Simulation of Start-Up Process of Turbofan Engine Based on Full-State Characteristics of Fan

Difficulties in obtaining component characteristics in the sub-idle state of rotor constrain the simulation capabilities of ground and windmill start-up processes for turbofan engines.This paper proposes a backbone feature method based on conventional characteristics parameters to derive the full-state characteristics of fan.The application of the fan’s full-state characteristics in component-level model of turbofan engine enables zero-speed iterative simulation for ground start-up process and windmill simulation for windmill start-up process,thereby improving the simulation capability of sub-idle state during turbofan engine start-up.

Starting Characteristics of Motor in Inverter-Motor Drive System

When the induction motor is fed from the PWM VSI inverter, with and without torque enhancing function, the variations of the starting torque and the starting current versus the starting frequency are analyzed, based on the steady state equivalent circuit of the induction motor.The corresponding expressions are derived, and the corresponding curves are also drawn, from which the initial starting frequency range can be determined properly and easily. The initial starting frequency range is the common range, in which the starting torque should be high enough and the starting current low enough.Some other useful formulas are also derived.These results are significant for electrical drive designers to make the starting schemes. The effects of the increase of the stator and the rotor resistances on the starting torque and the initial starting frequency range are also discussed, which is caused by the skin effects of the high order harmonics present in the PWM inverter output voltage.

Study on Transient Flow Characteristics of Attitude Control Engine During Starting Process

Liquid bipropellant attitude control rocket engines are widely used in satellites,manned spaceships,deep space probes and other spacecraft.The performance of an attitude control engine is directly related to the lifetime,control precision and safety of a spacecraft.The study of flow characteristics of an engine transient process is important to improve its performance.In this paper,the transient flow test of a transparent test piece was carried out during the starting process of the attitude control engine.Then the transient process of the test piece was simulated and compared with the test results to verify the rationality of the simulation model.Transient flow simulation was carried out for the starting process of the real engine injector.The results show that the filling of the outer ring of the oxidant circuit is slower than that of the central collecting cavity,and the filling of the second layer of the outer ring is slower than that of the first layer.The filling process in the fuel path starts from the cooling hole near the inlet side and the fuel flows out in the circumferential direction.Installation direction has little influence on engine starting flow process in the ground state.The filling time of the engine in its vacuum state is longer than that in the ground state,the filling time of oxidizer is 31%longer than that in ground state,and the filling time of fuel is 57%longer than that in ground state.

Experimental research on characteristic of start-up pressure wave propagation in gelled crude oil by large-scale flow loop

In order to research start-up pressure wave propagation mechanism and determine pressure wave speed in gelled crude oil pipelines accurately,experiment of Large-scale flow loop was carried out.In the experiment,start-up pressure wave speeds under various operation conditions were measured,and effects of correlative factors on pressure wave were analyzed.The experimental and theoretical analysis shows that thermal shrinkage and structural properties of gelled crude oils are key factors influencing on start-up pressure wave propagation.The quantitative analysis for these effects can be done by using volume expansion coefficient and structural property parameter of gelled crude oil.A new calculation model of pressure wave speed was developed on the basis of Large-scale flow loop experiment and theoretical analysis.

Numerical investigation of dynamic characteristics of dual throat nozzle and bypass dual throat nozzle in thrust vectoring starting process

The Bypass Dual Throat Nozzle(BDTN)is a novel fluidic Thrust Vectoring(TV)nozzle,it switches to TV state by opening the valve in the bypass.To greatly manipulate the BDTN,the dynamic characteristics in the TV starting process should be analyzed.This paper conducts numerical simulations to grasp the variation processes of performances and the flow field evolution of BDTN and Dual Throat Nozzle(DTN).The dynamic responses of TV starting in typical DTN models are investigated at first.Then,the TV starting processes of BDTN in different Nozzle Pressure Ratio(NPR)conditions are simulated,and the valve opening durations(T)are also considered.Before the expected TV direction is achieved in the DTN,the jet is deflected to the opposite direction at the beginning of the dynamic process,which is called the reverse TV phenomenon.However,this phenomenon disappears in the BDTN.The larger injection width of DTN intensifies unsteady oscillations,and the reverse TV phenomenon is strengthened.In the BDTN,T determines the delay degree of performance variations compared to the static results,which is called hysteresis effect.At NPR=10,the hysteresis affects the final stable performance of BDTN.This study analyses the dynamic characteristics in DTN and BDTN,laying a foundation for further design of nozzles and control strategies.

