On-orbit Geometric Calibration and Preliminary Accuracy Evaluation of GF-14 Satellite

GF-14 satellite is a new generation of sub-meter stereo surveying and mapping satellite in China,carrying dual-line array stereo mapping cameras to achieve 1∶10000 scale topographic mapping without Ground Control Points(GCPs).In fact,space-based high-precision mapping without GCPs is a challenging task that depends on the close cooperation of several payloads and links,of which on-orbit geometric calibration is one of the most critical links.In this paper,the on-orbit geometric calibration of the dual-line array cameras of GF-14 satellite was performed using the control points collected in the high-precision digital calibration field,and the calibration parameters of the dual-line array cameras were solved as a whole by alternate iterations of forward and backward intersection.On this basis,the location accuracy of the stereo images using the calibration parameters was preliminarily evaluated by using several test fields around the world.The evaluation result shows that the direct forward intersection accuracy of GF-14 satellite images without GCPs after on-orbit geometric calibration reaches 2.34 meters(RMS)in plane and 1.97 meters(RMS)in elevation.

RELATIVE CALIBRATION OF ^(241)Am FIRE ALARM SOURCE

According to the requirements of improving production of Am source used for smoke-sensitice fire alarm making, a method and equipment of its fast relative calibration have been developed. Six measuring equipments have being successfully applied at production lines of 241Am fire alarm source and factories of automatic smoke-sensitive fire alarm making.

Relative spectral response calibration using Ti plasma lines

This work introduces the branching ratio(BR) method for determining relative spectral responses,which are needed routinely in laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS). Neutral and singly ionized Ti lines in the 250–498 nm spectral range are investigated by measuring laser-induced micro plasma near a Ti plate and used to calculate the relative spectral response of an entire LIBS detection system. The results are compared with those of the conventional relative spectral response calibration method using a tungsten halogen lamp, and certain lines available for the BR method are selected. The study supports the common manner of using BRs to calibrate the detection system in LIBS setups.

GYRO BIAS ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION FOR MICRO SATELLITES

According to gyro application in micro-satellites, a new gyro bias real-time on-orbit calibration technology is presented and it is independent of any other sensors. The approach relies on gyro on-orbit measurements restricted by satellite attitude dynamics and estimates the gyro bias generated when the gyro is electrified. Observability of the calibration model is analyzed and applicable conditions of the technology are derived. Simulation results indicate that the calibration algorithm is accurate and robust at gyro sampling rate, and its convergence speed is fast. Within the given attitude dynamics model error, the convergence time is less than 100 s and the convergence accuracy is about 1.0 （°）/h. Calibration performance can meet requirements of spacecraft operations.

GF-5 VIMI On-Orbit Calibration Instrument and Performance

The Visible and Infrared Multispectral Imager (VIMI) is one of the main payloads of the GF-5 satellite. It has 12 spectral bands covering the wavelength from visible light to thermal infrared. The imager designed life is 8 years. In order to monitor and correct the radiometric performance of the imager for a long time and meet the user’s demand for the quantitative remote sensing application, the expandable diffuser used for calibration in full FOV and full optical path method is designed. The solar diffuser is installed on the front side of the optical system and does not affect the normal imaging of VIMI. When VIMI need calibration, the diffuser is expand to the front of optical system via the driving mechanism. According to the characteristics of the GF-5 satellite orbit, the requirement of the calibration energy and the installation matrix of the imager relative to the satellite, the expansion angle of the diffuser is 39 degrees. The 430 mm × 430 mm large-size PTEE diffuser is manufactured to ensure full FOV and full optical path calibration. The diffuser’s directional hemispherical reflectance is higher than 95% from 420 nm to 2400 nm and variation of BRDF in the direction of imager observation is better than 2.5%. The diffuser stability monitoring radiometer is designed to monitor the on-orbit attenuation performance of the diffuser. Results of ground simulation experiments and preliminary on-board calibration experiments were introduced.

On-orbit Geometric Calibration of Linear Push-broom Optical Satellite Based on Sparse GCPs

The paper presents a geometric calibration method based on the sparse ground control points (GCPs), aiming to the linear push-broom optical satellite. This method can achieve the optimal estimate of internal and external parameters with two overlapped image pair along the charge-coupled device (CCD), and sparse GCPs in the image region, further get rid of the dependence on the expensive calibration site data. With the calibrated parameters, the line of sight (LOS) of all CCD detectors can be recovered. This paper firstly establishes the rigorous imaging model of linear push-broom optical satellite based on its imaging mechanism. And then the calibration model is constructed by improving the internal sensor model with a viewing-angle model after an analysis on systematic errors existing in the imaging model is performed. A step-wise solution is applied aiming to the optimal estimate of external and internal parameters. At last, we conduct a set of experiments on the ZY-3 NAD camera and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the presented method by comparison.

