Peritoneal fluid indocyanine green test for diagnosis of gut leakage in anastomotic leakage rats and colorectal surgery patients

BACKGROUND Application of indocyanine green(ICG)fluorescence has led to new developments in gastrointestinal surgery.However,little is known about the use of ICG for the diagnosis of postoperative gut leakage(GL).In addition,there is a lack of rapid and intuitive methods to definitively diagnose postoperative GL.AIM To investigate the effect of ICG in the diagnosis of anastomotic leakage in a surgical rat GL model and evaluate its diagnostic value in colorectal surgery patients.METHODS Sixteen rats were divided into two groups:GL group(n=8)and sham group(n=8).Approximately 0.5 mL of ICG(2.5 mg/mL)was intravenously injected postoperatively.The peritoneal fluid was collected for the fluorescence test at 24 and 48 h.Six patients with rectal cancer who had undergone laparoscopic rectal cancer resection plus enterostomies were injected with 10 mL of ICG(2.5 mg/mL)on postoperative day 1.Their ostomy fluids were collected 24 h after ICG injection to identify the possibility of the ICG excreting from the peripheral veins to the enterostomy stoma.Participants who had undergone colectomy or rectal cancer resection were enrolled in the diagnostic test.The peritoneal fluids from drainage were collected 24 h after ICG injection.The ICG fluorescence test was conducted using OptoMedic endoscopy along with a near-infrared fluorescent imaging system.RESULTS The peritoneal fluids from the GL group showed ICG-dependent green fluorescence in contrast to the sham group.Six samples of ostomy fluids showed green fluorescence,indicating the possibility of ICG excreting from the peripheral veins to the enterostomy stoma in patients.The peritoneal fluid ICG test exhibited a sensitivity of 100%and a specificity of 83.3%for the diagnosis of GL.The positive predictive value was 71.4%,while the negative predictive value was 100%.The likelihood ratios were 6.0 for a positive test result and 0 for a negative result.CONCLUSION The postoperative ICG test in a drainage tube is a valuable and simple technique for the diagnosis of GL.Hence,it should be employed in clinical settings in patients with suspected GL.

Bile leakage test in liver resection:A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM:To assess systematically the safety and efficacy of bile leakage test in liver resection.METHODS:Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials involving the bile leakage test were included in a systematic literature search.Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion and extracted the data.A meta-analysis was conducted to estimate postoperative bile leakage,intraoperative positive bile leakage,and complications.We used either the fixed-effects or random-effects model.RESULTS:Eight studies involving a total of 1253 patients were included and they all involved the bile leakage test in liver resection.The bile leakage test group was associated with a significant reduction in bile leakage compared with the non-bile leakage test group(RR=0.39,95%CI:0.23-0.67;I2=3%).The white test had superiority for detection of intraoperative bile leakage compared with the saline solution test(RR=2.38,95%CI:1.24-4.56,P=0.009).No significant intergroup differences were observed in total number of complications,ileus,liver failure,intraperitoneal hemorrhage,pulmonary disorder,abdominal infection,and wound infection.CONCLUSION:The bile leakage test reduced postoperative bile leakage and did not increase incidence of complications.Fat emulsion is the best choice of solution for the test.

Evaluation of Surface Cracks Using Magnetic Flux LeakageTesting

The magnetic field distribution characteristics of surface cracks with various widths are discussed based on finite element (FEM) results. The crack depth was 0.20 mm, the width range was from 0.02 to 1.00 mm. The results showed that crack width and lift-off (the distance between surface and sensor) will influence signals. Discussed in this paper is the influence of various lift-off parameters on the peak to peak values of the normal component in magnetic flux leakage testing. The effects can be applied to evaluate surface breaking cracks of different widths and depths. An idea is presented to smooth narrow, sharp crack tips using alternating current (AC) field magnetization.

Advances in magnetic flux leakage testing technology

Magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing technology has the advantages of simple principle,easy engineering implementation and low requirements on the surface of the detected workpiece.Therefore,it has been one of the research hotspots in the field of non-destructive testing(NDT)and widely used for testing long distance pipelines.This paper presents the development of MFL tesing technology from the aspects of basic theory,influencing factors,magnetization technology,signal processing,etc.The problems to be solved and the future development are summarized,which can provide reference for the research and system development of MFL testing technology.

Research on leakage current test method

In the leakage current test, through the high speed data collection and digital filtering to the output voltage of the human body impedance network, leakage current test that is in accordance with many kinds of electrical safety standards can be realized, and the frequency distribution information of the leakage current can be got as well, which can be used to much more completely evaluate the possible damage degree of the leakage current to the human body and analyze the reason for the appearance of the leakage current in the electric equipment.