Research on windmill starting characteristics of MTE-D micro turbine engine

Micro turbine engine （MTE） is an important kind of propulsion system for miniature unmanned aircraft or missiles, because of its better high-speed performance （than propeller propulsion） and higher propulsion efficiency （obviously than rockets）. Windmill start is a common air-starting mode used in micro turbine engine. The windmill starting characteristics are important to the practical use of micro turbine engine. In this paper, the windmill starting characteristics research for a 12 cm diameter （MTE-D） micro turbine engine is carried out by experiment and numerical simulation. The characteristic of rotor mechanical losses at low-speed condition is stud- ied, and the engine common working line of windmill starting process is obtained. Based on the engine windmill characteristics, the propane ignition characteristics under different inflow conditions are researched, and the envelope of propane ignition and propane flameout is determined. The experimental research of fuel supply and ignition characteristics is completed, and the envelope of fuel supply and ignition is obtained. The windmill stage, propane ignition stage, fuel ignition stage and acceleration process from idling-speed to 80% full speed of MTE-D micro turbine engine is optimized, and the optimization windmill starting parameters are collected. The successful wind-mill starting experiment under this condition with engine speed up to 80% full speed indicates that these starting parameters are reasonable. All the starting parameters of MTE-D micro turbine engine obtained in this work are dimensionless parameters, and the conclusions obtained in this study have some reference to other micro turbine engines with the similar structural form and starting process.

膨胀循环氢氧发动机低箱压起动特性研究

为满足长时间在轨低温上面级对发动机低入口压力起动的需求,对膨胀循环氢氧发动机低箱压起动特性进行了仿真和试验研究,建立了较为准确的起动特性仿真模型,完成了地面环境和高空模拟环境氢入口低箱压起动试验。结果表明,氢入口压力越低,发动机起动加速性越慢,两者呈类似双曲线关系;降低喷管出口背压有利于发动机起动,氢入口压力越低,背压对起动加速性的影响越大。

优秀男子短距离速度滑冰运动员起跑技术的运动学特征及训练启示

目的:起跑是决定短距离速度滑冰运动成绩的关键技术,基于AI三维动作捕捉系统探究该项目起跑技术的运动学特征。方法:以国内8名高水平男子短距离速度滑冰运动员为测试对象,测试起跑预备姿势、起动和疾跑前6步的时间、空间、角度和速度参数。结果:1)时间参数中起动时是决定起跑实效性的核心指标(r=0.951),反应时和单步时间次之;2)空间位置参数中起动结束后的步幅、疾跑第2步和第4步的步幅与步宽以及疾跑第5步和第6步的身体重心高度与起跑实效性表现出高负相关(r>|0.5|),HCOM/H表现出起动过程略有降低,疾跑第1步迅速升高而后趋于平稳;3)空间角速参数中后稳定角、起动和疾跑初期蹬冰角、躯干角与起跑实效性表现出高正相关(r>0.5),膝角的蹬伸幅度在93°~148°变化;4)起动和疾跑前4步的速度与起跑实效性表现出高负相关(r>|0.5|),速度达到6.79 m/s时出现从滑跑向滑行技术转化过渡点。结论:起跑表现出“单侧发力、多向运动、非稳定支撑”的动作模式特征,疾跑第5~6步是从滑跑向滑行技术的过渡期。启示:陆冰结合训练中加强快速反应能力与动作速度训练,静力性力量、快速力量与爆发力训练,平衡与稳定控制能力训练,最佳动作协同模式训练以及下肢肌肉韧带刚性训练,有助于提升起跑运动表现。