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator（FBM） and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer（ISTR） was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band（RSB） covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.

Model calibration concerning risk coefficients of driving safety field model

Driving safety field(DSF) model has been proposed to represent comprehensive driving risk formed by interactions of driver-vehicle-road in mixed traffic environment. In this work, we establish an optimization model based on grey relation degree analysis to calibrate risk coefficients of DSF model. To solve the optimum solution, a genetic algorithm is employed. Finally, the DSF model is verified through a real-world driving experiment. Results show that the DSF model is consistent with driver's hazard perception and more sensitive than TTC. Moreover, the proposed DSF model offers a novel way for criticality assessment and decision-making of advanced driver assistance systems and intelligent connected vehicles.

A Review of RGB-D Camera Calibration Methods

RGB-D camera is a new type of sensor,which can obtain the depth and texture information in an unknown 3D scene simultaneously,and they have been applied in various fields widely.In fact,when implementing such kinds of applications using RGB-D camera,it is necessary to calibrate it first.To the best of our knowledge,at present,there is no existing a systemic summary related to RGB-D camera calibration methods.Therefore,a systemic review of RGB-D camera calibration is concluded as follows.Firstly,the mechanism of obtained measurement and the related principle of RGB-D camera calibration methods are presented.Subsequently,as some specific applications need to fuse depth and color information,the calibration methods of relative pose between depth camera and RGB camera are introduced in Section 2.Then the depth correction models within RGB-D cameras are summarized and compared respectively in Section 3.Thirdly,considering that the angle of the view field of RGB-D camera is smaller and limited to some specific applications,we discuss the calibration models of relative pose among multiple RGB-D cameras in Section 4.At last,the direction and trend of RGB-D camera calibration are prospected and concluded.

Calibration Method of Magnetometer Based on BP Neural Network

Due to the influence of processing technology and environmental factors, there are errors in attitude measurement with the three-axis magnetometer, and the change of parameters during the operation of the magnetometer in orbit will have a great impact on the measurement accuracy. This paper studies the calibration method of magnetometer based on BP neural network, which reduces the influence of model error on calibration accuracy. Firstly, the error model of the magnetometer and the structural characteristics of the BP neural network are analyzed. Secondly, the number of hidden layers and hidden nodes is optimized. To avoid the problem of slow convergence and low accuracy of basic BP algorithm, this paper uses the Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation training method to improve the training speed and prediction accuracy and realizes the on-orbit calibration of magnetometer through online training of the neural network. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the neural network designed in this paper can effectively reduce the measurement error of magnetometer, while the online training can effectively reduce the error caused by the change of magnetometer parameters, and reduce the measurement error of magnetometer to less than 10 nT.

Realization of Relative Humidity Scale Using NIS Two-Temperature Humidity Generator

A new humidity calibration facility using a 2-T （two-temperature）, constant pressure principle for generating gas of known humidity has been developed at NIS for primary realization of relative humidity scale in the range from 13% to 98% for calibrating and testing hygrometers to improve the uncertainty. This paper reports the construction of the 2-T humidity generator describing its saturator and the test chamber system. Results of the efficiency tests of its saturator showed satisfactory generation performance for a primary realization of relative humidity scale. The expanded uncertainty of the relative humidity with a coverage factor k = 2 was found to be from ± 0.25 % to ± 0.67%.

明渠非标准断面法测流水位流量关系的率定及影响因素分析

为探究明渠非标准断面法测流的水位流量关系曲线的率定问题,以新疆第三师某团场25处渠道量水断面为研究对象,利用FlowTracker 2手持式声学多普勒流速仪进行了水位流量关系率定工作.根据实测结果,率定了各渠道量水断面的水位流量关系曲线,并对所率定出的曲线进行了符号检验、适线检验和偏离数值检验及误差分析,在此基础上,对流量拟合参数的影响因素进行了分析.结果表明:所率定的25处渠道量水断面中,14处具有稳定的水位流量关系,5处受回水影响、6处受渠道淤积影响为不稳定的水位流量关系;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及坡降i相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道底宽b总体上呈正相关;在渠道粗糙系数Ra、边坡系数m及底宽b相同的条件下,流量拟合参数与渠道坡降i总体上呈负相关.研究结果可以为灌区自动化量水设备测流准确性的校核提供参考依据.

