Smart all-time vision:The battery-free video communication for urban administration and law enforcement

The Chinese government is dedicated to enhancing the level of informatization in administrative law enforcement to ensure fairness and increase credibility.Currently,law enforcement has exposed such problems as insufficient force,difficulties in collecting evidence,and low evidential power.These problems contradict the principles of rule of law and standardization.Many local governments have implemented advanced information technologies for urban administration and law enforcement,including big data,artificial intelligence,and IoT.Among these technologies,IoT is the core communication infrastructure for innovative law enforcement platforms.However,traditional video communications rely on batteries or dedicated power sources,leading to maintenance challenges and high power consumption.In this paper,we propose AT-Eye,a new video communication paradigm for all-time law enforcement video monitoring,which is battery-free and high-throughput.The key enabler of AT-Eye is ambient backscatter technology,which enables energy harvesting and video communication simultaneously.Unlike previous methods,our proposal introduces a novel CCK-based modulation for tag cameras and achieves 4-way concurrency.The modulation is simple because it uses phase difference and it is energyefficient because generating square waves is adequate.Moreover,to ensure full compatibility with COTS WiFi,we modulate the physical service data unit.Therefore,data recovery is possible using only commercial NICs.We conduct comprehensive experiments to examine our proposal and experiment results show that AT-Eye achieves a throughput of 10.8 Mbps with COTS radios.We also simulate a 16-way battery-free tag camera system,demonstrating AT-Eye’s feasibility of high-definition video communication.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency of Wildlife Law Enforcement in Serengeti Ecosystem Tanzania

Law enforcement remains to be the main strategy used to combat poaching and account for high budget share in protected area management. Studies on efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in the protected areas are limited. This study analyzed economic efficiency of wildlife law enforcement in terms of resource used and output generated using three different protected areas (PAs) of Serengeti ecosystem namely Serengeti National Park (SENAPA), Ikorongo/Grumeti Game Reserves (IGGR) and Ikona Wildlife Management Area (IWMA). Three years (2010-2012) monthly data on wildlife law enforcement inputs and outputs were collected from respective PAs authorities and supplemented with key informant interviews and secondary data. Questionnaire surveys were conducted to wildlife law enforcement staff. Shadow prices for non-marketed inputs were estimated, and market prices for marketed inputs. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used to estimate economic efficiency using Variable Return to Scale (VRS) and Constant Return to Scale (CCR) assumptions. Results revealed that wildlife law enforcement in all PAs was economically inefficient, with less inefficiency observed in IWMA. The less inefficiency in IWMA is likely attributed to existing sense of ownership and responsibility created through community-based conservation which resulted in to decrease in law enforcement costs. A slacks evaluation revealed a potential to reduce fuel consumption, number of patrol vehicles, ration and prosecution efforts at different magnitudes between studied protected areas. There is equal potential to recruit more rangers while maintaining the resting time. These finding forms the bases for monitoring and evaluation with respect to resource usage to enhance efficiency. It is further recommended to enhance community participation in conservation in SENAPA and IGGR to lower law enforcement costs. Collaboration between protected area, police and judiciary is fundamental to enhance enforcement efficiency. Despite old dataset, these findings are relevant since neither conservation policy nor institution framework has changed substantially in the last decade.

Study on Game Theory of Social Law Enforcement

Based on the basis of the two stage dynamic game of complete information and purely tactful perfect equilibrium theory, the non cooperative gaming between the police department and the criminals is analyzed. Dynamic game can be proved to forecast and explain potential tactful choices of the police department and the criminals at various stages, so as to analyze the essence of the law enforcement by the theoretical models.

On the Eve of the Enforcement of the Arbitration Law——An interview with Xu Dayou, vice-chairman of China Council for the Promotion of International Trade and of the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission

The Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China will go into effect on September 1, 1995, which has become the focus of world attention. This is an important law promulgated by China for handling economic disputes. All the parties concerned are making intense preparations for the successful enforcement of the Law. As the first nongovernmental organisation engaged in arbitration affairs, the China Council