燃油温度对柴油液相喷雾特性的影响

在低温环境下柴油黏度增大流动性变差,抑制了柴油机柴油喷雾的雾化和蒸发,直接影响柴油机的冷启动可靠性。为解决上述问题,采用背光法试验对比研究高温、低温柴油在不同工况条件下喷雾宏观结构的变化规律,并利用MATLAB对拍摄的喷雾图像进行数字图像处理获取喷雾宏观特性参数。试验结果表明,喷孔直径0.12 mm时,随着喷油压力的变化柴油温度对喷油量的影响比较明显,黏性力的持续作用减慢了靠近壁面的流体层的流动速度,抑制柴油喷出,柴油温度低于0℃时随着柴油温度降低喷油量减少,高压时柴油温度降低导致液滴间增强的黏性力在动能和惯性力的作用下反而促进柴油持续喷出,喷油量随着柴油温度降低而增多。喷油压力为75 MPa时,柴油温度降至-20℃相较38℃柴油喷油量增加了近23.87%。并且小孔径下柴油温度降低液滴间黏性力增大,导致喷雾液滴尺寸增大,液滴所具有的动量越大,削弱柴油喷雾径向发展趋势,轴向运动能力增强,随着柴油温度的降低,喷雾贯穿距增大而喷雾锥角减小,柴油温度从38℃降至-20℃,柴油喷雾在0.70 ms时刻喷雾贯穿距增大了39.89 mm。喷孔直径为0.28 mm时,喷射压力小于75 MPa,喷油量随着柴油温度的降低而减少,相同喷油压力下柴油更多的动量消耗于克服更大的内部摩擦力,使其到达最远距离的能力减弱,降低柴油温度会导致喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均减小,当喷油压力为75 MPa时,0.70 ms时刻-20℃柴油喷雾贯穿距相对38℃柴油喷雾贯穿距缩短了30.86 mm。相同喷射压力下增大喷孔直径,-20℃柴油喷雾贯穿距减小,喷雾锥角增大。随着喷油压力的提升柴油温度对喷雾宏观特性的影响更加突出,喷油压力越高降低柴油温度造成的喷雾贯穿距缩短趋势越明显。研究结果可为柴油机冷起动过程低温柴油喷雾特性提供支撑。

基于动态磁网络法大型感应电机阻抗参数及起动特性计算

为提高大型感应电机动态阻抗参数及起动特性计算的准确性及计算效率,构建了考虑电机转子转速变化引起气隙磁导变化的非线性动态磁网络模型。以一台6.5 MW大型感应电机为例,分析起动电流变化对电机内各处饱和程度的影响机理,在此基础上,根据磁力线路径及电机内饱和程度确定动态磁网络模型中的非线性磁导的计算方法。将动态磁网络模型与转子趋肤效应模型相结合,提出计及漏磁并考虑转子转速变化及饱和偏移现象的电机动态阻抗参数的计算方法。推导并建立基于转子多回路法的大型感应电机的动态数学模型,根据电机瞬态过程中的电磁耦合关系,确定动态数学模型与磁网络模型的动态耦合求解方法,提出大型电机瞬态过程中考虑电流、转速、饱和及趋肤程度变化的动态阻抗参数及起动特性的计算方法。通过与有限元计算结果及实验结果对比,验证了所提出计算方法的正确性。

中国现代化的启动逻辑及双重超越

中国现代化启动的历史逻辑是,迫切需要新的思想引领救亡运动、新的政治组织凝聚革命力量、新的道路来改变民族命运。中国共产党在百年奋斗历程中,重点解决思想、组织和道路三大问题,并不断进行创新与优化,致力于以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴。对于中国现代化的启动逻辑,中国共产党团结带领人民群众既从实践探索中完成了超越,也在理论建构中实现了超越。

低温起动热力学条件下柴油机喷雾着火特性

针对一款V型八缸增压柴油机,首先分析了其低温起动过程中缸内压缩压力和压缩温度的变化规律,然后在定容喷雾燃烧装置中研究了低温起动热力学条件下柴油的喷雾着火特性,分析了背景温度和背景密度的变化过程中喷雾射流滞燃期和着火位置的变化规律.研究发现:随着背景温度降低,柴油自由喷雾着火滞燃期逐渐增加,着火稳定性逐渐降低;背景密度越高,最低着火温度越低;背景温度低于430℃时,柴油射流的着火成功率非常低,很难着火.该研究对提高起动稳定性,降低燃油消耗率和改善排放有重要的指导意义.

