Microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy cast by metal mould and lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-10.1Gd-3.74Y-0.25Zr （mass fraction, %） alloy （GW104 alloy） cast by metal mould casting （MMC） and lost foam casting （LFC） were evaluated, respectively. It is revealed that different forming modes do not influence the phase composition of as-cast alloy. In the as-cast specimens, the microstructures are similar and composed of α-Mg solid solution, eutectic compound of α-Mg＋Mg 24 （Gd, Y） 5 and cuboid-shaped Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase; whereas the average grain size of the alloy produced by metal mould casting is smaller than that by lost foam casting. The eutectic compound of the alloy is completely dissolved after solution treatment at 525 ℃for 6 h, while the Mg 5 （Gd, Y） phase still exists after solution treatment. After peak-ageing, the lost foam cast alloy exhibits the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 285 MPa, and metal mould cast specimen 325 MPa at room temperature, while the tensile yield strengths of them are comparable. It can be concluded that GW104 alloy cast by lost foam casting possesses similar microstructure and evidently lower mechanical strength compared with metal mould cast alloy, due to slow solidification rate and proneness to form shrinkage porosities during lost foam casting process.

Effect of vibration frequency on primary phase and properties of grey cast iron fabricated by lost foam casting

The properties of gray cast iron(GCI)are affected by density of matrix,size of flake graphite and primary austenite.In this paper,the Y-type specimen of GCI was prepared by lost foam casting(LFC)with and without vibration,and the influence of vibration frequency on the density of matrix,size of primary phase,and properties of the GCI was studied.The results show that the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI firstly decrease and then increase with the increase of the vibration frequency.With a vibration frequency of 35 Hz,the length of the flake graphite is the shortest,the primary austenite is the finest and the density of the matrix is the highest.In addition,the tensile strength,elongation and hardness of the GCI firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of the vibration frequency,due to the refinement of the primary phase and the increase of the matrix density.In order to analyze the refinement mechanism of the primary phase of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with vibration,the solidification temperature fields of the GCI fabricated by the LFC with the vibration frequency of 0 and 35 Hz were measured.The results show that the vibration reduces the eutectic point of the GCI and increases the supercooling degree during the eutectic transformation.As a result,the length of the flake graphite and the size of the primary austenite in GCI fabricated by LFC with the vibration frequency of 35 Hz decrease.

Influence of mechanical vibration on the solidification of a lost foam cast 356 alloy

Mechanical vibration was applied to the solidification of a lost foam cast(LFC) 356 aluminum alloy.Effects of mechanical vibration,with different peak acceleration,on the size and morphology of α-Al phase,and also on the mechanical properties of the castings were studied.Results indicated that α-Al dendrites gradually grow into equiaxed grains as the peak acceleration of vibration is increased.When the peak acceleration is between about 1 to 4 g,α-Al phase distribution is uniform and is refined obviously.α-Al dendrites are reduced and the mechanical properties of the castings are improved significantly when compared to those of the castings that are produced without vibration.However,when the peak acceleration is higher than 4 g,strong vibration will lead to defects formation,such as sand adhesion,while the amount and size of pores will be increased.And due to the turbulent flow that caused by strong vibration,the chance of forming large pores in the matrix has been increased significantly.The increase in defects will result in the deterioration of mechanical properties.

Effects of mechanical vibration on filling and solidification behavior, microstructure and performance of Al/Mg bimetal by lost foam compound casting

Al/Mg bimetal was prepared by lost foam solid-liquid compound casting,and the effects of mechanical vibration on the filling and solidification behavior,microstructure and performance of the bimetal were investigated.Results show that the mechanical vibration has a remarkable influence on the filling and solidification processes.It is found that after mechanical vibration,the filling rate increases and the filling rate at different times is more uniform than that without vibration.In addition,the mechanical vibration also increases the wettability between liquid AZ91D and A356 inlays.The mechanical vibration reduces the horizontal and vertical temperature gradient of the casting and makes the temperature distribution of the whole casting more uniform.Compared to the Al/Mg bimetal without vibration,the shear strength is improved by 39.76%after the mechanical vibration is applied,due to the decrease of the inclusions and Al_(12)Mg_(17) dendrites,and the refinement and uniform distribution of the Mg_(2)Si particles in the interface of the Al/Mg bimetal.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy prepared by lost foam casting

The microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 alloy prepared by lost foam casting（LFC） and various heat treatments have been investigated. The microstructure of the AZ91 alloy via LFC consists of dominant α-Mg and β-Mg17Al12 as well as a new phase Al32Mn25 with size of about 550 μm, which has not been detected in AZ91 alloy prepared by other casting processes. The tests demonstrate that the as-cast mechanical properties are higher than those of sand gravity casting because of chilling and cushioning effect of foam pattern during the mould filling. The solution kinetics and the aging processes at different temperatures were also investigated by hardness and electrical resistivity measurements. The kinetics of aging are faster at the high temperature due to enhanced diffusion of atoms in the matrix, so the hardness peak at 380 ℃ occurs after 10 h; while at the lower aging temperature（150 ℃）, the peak is not reached in the time（24 h） considered.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast 356 alloys

