纹产生了一定抑制作用,但轨面部分区域产生了严重剥离掉块,可能会威胁到安全行车,究其根本原因是钢轨失形到一定程度后轮轨接触点向轨肩集中所致;所跟踪的其余曲线因钢轨磨耗较小未明显失形,故不会出现严重剥离掉块。在实验室内通过对下道钢轨失效分析后发现,涡流探伤仪测量到的最大深度与真实最大深度间存在误差;测量深度一般大于真实深度,真实深度在变大的同时测量深度与真实深度间的误差会越来越大。基于钢轨滚动接触疲劳时变规律,为进一步延长R600 m、R800 m重载钢轨的使用寿命,建议加大打磨频率(特别是在新轨上道6个月内),优先将廓形打磨为标准廓形,兼顾磨去疲劳裂纹;对于更大半径曲线考虑到经济性等,保持当前的打磨策略即可。

圆锥滚子球基面的立式无磁磨削

圆锥滚子立式球基面无磁磨削具有效率高、导盘不偏载且方便多工位布局的优点,在滚子制造领域日益受到重视。针对该磨削方式,分析了球基面的磨削成形原理、砂轮轴线与滚子公转轴线错位的必要性、隔离盘转速波动及其影响等,结果表明:该磨削方式不存在原理性加工误差,其砂轮轴线与滚子公转轴线有必要错位,从而使砂轮工作面由球面变为圆环面,实现了滚子球基面的线接触磨削;隔离盘转速存在波动,将进料管设置在距离磨削区尽量远的位置并对隔离盘设置转动阻尼,有利于避免隔离盘转速波动产生的负面影响。

基于EMD分量与小波包能量熵的轧辊磨削颤振在线预测

针对轧辊磨削颤振时的时频域单一处理方法存在部分特征丢失的问题,提出了时频域相结合的方法对信号进行特征处理,并利用智能算法实现轧辊磨削颤振的在线预测。首先,利用经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)方法对振动传感器信号进行分解获得各固有模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF),剔除“虚假分量”后计算表征轧辊磨削颤振的时域特征。然后,利用小波包能量熵对声发射传感器信号求解频率段节点能量熵值,获得表征轧辊磨削颤振的频域特征。最后,将上述时频域特征降维后代入智能算法模型实现对轧辊磨削加工的在线预测。结果表明:LV-SVM模型的磨削颤振分类平均准确率达92.75%,模型平均响应时间为0.7765 s;验证了时频域特性的EMD和小波包能量熵方法的LV-SVM在线预测轧辊磨削颤振的有效性。

圆锥滚子圆弧凸度无心贯穿式包络法磨削

为提高圆锥滚子凸度磨削精度,提出一种圆锥滚子凸度无心贯穿式包络法磨削方法,将砂轮修整为凸圆弧廓形,将导轮修磨成其半径按凹曲线变化,使滚子在曲线轨迹贯穿过程中凸度曲线始终与砂轮圆弧廓形相切,从而实现滚子凸度形状的包络法磨削成形。并针对单一圆弧滚子凸度,阐述了滚子凸度包络法磨削的原理和优点,给出了砂轮廓形圆弧半径和导轮轴向廓形(导轮半径变化曲线和导轮形面轴向截形角)的计算方法。

考虑滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法

钢轨打磨能有效抑制波磨的发展,目前的打磨限值制定标准主要以车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性为依据,对影响环境线路的轮轨滚动噪声重视不足。为了获取服役条件下轮轨滚动噪声约束的地铁波磨打磨限值,根据对某地铁线路噪声段波磨情况的调查,建立了地铁波磨打磨限值综合评估模型。模型中将连续谐波模拟钢轨波磨作为系统输入,根据车辆-轨道耦合动力学理论以及轮轨接触关系确定轮轨动作用力和轮轨表面粗糙度之间的关系,分析获取了车辆-轨道耦合系统的振动响应和轮轨滚动噪声,指出了轮轨动作用力、轮重减载率和轮轨滚动噪声声压级3个指标对地铁线路钢轨波磨打磨限值的影响,进而形成了融合轮轨滚动噪声的地铁波磨打磨限值评估方法。结果表明:考虑轮轨滚动噪声影响的钢轨波磨打磨限值评估,不仅满足车辆运行平稳性和行车安全性的要求,而且保证地铁沿线噪声处于合理范围;基于轮轨滚动噪声对钢轨波磨最为敏感的特性,综合评估地铁波磨打磨限值,提高了载重变化时的车辆运行平稳性。