On Incentive and Coordination Mechanism of Service Outsourcing Based on Principal-Agent Theory and Blockchain Technology

To address the issue of information asymmetry between the two parties and moral hazard among service providers in the process of service outsourcing,this paper builds the Stackelberg game model based on the principal-agent framework,examines the dynamic game situation before the contract being signed,and develops four information models.The analysis reveals a Pareto improvement in the game’s Nash equilibrium when comparing the four models from the standpoint of the supply chain.In the complete information scenario,the service level of the service provider,the customer company’s incentive effectiveness,and the supply chain system’s ultimate profit are all maximized.Furthermore,a coordinating mechanism for disposable profit is built in this study.The paper then suggests a blockchain-based architecture for the service outsourcing process supervision and a distributed incentive mechanism under the coordination mechanism in response to the inadequacy of the principal-agent theory to address the information asymmetry problem and the moral hazard problem.The experiment’s end findings demonstrate that both parties can benefit from the coordination mechanism,and the application of blockchain technology can resolve these issues and effectively encourage service providers.

Can harvest outsourcing services reduce field harvest losses of rice in China?

The purpose of this study is to quantify the rice harvest losses in China and to evaluate the impacts of machinery and harvest outsourcing services on these losses,given the background of high-speed mechanization and outsourcing services.Data were collected from a national survey conducted in 2016 by the research team in conjunction with the Research Center for the Rural Economy of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China.A non-parametric method was used to test whether combine harvesting and outsourcing services could significantly reduce harvest losses.Next,quantile regression was used to estimate the real effects of machinery and outsourcing services on harvest losses.The analysis yielded four main study outcomes.First,the harvest loss rate of rice in China was 3.65%.Second,mechanical reaping and winnowing caused greater losses than manual methods,while the opposite was true of field transportation.Third,combine harvesting increased the losses.Fourth,the effects of an outsourcing service on losses differed among the different harvesting methods.Outsourcing services increased losses in segmented harvesting but they reduced losses in combine harvesting.

Service outsourcing:A new way to shrink regional gaps

International outsourcing is an important way to realize intra-product division of labor. China's industrial upgrade and policy efforts directed at outsourcing are not entirely endogenous but have a dependent path prone to be captured and locked at the low end of the global value chain by developed countries at the chain's high end. In light of the stage and reality of China's economic development, we should not only upgrade manufacturing outsourcing but also grasp service outsourcing opportunities. We should implement a strategy of coordinated development of manufacturing and service outsourcing rather than hastily transforming China from a "factory of the world" into an "office of the world." Balancing services with manufacturing and linking the global value chain with the domestic value chain is the best tool to address the problem of China's uneven regional development and establish a multi-tiered modern industrial system.

Can whole steps of grain production be outsourced? Empirical analysis based on the three provinces of Jiangsu,Jilin,and Sichuan in China

Certain outsourcing services for agricultural management in China,such as pest control in grain production,have experienced prolonged sluggishness,contrasting with the relatively high level of outsourcing services observed in harvesting,land preparation,and sowing.This study examines the feasibility of implementing whole-step outsourcing in grain production by conducting a case study of rice and maize production in Jiangsu,Jilin,and Sichuan provinces in China.The provision of outsourcing services hinges on two essential conditions:technological advancements fostering specialized production and economies of scale,coupled with a market size sufficient to realize the aforementioned potential economies of scale.The results showed that outsourcing pest control or harvesting services had varying economies of scale.The outsourcing services in pest control were less common than in harvesting services,and their marginal growth space of the economies of scale with technological change was also smaller.Determined by the operational characteristics of pest control itself,the market scale of its professional services is small.Therefore,achieving the whole-step outsourcing of grain production necessitates not only technological innovation but also effective policy interventions to overcome the constraints of market scale.Such interventions include(1)optimizing crop layouts between planning regions and reducing land fragmentation and(2)supplying timely and effective inter-regional agricultural information for service providers aided by information technology.

Business Service Centres and Their Current Challenges in Slovak Republic

Globalization of the world economy and the entrance of the information society have a significant impact on the development of business activities of individual firms.Since centralization and outsourcing of business services is a globally growing trend,this industry has enormous potential.Business Service Centres(BSCs)are considered to be a model in the European Union that leads to improved performance and results achieved by the company.Within the framework of EU free trade,up to 70%of European centres state that standardization and process transformation is the first corner in deciding to set up the BSC.The aim of the article is to analyse the market of business service centres in the Slovak Republic and their impact on employment within the EU.The competitive advantage of Slovakia lies above all in economic and political stability,geographic location,skilled workforce and European currency.Thanks to positive business experiences in Slovakia,most investors remain and large numbers of them are expanding their activities,despite the rising cost of work.Based on the use of quantitative methods,we analyse secondary data on business service centres.Higher education graduates are often the main source of workforce for business service centres.