Microstructure and mechanical properties of lost foam cast aluminum alloys have been investigated in both primary A356(0.13% Fe) and secondary 356(0.47%). As expected, secondary 356 shows much higher content of Fe-rich intermetallic phases, and in particular the porosity in comparison with primary A356. The average area percent and size(length) of Fe-rich intermetallics change from about 0.5% and 6 μm in A356 to 2% and 25 μm in 356 alloy. The average area percent and maximum size of porosity also increase from about 0.4% and 420 μm to 1.4% and 600 μm, respectively. As a result, tensile ductility decreases about 60% and ultimate tensile strength declines about 8%. Lower fatigue strength was also experienced in the secondary 356 alloy. Low cycle fatigue(LCF) strength decreased from 187 MPa in A356 to 159 MPa in 356 and high cycle fatigue(HCF) strength also declined slightly from 68 MPa to 64 MPa.

超声施振方式对消失模铸造Al/Mg双金属复合材料界面组织和力学性能的影响

研究了连续超声振动和间歇超声振动两种施振方式对消失模铸造Al/Mg双金属材料界面组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,未施加超声振动Al/Mg双金属界面由Al-Mg金属间化合物区和共晶组织区组成,两个区域边界存在一层氧化膜,阻碍了元素扩散,Mg_(2)Si相呈网状,团聚分布于金属间化合物区。两种超声施振方式均能通过超声空化效应和声流效应破碎和消除氧化膜,并使Mg_(2)Si相细化和分散于整个界面,部分共晶组织转变为金属间化合物,提高了界面组织和显微硬度分布均匀性。连续超声振动作用下Al/Mg双金属界面剪切强度达到53.9 MPa,相比未超声处理提升63.8%。间歇超声振动作用下,界面厚度较连续超声振动减小,然而局部区域存在孔洞缺陷和Mg_(2)Si相局部聚集,削弱了对界面的强化效果,但界面剪切强度仍达到49.5 MPa。

一种可固化堵漏工作液的室内研究

针对目前川东北地区钻井过程中遇到的易漏失问题,室内研制了一种新型可固化堵漏工作液。该堵漏液在1.3～2.0 g/cm3密度范围内可调,具有良好的悬浮能力、流动能力、触变性能以及固化性能,在50～70℃温度下,24 h抗压强度可达到10 MPa以上,稠化时间可调。同时该堵漏液与钻井液具有良好的相容性,并能激活钻井液使之固化,为安全施工提供了保障。考察了常规惰性堵漏材料对堵漏液的性能影响。通过室内堵漏效果评价表明,可固化堵漏液加入惰性堵漏材料WTD-300使用时,具有很强的封堵效果,提高了地层承压能力,既解决了传统桥塞堵漏技术承压能力低的缺点,又弥补了水泥浆堵漏时的化学不相容的危险,具有很好的应用前景。

热处理对消失模铸造镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

对不同热处理工艺条件下消失模铸态镁合金的组织、力学性能进行了系统的研究,结果表明,高温时效沉淀在晶内及晶界处以连续形式析出,而在低温时效时沉淀以不连续形式在晶界形成,并具有糖浆状。经过热处理后合金的综合力学性能有较大幅度的提高,其中高温时效对提高强度及加工硬化率尤为有利。还通过硬度、电阻率测量分别研究了固溶、时效过程动力学。由于原子扩散速度随温度的升高而增大,高温时效(380℃)的硬度峰仅过10h即出现,而在低温时效(150℃)时经过24h仍未达到硬度峰。

机械振动对消失模铸造镁合金组织及力学性能的影响

研究机械振动对消失模铸造AZ91合金微观组织和力学性能的影响,并分析凝固过程中机械振动细化晶粒的机制。结果表明:机械振动能显著地细化消失模铸造AZ91合金的组织,合金组织由α-Mg固溶体、沉淀Mg17Al12和新相Al13Mn12组成,其铝锰相有别于不施加振动时的Al32Mn25相;机械振动较大幅度改善了合金的力学性能,当激振力为1.5kN时,AZ91合金抗拉强度相对于不振动时提高27%,其合金力学性能最优;而当激振力进一步增加时,由于组织中存在着微观缩松,强度有所降低。机械振动法通过增大过冷度、剪切力碎化枝晶和使枝晶臂熔断来细化晶粒。