Scalable and Accessible Crash Hot Spot Detection for Traffic Law Enforcement

Law enforcement agencies have begun utilizing traffic and crash data to improve traffic law enforcement delivery. However, many agencies often do not have the resources or expertise to harness fully the benefits this data offers. A free to use, scalable traffic crash hot spot detection tool was developed to aid law enforcement agency decision makers, statewide to the local municipality level. The tool was developed to identify crash hot spots algorithmically with a range of customizable parameters based on location, date and time, and crash factors, enabling quick, dynamic queries. These capabilities provide the ability for law enforcement agencies to conduct “what if” analyses and make data-driven allocation decisions, placing officer resources where they are most needed. The two-step algorithm first identifies potential hot spots based on crash density and then ranks each hot spot using a standardized z-score measure of relative significance. To test the viability of the tool, a pilot was conducted identifying 27 hot spots across Wisconsin where targeted enforcement was then deployed. Despite officer skepticism, results from the pilot found officers at sites targeted for speeding and seatbelt violations were nearly twice as likely to initiate traffic stops compared to non-targeted hot spots. Empirical Bayes before-and-after crash analyses found fatal and injury crashes reduced significantly by nearly 11% during the months with targeted enforcement, while property damage crashes and total crashes were unchanged. Overall, the results show the algorithm can identify hotspots where, coupled with targeted enforcement, traffic safety improvements can be made.

Achievements Outstanding In Protecting Minors——Report on enforcement of Law on the Protection of Minors (excerpts)

The Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors and the Law ofthe People's Republic of China on the Prevention of Juvenile Crimes were passed on September 4, 1991 and June 28,1999 and came into force on January 1, 1992 and November 1, 1999. Over the past decades, China has scoredoutstanding achievements in implementing the two laws. In order to strengthen supervision of the implementationof the two laws and better protect the lawful rights and interests of the under-aged, the National People's CongressStanding Committee set up a Law Enforcement Check Group in July 2003, which carried out a nationwidecheck of the implementation of the two laws. On August 25, NPC Vice-Chairperson Gu Xiulian reported on theresult of the check to the fourth meeting of the Tenth NPC standing committee. She described the generalsituation in the implementation of the two laws as 'good' and also identified some problems and put forwardsome recommendations with regard to the enforcement and implementation of the two laws.The following are the excerpts of the report:

Guideline for Making,Enforcement of Laws

Respect for and protection of human rights is a constitutional principle for China. China＇s Constitution states： ＂The ,State shall respect and protect human rights＂ In practice, this constitutional principle serves as an important guideline for the making and enforcement of laws.

Tian Qiyu: Enforce Law for People and Human Rights

Editor's Note: In recent years, China's public security organs have firmly implanted the idea of enforcing the law in the interests of the people and adhered to the principle of enforcing the law strictly, impartially and in a civilized manner and dealing flows at all kinds of criminal activities. They have achieved fruitful results in protecting the lawful rights and interests of the people and in safeguarding and protecting human rights. To know such achievements, our staff reporter interviewed Tian Qiyu, executive vice-minister of public security.

综合行政执法改革过程中的多维结构变迁与能动者策略

推动执法权属地化与综合化是夯实基层政权建设的重要一环,但在政策实践中,并不必然带来治理效能的提升。事权下放后,基层治理结构的实质性变革如何形塑执法主体的行为策略,以提升事权承接的有效性,是亟待回答的重要议题。文章从“结构—过程—功能”的视角出发,对一个街道综合行政执法体制改革进行系统考察,构建理解多维结构变迁中能动者策略生成的分析框架。研究发现,在改革过程中,综合执法部门所嵌入的横向结构在权力、责任和资源维度发生系统性变迁。执法主体在基层治理结构所设定的规则约束与行动空间中,基于复杂性和概率性两个维度,划分四种类型的执法任务,并能动地创设动员式、裁剪式、扩容式等执法策略,衔接再配置的结构性要素与复杂外部事务治理环节,从而有效回应“块块”运作规则和事权下放的内在要求。

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

全面注册制下投资者保护的制度逻辑与发展方向

证券法无论采用发行核准制抑或注册制,都以保护投资者为立法宗旨。不同于核准制下的父爱主义保护元素,注册制表达的是“卖者尽责”下的“买者自负”理念,提高了资本形成效率,弱化了前端行政审核。全面实行注册制下投资者保护的制度逻辑发生转变,需要根据证券发行市场化的特点,结合证券发行、交易和责任的逻辑关系,重新梳理投资者保护的制度体系,明确投资者保护制度的发展方向:在前端,应当以证券发行信息披露为核心,强化发行人在信息披露中的第一责任人地位,避免证券监管机关过度介入证券发行,督促保荐人等中介机构切实履行“看门人”职责;在中端,应当引入“证券市场透明度”目标,形成“身份透明”“交易前透明”和“交易后透明”的交易机制,夯实证券市场公平交易的基础;在后端,则应完善证券执法结构,提升证券执法效率,提升民事救济措施的有效性。

网络安全与执法专业校局协同育人研究

公安校局深度合作对增强公安院校办学能力,提升警察队伍综合素质,促进警务管理模式改革,推动公安工作高质量发展具有重要意义。当前,公安校局之间的合作还存在着供求不均衡、发力不均衡、动力不足、实效性不强等问题。实施网络安全与执法专业校局协同育人,应从加强顶层设计、突出实战引领、聚焦双向交流、强化培根铸魂等四个方面着眼着力。