基于Wi-Fi指纹且计算外包的室内定位隐私保护方案

为了解决室内定位中用户和服务器双方的隐私保护问题,提出了一种在使用Paillier加密的过程中将部分计算外包给云服务器的方案,这不仅保护了用户和定位服务器的隐私,而且避免了产生过大的计算和通信开销。该方案的主要思想是服务器先在离线阶段建立指纹数据库,在线阶段用户将k匿名算法和Paillier加密结合,将加密后的Wi-Fi指纹发送给定位服务器,服务器对接收到的Wi-Fi指纹和数据库指纹进行聚合处理,然后外包给云服务器进行解密和距离计算,最终得到定位结果。理论分析和实验结果表明了所提方案的安全性、有效性和实用性。

公立医院物业外包服务全生命周期管理

医院物业服务外包项目通常为2-3年一个周期,本文从项目招标阶段、合同执行阶段、项目交接阶段进行分析,以广州医科大学附属第二医院为例,探讨公立医院物业外包服务全生命周期管理关键点及其策略。

服务外包政策对城市创业活跃度的影响机制--来自服务外包示范城市的证据

基于2006—2021年我国283个城市的面板数据,探究服务外包示范城市政策对创业活跃度的赋能效应。研究表明:服务外包示范城市政策提升了城市创业水平,实证结论在经过PSM-DID、二阶段DID等稳健性检验后仍然成立;三重差分模型检验结果表明,数字经济政策与服务业制度开放政策具有协同效应,且政府数字注意力越高,服务外包示范城市政策赋能创业活动的作用越显著;服务外包示范城市政策的创业赋能效应在对外开放水平高、资源依赖度低、营商环境良好的城市中更为明显。文章丰富了服务外包示范城市政策领域的相关研究,为激发社会创造力和地区经济内生动力提供了政策参考。

农机服务外包对绿色农业门槛效应研究——基于老龄化和规模化视角

探究农机服务外包对绿色农业的影响机制,旨在寻求绿色农业的可持续发展路径。基于全国31个省(市、自治区)2012—2021年的面板数据,使用固定效应模型、门槛模型实证检验农机服务外包对绿色农业的影响以及门槛效应。结果表明:农机服务外包能够显著促进绿色农业;异质性分析发现,农机服务外包对粮食主产区、非粮食主产区的绿色农业均存在显著的促进作用,但对非粮食主产区绿色农业促进作用更大,播种环节、收割环节和翻耕环节的农机服务外包对绿色农业的促进作用依次递减。农机服务外包对绿色农业的影响存在基于老龄化和规模化的双门槛效应,随着老龄化程度的加深,农机服务外包对绿色农业的促进作用呈现“低—高—低”的倒U型特征;随着规模化的扩大,农机服务外包对绿色农业的促进作用呈现递增特征。据此,提出构建农机社会化服务新机制,完善农机服务外包体系;实施差异化扶持政策,推动区域均衡发展;盘活农村土地资源,积极应对人口老龄化以促进绿色农业发展。

雇用抑或外包:高治理负荷下基层政府的策略选择——基于福建橙镇“两巡”任务的分析

政府的雇用和外包本质上都是从组织外部吸纳治理资源,但是以往文献大多将两者孤立开来讨论,少有将它们纳入一个整体性的框架进行分析。论文借助橙镇“两巡”任务执行案例,构建了“行政权威依赖-行政风险”的分析框架,探讨了基层政府在雇用与外包之间的选择问题。研究发现:(1)完成任务的高行政权威依赖和执行过程的高行政风险,使橙镇必须采用雇用模式执行违建巡查;完成任务的低行政权威依赖和执行过程的低行政风险,为橙镇选择外包模式执行安全生产巡查留下了空间。(2)在向上负责制的背景下,为了保障升迁之途顺畅,官员既要确保任务能够有效完成,也要保证任务执行过程的各项风险能够得到控制。因此,只要完成任务需要高度依赖于行政权威或者执行过程潜在的行政风险较高,雇用模式都将成为首选;只有当完成任务对行政权威的依赖低并且执行过程潜在的行政风险低,外包模式才会成为可选项。

数字经济对农机服务外包的影响与机制研究

数字经济的发展为农机服务外包提供契机。基于2011-2021年全国31个省(市、自治区)面板数据,利用FGLS模型、IV-2SLS、IV-GMM、门槛模型等方法,实证检验数字经济对农机服务外包的影响效应与作用机理,研究发现:数字经济对农机服务外包具有显著的促进作用,具体而言,数字经济每提升1个单位,农机服务外包将会提升0.349个单位。机制检验表明,数字经济通过促进非农就业、强化社会网络与产业集聚途径,间接推动农机服务外包。门槛模型表明,数字经济对农机服务外包存在老龄化的逆转效应和市场化的边际递增效应。具体而言,老龄化的逆转效应表现为当老龄化越过门槛值0.017 1时,数字经济对农机服务外包的回归系数由为0.244变为-0.012 5;市场化的边际递增效应表现为当市场化越过门槛值3.25时,数字经济对农机服务外包的回归系数由为0.031 7变为0.565。异质性表明,数字经济对农机服务外包呈现出显著的地理差异、农业功能区差异和地形区位差异,数字经济对西部地区、粮食主产区和平原地区农机服务外包的促进更明显。