A Dynamics Study of a Magnetic Flux Leakage(MFL) Signal and its Application to Defect Location Discrimination in Steel Pipes MFL Testing Equipment

Difference processing was used to the direct current magnetic flux leakage （DC-MFL） signal, emanating from the defects machined artificially on the internal and external surfaces of a steel pipe. Consequently, the loea-tion discriminating index 8 was provided to identify the defect whether it is on the internal surface or the external one. Three characteristics, shape, depth and orientation of the defect, were discussed through a series of experiments on the artificial defects, such as transverse notches, oblique notches and pits on the steel pipe. The approach has been verified effective to address the defect location identifying problem, albeit the limits on the accuracy assessment to those natural defects on steel pipes in service.

Quantitative Interpretation for the Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Data Based on Neural Network

In order to interpret the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing data quantitatively and size the defects accurately, some defect profiles inversion methods from the MFL signals are studied on the basis of the neural network.Because the wavelet ba- sis function neural network (WBFNN) has good accuracy in the forward calculation and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has reliable precision in the inversion modeling respectively,a new neural network scheme combining WBFNN and RBFNN is presented to solve the nonlinear inversion problem for the MFL data and reconstruct the defect shapes.And such details as the choice of wavelet basis function,the initialization of the weight value and the input normalization are analyzed,the train- ing and testing algorithm for the network are also studied.The inversion results demonstrate that the proposed network scheme has good reliability to interpret the MFL data for some defects.

Leakage Prediction Method for Contacting Mechanical Seals with Parallel Faces

Since the beginning of the 20th century, many researches on the sealing characteristic of mechanical seals were carried out broadly and in depth by various methods and some leakage models were built. But due to the lack of the way to characterize the main factors of influence on the leakage, most of the early researches were based on the assumptions that the seal faces topography and the frictional conditions were invariant. In the early built models, the effect of the surface topography change of the seal face on the leakage rate was neglected. Based on the fractal theory, the contact of end faces of the rotary and stationary rings was simplified to be the contact of a rough surface and an ideal rigid smooth surface, and the contact interface＇s cavity size-distribution function as well as the fractal characteristic of the cavity profile curve was discussed. By analyzing the influence of abrasion on the seal face topography and the leakage channel, the time-correlation leakage prediction model of mechanical seals based on the fractal theory was established and the method for predicting the leakage rate of mechanical seals with parallel plane was proposed. The values of the leakage rate predicted theoretically are similar to the measured values of the leakage rate in the model test and in situ test. The experimental results indicate that the leakage rate of mechanical seals is a transient value. The surface topography of the end faces of the seal tings and its change during the frictional wear of mechanical seals can be accurately characterized by the fractal parameters. Under the work conditions of changeless frictional mechanism, the fractal parameters measured or calculated based on the accelerated testing equation can be used to predict the leakage rate of mechanical seal in service. The proposed research provides the basis for determining the leakage state and predicting working life of mechanical seal.

Magnetic Flux Leakage Course of Inner Defects and Its Detectable Depth

As a promising non-destructive testing(NDT)method,magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing has been widely used for steel structure inspection.However,MFL testing still faces a great challenge to detect inner defects.Existing MFL course researches mainly focus on surface-breaking defects while that of inner defects is overlooked.In the paper,MFL course of inner defects is investigated by building magnetic circuit models,performing numerical simulations,and conducting MFL experiments.It is found that the near-surface wall has an enhancing effect on the MFL course due to higher permeability of steel than that of air.Further,a high-sensitivity MFL testing method consisting of Helmholtz coil magnetization and induction coil with a high permeability core is proposed to increase the detectable depth of inner defects.Experimental results show that inner defects with buried depth up to 80.0 mm can be detected,suggesting that the proposed MFL method has the potential to detect deeply-buried defects and has a promising future in the field of NDT.

Online Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection System for Sucker Rod Defects Based on LabVIEW Programming

Aiming at the detection of the sucker rod defects,a real-time detection system is designed using the non-destructive testing technology of magnetic flux leakage(MFL).An MFL measurement system consists of many parts,and this study focuses on the signal acquisition and processing system.First of all,this paper introduces the hardware part of the acquisition system in detail,including the selection of the Hall-effect sensor,the design of the signal conditioning circuit,and the working process of the single chip computer(SCM)control serial port.Based on LabVIEW,a graphical programming software,the software part of the acquisition system is written,including serial port parameter configuration,detection signal recognition,original signal filtering,real-time display,data storage and playback.Finally,an experimental platform for the MFL detection is set up,and the MFL measurement is carried out on the transverse and longitudinal defects of the sucker rod surface.The experimental result shows that the designed acquisition and processing system has good detection performance,simple design and high flexibility.