不同开机组合下泵站前池与进水池中的水流流动特性

泵站前池和进水池能够为泵站提水提供良好的保障。运用立式离心式水泵泵站模型,在参数确定后,构建泵站前池与进水池计算模型。基于此计算模型,制定8种不同的开机组合方案,进行前池与进水池的流态、吸入管进口的流动、瞬间流动特征的分析,进而研究不同开机组合下泵站前池与进水池中的水流流动特性,揭示不同开机组合对泵站前池与进水池内部水流流动的影响,为泵站的安全稳定运行提供有利支持。

高温钠热管启动传热振荡及热疲劳安全分析

高温热管的启动是复杂的相变及流动过程,若发生传热振荡将造成温度波动,进而影响热管堆运行安全。本文通过实验及仿真方法研究高温钠热管在启动过程中的传热振荡现象及热疲劳后果。在竖直工况中,不同输入热流密度将引起钠蒸发速率变化,呈现不同振荡特征;热流密度提升时振幅下降,周期缩短;振荡发生时,若输入功率骤降,波形将从锯齿状转变为梯形状;在水平工况中,传热振荡被明显抑制。热管在堆内发生传热振荡时,应力风险区为热管蒸发段内壁中部;异相振荡时相较同相振荡工况应力均值升高,振幅下降,疲劳损伤减轻;当安全因子K低于1.4时热管不存在疲劳失效风险,K达1.4以上后损伤逐渐显著;其中同相工况疲劳损伤最严重,K=1.6时管壁材料疲劳寿命已降低至3.29年。本研究对高温钠热管传热振荡的机理分析及完善热管可靠性评估具有重要意义。

超长重力热管启动特性

超长重力热管作为一种新型单井换热技术,在地热资源的开发利用上具有广阔的应用前景。热管的快速启动是高效稳定运行的基础,然而,目前对超长重力热管启动特性的研究仍处于起步阶段。利用长40 m、内直径为7 mm、长径比为5714的水工质超长重力热管可视化实验平台,研究了超长重力热管的启动过程,并分析其影响因素。结果表明,热管的启动形式随加热功率和注液高度的变化,主要分为温度渐变型、平稳过渡型以及温度突变型。随着加热功率从100W增大到500W,管内气液相变速率提高,启动温度从约43.5℃升高至81.4℃,热管启动时间总体减少约51%;当功率从200W增至300W时,管内开始出现明显的间歇沸腾现象,气液逆流阻力增大,热管启动时间不减反增;加热功率继续增大后,启动时间减少。在固定加热功率条件(300W)下,随着注液高度从6 m增大到15 m,热管启动时间从6455 s先减少到3354 s后增加到4575 s,且当注液高度为9 m时,热管启动时间最短(3354s)。当注液高度为3m,加热功率增大至300W时,出现大量冷凝液被卷携至绝热段上方和冷凝段的现象,导致蒸发段局部干涸,热管难以稳定运行,最终启动失败。实验进一步发现,在相同的加热功率和注液高度条件下,缩短热管蒸发段长度可有效减少启动时间(减少约56%),提高启动温度,使蒸发段温度变化更加平稳。

计及精细化氢能利用的综合能源系统多时间尺度鲁棒优化策略

能源结构改革背景下,构建以氢能驱动、电-热为主体的综合能源系统(HEH-IES)具有重要意义。为提高含电氢耦合单元的IES运行灵活性,同时减小功率波动对系统的影响,提出含多元储能与综合需求响应的氢能精细化利用两阶段调度方法。首先,分析电制氢(P2H)两阶段运行过程与电氢耦合单元运行特性,对氢能的用能过程与设备进行精细化建模;其次,计及多元储能与综合需求响应提出了日前-日内两阶段多时间尺度优化策略,日前阶段充分考虑能源系统的不确定性,构建数据驱动的分布鲁棒优化(DRO)模型,日内阶段遵从日前计划,考虑多能流在灵活性调节时间尺度上的差异,通过多时间尺度的滚动优化降低功率波动的影响;最后,仿真算例证明了所提模型与策略对提升IES的运行灵活性具有积极作用。