医院后勤服务项目外包标准化管理研究

医院后勤管理是医院管理工作中重要组成部分。目前,多数医院把后勤服务项目外包,借助社会专业力量,提高后勤保障质量效益,减轻医院后勤管理负担,加速实现医院后勤服务专业化。医院后勤服务项目外包,在运行当中逐步暴露出追逐利润、强压成本、管理困难等诸多风险。医院后勤服务是构成医疗卫生服务能力的重要方面,对促进医院精细化管理、保障医院正常运行、改善医疗环境起到积极推动作用。本文结合现实需求,系统总结医院后勤服务项目外包存在的风险,深入分析风险形成原因,围绕提升医院后勤服务管理部门和外包单位的融合程度,规避外包服务风险,有针对性地提出应对措施,旨在不断提高后勤服务质量,降低运行成本,提高患者就医体验,促进医院健康平稳发展。

Service outsourcing strategy decision for value creation in manufacturing firms

This study aims to resolve the difficult problem of manufacturers’service outsourcing strategy decision-making,with services divided into two types:hygienic and motivational.We build a value creation model for the manufacturer,service contractor,and customer under different outsourcing strategies,and we examine optimal outsourcing decision-making in various scenarios and its effect on the value creation of related entities.The results indicate that motivational services have a lower bound characterized by service utility.When the manufacturer derives services higher than this lower bound,it should operate its own motivational service and outsource the hygienic service to create greater value.When the manufacturer is limited by resources or capabilities and is required to outsource the motivational service,it can maintain value creation by setting an appropriate contract coefficient.The service contractor should undertake motivational services within the contract boundary negotiated by the manufacturer and conduct hygienic services outside the boundary.Theoretically,outsourcing both service types can maximize customer value,but this may not achieve the manufacturers’optimal value creation.

“双规模化”与土地规模经营稳定性

近年来,农地经营规模化在政策支持下快速发展,但粮食规模化经营的风险集聚可能增加经营不稳定性,加剧粮食市场波动,威胁国内粮食安全。研究从风险分散和经营稳定性视角阐释农地经营规模化与作业服务规模化结合形成的“双规模化”经营模式影响粮食生产规模户经营稳定性的理论逻辑,并用来自黑龙江、河南、四川和浙江四省粮食生产规模户2015年和2018年两期跟踪调查数据实证检验上述影响与机制。研究发现,“双规模化”经营模式具有显著的风险分散功能,可明显提高粮食生产规模户的经营稳定性,且规模户经营规模越大,其稳定农地规模经营的作用越强。也有证据表明粮食生产规模户采纳“双规模化”经营模式有利于其维持和扩张经营规模。建议政府相关部门除了积极为农地规模经营风险管理提供多元工具和公共政策,还可创造条件鼓励经营主体采用“双规模化”经营模式。

数字经济助力产业升级的逻辑——基于合肥市服务外包视角的实证

本文以安徽省服务外包产业为视角,研究数字经济对于产业的促进作用。利用产业高级化指标以及产业结构合理化指标作为安徽省产业升级的衡量标准,并通过熵值法计算出安徽省各地级市数字经济发展指数,利用工具变量等方法消除数据本身可能存在的测量误差和遗漏变量,论证了数字经济发展对于服务外包产业及产业升级的促进作用。其次,异质性检验表明,数字经济的发展本身存在区域异质性,对于GDP高速增长区域而言促进更加显著。最后,数字经济能够通过外商直接投资、人才集聚以及产业集聚促进产业的优化升级。

公立医院外包服务风险因素分析与内控机制研究

随着公立医院的快速发展,外包服务的种类和费用呈现逐年递增趋势。本文针对医院外包服务的范围和特点,从事前、事中和事后各个过程阶段进行风险原因分析,提出风险防范措施,建立完善内控监管机制,推动医院外包服务健康规范发展。

为何外包、外包给谁与如何外包:公共服务外包中的政府决策

政府决策是公共服务外包中的一个重要环节,直接关系到合同履约的成败。政府在公共服务外包中必然面对为何外包、外包给谁与如何外包三个决策问题。在为何外包方面,交易成本理论、委托代理理论、公共选择理论与社会学新制度主义均提供了不同的解释思路,而影响外包动机的主要因素可以划分为服务、政府和政治三类。在外包给谁方面,私营企业、社会组织与其他政府各有各的优势和缺点,需要政府予以相机抉择。在如何外包方面,传统合同与关系合同被视为两种相互对立的合同治理机制。在实践中,提高公共服务外包中的政府决策水平要找准上述三个方面的着力点,从外包动因的角度来看,需要建立开放透明的外包决策机制;从承包方选择的角度来看,需要破除唯私营企业优越或唯社会组织优越的成见,根据公共服务的性质和承包方的特征进行相机抉择;从合同形式选择的角度来看,需要探索传统合同与关系合同优势互补的方式方法。