PBX9502冲击Hugoniot曲线的参数标定和不确定度量化

冲击Hugoniot试验不可避免地受到不确定因素的扰动,冲击Hugoniot关系的参数标定和不确定度量化对理解爆轰多物理过程的动力行为极为关键。首先,收集Los Alamos实验室的粒子速度-冲击波速度试验数据,通过不确定度传递律计算冲击波速度的标准不确定度,结果表明不能仅仅依靠绝对偏差的大小来判断异常值。采用基于绝对偏差距离的自适应聚类异常值检测法,剔除试验数据中的异常干扰点。其次,针对清洗后的试验数据,利用最小二乘回归方法拟合粒子速度-冲击波速度的冲击Hugoniot关系,并利用统计理论推导出Hugoniot参数的不确定度。进而,使用国内试验装置和试验数据,通过建立合适的误差公式,将Hugoniot曲线的预测值与试验值做比对,预测结果与试验结果吻合良好。结果还表明:清洗后的Hugoniot关系能更准确地预测PBX9502的冲击动力行为,确认标定参数的有效性。最后,将Chapman-Jouguet理论结合合理的假设和近似,给出了基于Hugoniot关系爆压的计算公式,给出了爆压的不确定度量化。研究结果能为发展强预测能力、高可信度软件提供保证。

Outdoor relative radiometric calibration method using gray scale targets

The radiometric calibration of remote sensors is a basis and prerequisite of information quantification in remote sensing. This paper proposes a method for outdoor relative radiometric calibration using gray scale targets. In this method, the idea of two substitutions is adopted. Sunlight is used to replace the integrating sphere light source, and gray scale targets are used to re-place the diffuser. In this way, images at different radiance levels obtained outdoors can calculate the relative radiometric cali-bration coefficients using the least square method. The characteristics of this method are as follows. Firstly, compared with la-boratory calibration, it greatly reduces the complexity of the calibration method and the test cost. Secondly, compared with the existing outdoor relative radiometric calibration of a single radiance level, it uses test images of different radiance levels to re-duce errors. Thirdly, it is easy to operate with fewer environmental requirements, has obvious advantages in the rapid calibra-tion of airborne remote sensors before or after flight and is practical in engineering. This paper theoretically and experimental-ly proves the feasibility of this method. Calibration experiments were conducted on the wide-view multispectral imager (WVMI) using this method, and the precision of this method was evaluated by analyzing the corrected images of large uniform targets on ground. The experiment results have demonstrated that the new method is effective and its precision meets the re-quirement of the absolute radiometric calibration.

The Satellite’s On-Orbit Attitude System Error Compensation Technique Based on Stereo Models

According to the problem that the low measurement accuracy of TH-1 satellite star sensor, the low frequency and “slow drift” error which cannot be ignored in the attitude determination system, resulting in obvious random error in the horizontal position and elevation direction, and the change of the error with time and latitude, cannot be calibrated by the ground field of the real problem. In this paper, a low frequency detection model is established by using the principle of relative orientation, and the low frequency error is obtained by parallax elimination. Finally, the satellite attitude is compensated and the more accurate exterior orientation elements are obtained, thus improving the positioning accuracy and stability. The experimental results show that: the proposed methods are feasible, and by using the model to dynamically calibrate the exterior orientation angle elements on orbit, the plane and elevation errors of the ground points can be basically eliminated. The global uncontrollable positioning accuracy and stability of the photogrammetry satellite are improved.

A review of structures,verification,and calibration technologies of space robotic systems for on-orbit servicing

Recently,with the rapid development of aerospace technology,an increasing number of spacecraft is being launched into space.Additionally,the demands for on-orbit servicing(OOS)missions are rapidly increasing.Space robotics is one of the most promising approaches for various OOS missions;thus,research on space robotics technologies for OOS has attracted increased attention from space agencies and universities worldwide.In this paper,we review the structures,ground verification,and onorbit kinematics calibration technologies of space robotic systems for OOS.First,we systematically summarize the development of space robotic systems and OOS programs based on space robotics.Then,according to the structures and applications,these systems are divided into three categories:large space manipulators,humanoid space robots,and small space manipulators.According to the capture mechanisms adopted,the end-effectors are systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the ground verification facilities used to simulate a microgravity environment are summarized and compared.Additionally,the on-orbit kinematics calibration technologies are discussed and analyzed compared with the kinematics calibration technologies of industrial manipulators with regard to four aspects.Finally,the development trends of the structures,verification,and calibration technologies are discussed to extend this review work.