Comparison of two methods for assessing leakage radiation dose around the head of the medical linear accelerators

Objective:The aim of this study was to measure the leakage by two methods with ion chamber and ready packs film,and to investigate the feasibility and the advantages of using two dosimetry methods for assessing leakage radiation around the head of the linear accelerators.Methods:Measurements were performed using a 30 cm3ion chamber;the gantry at 0°,the X-ray head at 0°,the field size at between the central axis and a plane surface at a FSD of 100 as a reference,a series of concentric circles having radii of 50,75,and 100 cm with their common centre at the reference point.The absorbed dose was measured at the reference point,and this would be used as the reference dose.With the diaphragm closed,the measurements were taken along the circumference of the three circles and at 45°intervals.Results:Leakage radiations while the treatment head was in the vertical position varied between 0.016%–0.04%.With the head lying horizontally,leakage radiation was the same order magnitude and varied between 0.02%–0.07%.In the second method,the verification was accomplished by closing the collimator jaws and covering the head of the treatment unit with the ready pack films.The films were marked to permit the determination of their positions on the machine after exposed and processed.With the diaphragm closed,and the ready packs films around the linear accelerator the beam turned on for 2500 cGy(2500 MU).The optical density of these films was measured and compared with this of the reference dose.Leakage radiation varied according to the film positions and the magnitude of leakage was between 0.005%–0.075%.Conclusion:The differences between the values of the leakage radiation levels observed at different measurement points do not only reflect differences in the effective shielding thickness of the head wall,but are also related to differences in the distances between the target and the measurement points.The experimental errors involved in dosimetric measurement also contribute to such differences.

Influence of Slot Defect Length on Magnetic Flux Leakage

A key issue, which influences the applications of magnetic flux leakage testing, is defect quantification. There have been many research on the relationship between width, depth and magnetic flux leakage of slot defect. However, the length factor is often ignored. The relationship between characteristics of defect leakage field and defect length was investigated. The magnetic flux leakages of a series of plate specimens with the same width, same depth and different length slot defects were tested under the same magnetizing conditions. Testing results show that defect length is an important parameter needed to consider in quantifying defects.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

油气管道组合缺陷漏磁检测信号数值模拟研究

为解决管道组合缺陷之间漏磁检测信号互相干扰,难以识别的问题,采用有限元方法建立仿真模型,研究管道内外、不同形状缺陷以及内外组合缺陷邻近情况下的漏磁场检测信号规律。研究结果表明:管道缺陷的漏磁检测信号在其轴向和径向分量上均存在显著差异;组合缺陷的检测信号存在相互干扰且具有一定的叠加性;当缺陷深度约为管壁厚的10%、25%、40%时,轴向信号干扰距离分别约为缺陷长度的1倍、2倍、3倍,径向信号干扰距离均约为长度的4倍,组合缺陷径向信号的互相干扰程度大于轴向信号,缺陷深度对轴向信号的影响大于径向信号。研究结果可为油气管道组合缺陷的识别提供理论依据。

北京地铁盾构隧道渗漏病害成因及对管片结构的影响研究

为揭示城市盾构隧道渗漏病害的形成机制,对北京地铁部分盾构隧道渗漏病害的主要类型、位置及程度进行统计分析。通过现场检测、地质雷达及内窥镜探测等手段,探究盾构隧道渗漏病害机制及成因,并通过数值模拟研究管片接缝渗漏时的地层变形规律及管片结构内力特征。研究表明:1)盾构管片接缝渗漏为主要的盾构隧道渗漏类型,占比超过60%,渗漏发生的位置集中在拱顶,以滴漏为主。2)盾构隧道渗漏水的主要内因是管片接缝处的不均匀变形,主要外因是地下水迅速升高导致存在渗漏隐患的隧道位于水位以下;同时,隧道周边地层更易形成富水体,增大了隧道渗漏病害的发生概率。3)盾构管片接缝处渗漏位置越靠近拱底,渗漏越严重,渗漏附近地层孔隙水压力消散的数值、最终达到稳定时的地表沉降越大。4)接缝局部渗漏导致的管片结构椭圆化变形较小,更易使结构出现向下且倾向渗漏点位方向的偏移;另外,渗漏位置变化相比渗漏程度对管片结构内力的影响大。