推进泵快速启动水力特性及流场演变研究

为了提高鱼雷的出管速度,本文基于雷诺时均N-S方程和SST k-ω湍流模型建立鱼雷发射推进泵快速启动瞬态计算模型,采用数值方法研究三种启动时间条件下推进泵的水力特性及流场演变。研究结果表明:随着时间推移,流量和推力持续增加,扬程、轴向力、轴向力矩和功率先增大后减小,效率先增加后保持稳定。扬程、轴向力、轴向力矩和功率在加速结束瞬间存在极大值,且极大值随着启动时间的增大而减小。启动初期,叶轮区域存在严重的来流冲击、流动分离和漩涡结构,随着时间推移,流场逐渐趋于稳定;启动时间对推进泵流场演变具有显著影响,启动时间越小,流场越快达到稳定状态。为保证推进泵在启动过程中无空泡产生、内部流场以较快时间运行至稳定状态,建议以0.2 s启动时间启动推进泵。

土壤蒸汽消毒机的脉动燃烧器喷管结构及工作特性

为解决因连作障碍等引起的设施园艺中土壤病虫害防治问题,拟开发一种以脉动燃烧器为热动力源的土壤蒸汽消毒机。根据土壤蒸汽消毒机的最小蒸汽量为100 kg/h,确定脉动燃烧器的最小功率为28.2 kW。脉动燃烧器主要由燃烧室与喷管组成,采用长度为200、400、800、1000 mm的直喷管和800 mm的弯喷管,通过法兰拼接组合成不同长度的直喷管(600、800、1000、1400、1600、1800、2200、2600、2800、3000 mm)和弯喷管(800、1600 mm),研究不同喷管结构对脉动燃烧器启动性能、工作稳定性能等的影响。结果表明:喷管长度在800~2600 mm启动;工作频率与压力振幅呈线性关系,频率高,压力幅值大;同一长度直喷管的燃油消耗率、频率与压力振幅均大于弯喷管的,且油门开度2、3、4时弯喷管燃烧器压力振幅标准差小,具有更好的稳定性;喷管长度为1800 mm左右的直喷管脉动燃烧器性能最佳。故选择喷管长度为1800 mm的弯喷管脉动燃烧器作为土壤蒸汽消毒机蒸汽发生装置热源,既能保证脉动燃烧器的工作特性,又能促使蒸汽发生装置小型化。

大功率船用柴油机空气电机启动过程瞬态特性仿真

为提升大功率船用柴油机启动性能,采用GT-power软件建立船用柴油机稳态模型,增加空气电机启动系统模块,构建柴油机启动过程瞬态模型。基于仿真结果,分析环境排气背压、润滑油温度和压缩空气系统参数等对柴油机启动性能的影响规律。仿真结果可为基于空气电机启动的大功率船用柴油机的系统参数设计和性能评估提供依据。

全功率变速抽水蓄能机组控制策略与调节特性

全功率变速抽水蓄能机组协调控制中通常采用变流器控制机组功率、调速器控制机组频率(转速)的快速功率控制,其忽视了对机组频率安全与效率的影响,且控制模式单一。分析了机组多控制模式振荡特性和功频响应特性,提出了机组发电工况快速频率控制与快速功率控制相结合的协调控制策略,以及水泵工况定导叶开度变转速控制策略。设计了常规试验与性能优化试验结合的变速工况调试方法并应用于我国第一台全功率变速抽水蓄能机组启动调试中,验证了控制策略和调试方法的有效性。现场测试结果表明,调速器和变流器控制不协调易引发机组振荡,采取所提协调策略后机组安全高效运行,且具备百毫秒级的有功、无功快速调节能力。