HPLC校正因子法测定尼可地尔片的有关物质

目的:建立HPLC校正因子法测定尼可地尔片的有关物质。方法:采用HPLC方法,色谱柱:Atlantis T3 C_(18)(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:以三氟乙酸-三乙胺-四氢呋喃-水(3∶5∶3∶989)为流动相A,三氟乙酸-三乙胺-四氢呋喃-水(3∶5∶20∶972)为流动相B梯度洗脱;流速:1.2 mL·min^(-1);柱温:25℃;检测波长:262 nm。结果:各杂质分离良好,且在2~50μg·mL^(-1)浓度范围内,r=1.0000,线性良好。测定了杂质A~F的校正因子分别为0.67、0.76、1.40、1.45、0.82、1.26。高、中、低3个浓度的平均回收率为97.5%~103.0%,回收率相对标准偏差(RSD)小于3.3%。结论:本方法简便快速准确,可用于尼可地尔片的质量控制。

Matrix effect suppressing in the element analysis of soils by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with acoustic correction

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has been used for soil analysis,but its measurement accuracy is often influenced by matrix effects of different kinds of soils.In this work,a method for matrix effect suppressing was developed using laser-induced plasma acoustic signals to correct the original spectrum,thereby improving the analysis accuracy of the soil elements.A good linear relationship was investigated firstly between the original spectral intensity and the acoustic signals.The relative standard deviations(RSDs)of Mg,Ca,Sr,and Ba elements were then calculated for both the original spectrum and the spectrum with the acoustic correction,and the RSDs were significantly reduced with the acoustic correction.Finally,calibration curves of MgⅠ285.213 nm,CaⅠ422.673 nm,SrⅠ460.733 nm and BaⅡ455.403 nm were established to assess the analytical performance of the proposed acoustic correction method.The values of the determination coefficient(R~2)of the calibration curves for Mg,Ca,Sr,and Ba elements,corrected by the acoustic amplitude,are improved from 0.9845,0.9588,0.6165,and 0.6490 to 0.9876,0.9677,0.8768,and 0.8209,respectively.The values of R~2 of the calibration curves corrected by the acoustic energy are further improved to 0.9917,0.9827,0.8835,and 0.8694,respectively.These results suggest that the matrix effect of LIBS on soils can be clearly improved by using acoustic correction,and acoustic energy correction works more efficiently than acoustic amplitude correction.This work provides a simple and efficient method for correcting matrix effects in the element analysis of soils by acoustic signals.

Calibration study of the X-T relation for the BES drift chamber

Offiine calibration plays an important role in BESⅢ offiine data processing. In order to achieve good spatial and momentum resolution, it is necessary to implement high precision offline calibration for the BESⅢ drift chamber. This paper studies the time-to-distance relations, which are important calibration constants for track reconstruction. The parameterization of the time-to-distance relation, studies of left-right asymmetry and studies of variation with entrance angle are performed. The impact of dead channels on the time-to-distance relation is given special attention in order to reduce the shift in measured momentum for tracks passing near dead cells. Finally we present the resolutions for barrel Bhabha events （｜cosθ｜ 〈0.8） from a J/ψ data set taken in 2012. The average spatial resolution is 123 μm and the momentum resolution for 1.548 GeV/c Bhabha tracks is 11.9 MeV/c.

基于回归分析的龙泉港出海闸高淹没度下水位流量关系率定

龙泉港出海闸排水受外海潮汐影响显著,不适宜采用堰闸流量系数法进行推流。结合龙泉港出海闸水文过程试验的实测资料,以水力学公式为基础,采用回归分析法率定得到了高淹没度状态下的水位流量关系式,并对关系式进行了符号检验、适线检验、偏离检验和精度分析。结果表明:回归分析法率定得到的出海闸高淹没度状态下的水位流量关系成功通过了3项检验,定线精度能够达到一类精度标准,可以在受潮汐影响的出海闸水位流量关系率定中推广使用。