盾构隧道施工期渗漏聚氨酯堵漏作用机制研究

为探明隧道渗漏时聚氨酯的堵漏机制,设计并开展盾构隧道渗漏与聚氨酯注浆堵漏模型试验,通过试验分别对不同地层中隧道渗漏引发的外部地层侵蚀发展规律以及注浆堵漏的作用机制进行研究。研究表明:1)隧道渗漏后砂土与粉土地层周围孔隙水压力迅速下降,水在压力差的作用下以渗流形式向渗漏点补给,造成周边地层侵蚀破坏,但2种地层侵蚀发展规律不同。2)砂土与粉土地层中聚氨酯注浆堵漏机制相似,均可分为3个发展阶段,第1阶段聚氨酯反应释放大量气体,抵抗渗流水压;第2阶段聚氨酯固化,封堵渗漏通道,实现堵漏效果;第3阶段聚氨酯彻底固化,引起隧道结构外部荷载重分布。3)由于砂土与粉土地层渗流侵蚀规律不同,聚氨酯注浆堵漏效果有所差异,粉土地层注浆堵漏效果更好。

基于单孔稀释试验的人工湖渗漏探测方法及应用

渗漏是影响湖库安全的关键因素,对其进行准确、高效探测一直是水工安全领域中的技术难题。与基于电磁理论的地球物理探测技术不同,基于井流理论的单孔稀释技术可以直接得到与渗流场相关的含水层参数且无需额外的参数转换。但传统的单孔稀释试验往往仅对点位渗漏性进行定性判断,针对大尺度下渗漏规模的定量分析应用较少。为此,基于单孔稀释测速原理对四川省仁寿县某渗漏人工湖进行研究。在人工湖附近钻孔后进行单孔稀释试验,通过监测NaCl溶液电导率数据得到钻孔流速,通过解译流速数据得到了人工湖最大渗漏通道位于湖体左侧钻孔ZK6~ZK7区域420~440 cm深度范围和ZK8区域300~400 cm深度范围,钻孔剖面渗流量为4.24 cm^(3)/s。现场试验应用表明:单孔稀释法不仅能定性分析出渗漏通道的空间位置,还能定量计算出地下流速、渗流量参数。试验证明单孔稀释渗漏探测原理应用于湖库渗漏探测中具有较好的推广应用价值。

上海软黏土的非水相有机液体固结渗透仪渗透试验

在饱和黏性土的非水相有机液体(NAPL)渗透试验中,NAPL-土的相互作用易导致土样收缩而产生侧壁渗漏,影响试验结果的可靠性。采用固结渗透仪开展了上海淤泥质黏土的煤油渗透试验,研究竖向固结压力pv的大小和土样结构性对侧壁渗漏以及试验结果的影响。研究结果表明,絮凝结构的原状土样在pv为50 kPa、200 kPa下均存在侧壁渗漏,测得的渗透系数偏大,在pv=400 kPa下可得到可靠的试验结果。对于分散结构的重塑土,在pv=400 kPa下仍然存在侧壁渗漏。根据原状土样的孔径分布以及在pv=400 kPa下的渗透试验结果,讨论了上海淤泥质黏土中NAPL渗透的基本特性,对了解沿海软黏土中NAPL类污染物的迁移特征有指导价值。

考虑泄漏和温度效应的黏滞阻尼器性能演变研究

黏滞阻尼器作为一种广泛使用的被动减振/震装置,其力学性能在全寿命周期内会发生演变。为探究其力学参数改变模式,揭示其性能演变机理,以油液泄漏和温度效应为主要影响因素开展了试验及仿真研究。首先,对不同漏油程度和环境温度下的黏滞阻尼器分别开展了滞回试验研究和黏温关系分析;其次,对黏滞阻尼器进行了流体动力学仿真,获得其性能演变规律;最后,建立了漏油与温度联合作用下黏滞阻尼器性能演变的力学模型,并对其进行了验证。研究结果表明,油液泄漏将导致滞回圈出现零力平台段,且平台长度与漏油比例成正比;温度升高会导致阻尼系数的减小,从而影响阻尼力峰值;所建立的性能演变模型能够较为精确地反映黏滞阻尼器力学性能的改变。

一起220kV变压器绝缘电阻降低原因排查及处理

本文中作者针对一起220kV变压器运行中绝缘电阻降低的原因排查,结合试验数据采取了正确的排查流程,查明了故障点,分析了故障原因并提出了相关建议。