法律调整视角下产教融合制度的执法与救济

产教融合作为一种具体的社会关系,是促进产业部门与教育部门深度对接和合作过程中,以提高技术技能人才质量为目的,形成的政府、行业、企业、学校之间的权利义务关系,客观上能为法律所调整。产教融合作为一种教育法律关系,教育行为(育人行为)作为产教融合关系的客体符合教育法律关系客体的特殊性本质特征,产教融合关系的复杂性符合教育法律关系的综合性特征,产教融合关系内容的权利义务集中体现产教融合教育关系的法律化,产教融合是反映职业教育规律的社会关系。为克服教育执法弱化的软肋,产教融合执法需实现主体专门化、程序固定化、结果公开化和监督主体多元化。要解决职业教育法律“软化”问题,其路径在于建立申诉制度以保障企业和学校的申诉权,以及明晰法律救济的具体程序,以保障学校和企业等主体的权益。

人工智能体执法并承担执法责任的可能性

人工智能体执法正成为数字法治政府建设的重要表现,将会对以人的行为作为逻辑底色而建构的法律秩序形成冲击。人工智能体或许可以拥有有限的法律人格及有限的责任能力,并为一般行为承担法律责任,但却可能面临执法权行使正当性与执法能力不足的困境。因此,人工智能体不适宜执法或行使公权力,只能承担事务性公务,其执行公务引起的责任可由人工智能体自身、供应商以及行政机关共同承担。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

金融法视阈下的行政执法和解制度探析

《中华人民共和国金融稳定法(草案)》规定了行政执法当事人承诺制度,正在为金融领域行政执法和解制度的构建提供法律依据。与此同时,虽然行政和解暂未形成理论共识,但金融法视阈下行政执法和解的实践已然先行于理论。针对金融风险处置和证券期货领域中的金融纠纷,行政机关在符合依法行政的要求下通过行使自由裁量权,借助协商民主、公众参与等私法化手段采取的行政执法和解措施,可有效化解纠纷且实现各方获益的经济及社会效果。通过对金融领域行政执法和解措施的实践检视,提出以各方均可获益作为启动行政执法和解制度的前提,通过举证责任的倾斜、“自认”的可适用性与行刑衔接的合规机制相结合,将有助于构建更加符合实践理性的行政执法和解制度。

论作为数字行政执法方式的行政行为码

数字信息技术与行政权力的融合为以法治为中心的政府治理带来挑战,而行政行为码作为数字行政执法方式的应用是数治与法治结合的重要体现,并蕴含着整体智治下对行政执法体制一体化塑造的制度逻辑、行政自制论对数字赋能与赋权关系重塑的理论逻辑以及行政效能对行政执法全流程覆盖的实践逻辑。行政行为码以统一赋码、一码关联、一码查询与一码追踪的实践运行机理,兼具政府信息公开与政府数据开放的法律性质,也为拓展应用奠定了理论基础。与此同时作为数字新兴执法方式的行政行为码由于规制理念的不明确、规则体系不健全以及功能应用程度不足,限制其应用场景与空间。在未来,行政行为码应从理念更新、规范控制和功能拓展三个方面进行塑形,推动行政行为码的功能实现与广泛应用。

地方综合执法改革的“内卷化”风险及整体性韧性治理研究

推进综合执法改革是实现行政执法体制创新、政府治理能力现代化的重要举措,是建设法治政府的重要一环。在当前深化综合执法改革阶段,依循政策推进的地方综合执法改革实践受制于诸多主客观因素,地方政府所处的改革生态发生了革命性变化,暴露出其所不能以及乏力的“非韧性”症状,出现了“有改革无变革”的叠变性“内卷化”风险。研究发现刚性过度扩张的环境中改革预期动力消解,“内卷化”风险在改革过程、结果效能、改革效率、边际效益等层面上显现,改革原有政策设计成效不显著。从生成逻辑看,科层制与属地压力叠加生成改革约束、治理机制缺位引发改革结构分散、非常规治理工具依赖演化脆弱系统、地方行为主体异质等共同形塑了“内卷化”风险。由此,在复杂多变环境中实现对综合执法改革“内卷化”风险的因应治理,需在适应地方改革情境张力的基础上,着眼于整体性和注重包容调适的推进路径,系统构建集治理主体、制度框架、运作机制、治理技术、结构功能于一体的整体性韧性治理策略,推进地方政府组织结构的多层次、立体式构造,增强其承载改革的组织韧性,进而实现对综合执法改革“内卷化”风险的治理与规避。