富Ce稀土对Al-Si7-Mg0.8合金消失模凝固组织性能影响

采用富Ce混合稀土变质Al-Si7-Mg0.8铝合金,研究其消失模铸造凝固组织性能变化。结果表明:富Ce混合稀土对Al-Si7-Mg0.8铝合金的共晶硅有细化作用,并能降低合金的孔隙率。当稀土加入量0.3%时,共晶硅由粗大的板片状变为细小的颗粒状,孔隙率小于0.13%,此时合金铸态抗拉强度略有提高,而塑性显著增加,伸长率从未加入稀土时的1.6%增加至4.3%,增幅达到169%。稀土加入量过大时,颗粒状的共晶硅又会重新变成板条状,合金的强度和塑性降低。

利用屏蔽暂堵技术解决塔河油田长裸眼井的地层渗漏问题

针对塔河长裸眼井钻井过程中出现的钻井液粘切上升、起下钻阻力大、井壁易坍塌等问题 ,提出了使用超细碳酸钙 QS- 2 ,暂堵剂 PB- 1和沥青类添加剂 GL A复配的屏蔽暂堵技术 ,室内评价实验和现场应用表明 ,QS- 2、PB-1与 GL A复配 ,可有效地解决渗透性地层的渗漏问题 ,并提高破碎性地层的承压能力 。

消失模铸造水基涂料的研制

涂料是消失模铸造最关键的辅助材料之一。为降低消失模铸造涂料的成本 ,研制了水基消失模涂料。文中采用石英粉为耐火骨料 ,石英粉共有 3种粒度分布。所有涂料用碾轮式混砂机制成膏状涂料 ,在搅拌机中加入适量水搅拌成液体涂料 ,然后测其性能。研制出的涂料 ,配方为 :石英粉 10 0 % ,膨润土 4 % ,白乳胶 2 .5 % ,羧甲基纤维素钠 (CMC) 0 .5 % ,以及其它附加物 ,其中石英粉要求粒度分布相对集中。该涂料成本低且具有优良的工艺性能 。

硫对消失模铸造灰铸铁组织和性能的影响

在消失模铸造条件下,通过向铁液中加入硫铁增硫的方法改变铸铁的含硫量,研究了含硫量的变化(0.027%～0.143%)对灰铸铁微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:当含硫量小于0.121%时,薄壁灰铸铁中过冷石墨的数量随着硫量的增加而减少,当含硫量增至0.143%时,过冷石墨基本消除;在试验成分范围内,随着含硫量的增加,灰铸铁的抗拉强度及硬度先提高后降低,当硫含量在0.078%～0.121%范围时,灰铸铁的微观组织和力学性能最为理想。

压力场对ZL101铝合金消失模铸造性能的影响

采用自行研制的压力凝固试验装置,研究了ZL101铝合金消失模铸造过程中,不同的压力和加压速率对铸件性能的影响。试验结果表明,随着外加压力的增加,铸件的密度和力学性能逐步提高,孔隙率显著降低,当外加压力达到0.5MPa以上时,ZL101消失模铸件的力学性能提高趋缓;加压时,不同的加压速率对消失模铸件的密度及性能影响很大,当加压速率为0.003～0.030MPa/s时,铝合金消失模铸件性能较好;由于在压力下凝固,ZL101铝合金消失模铸件针孔等缺陷减少、密度提高,铸件耐腐蚀性进一步提高。

Al-Si-Mg-Y合金消失模铸造振动压力凝固的组织与性能

应用消失模铸造振动压力凝固成形技术制备了Al-7Si-0.8Mg-0.3Y(ASMY)合金。通过SEM、XRD、DSC和TEM等测试方法对其铸态和T6组织进行分析,研究其对力学性能的影响。结果表明:在ASMY合金铸态组织的晶界处生成有少量Al3Y短棒状颗粒相;在T6热处理过程中,稀土Y或Al3Y阻碍Mg2Si相的析出和扩散聚集,使析出相Mg2Si呈弥散分布;Mg2Si相与晶界稳定相Al3Y对合金同时起到钉扎强化作用;采用消失模铸造振动压力凝固技术后,铝合金的孔隙率显著降低,从1.1%降低0.18%;ASMY合金消失模铸造振动压力凝固试样T6态的抗拉强度达到308MPa,比A356普通消失模试样T6态的抗拉强度提高29%。

具有特殊结构的微泡沫钻井液技术综述

近来开发出一种新的钻井液工艺———具有独特结构的微泡沫基钻井液 ,用它在世界范围内几百口井中顺利完成了枯竭储层的钻进。该钻井液的主要特点是 ,密度低 ,微泡沫具有架桥作用 ,基液粘度特别高 ,所以在钻低压地层时能很好地控制滤失量。微泡沫钻井液主要由增粘生物聚合物、表面活性剂和滤失控制剂组成 ,基液具有很高的低剪切速率粘度 ,通过在混合漏斗中采取合适的操作 ,表面活性剂将体系中的空气包裹起来即产生了微泡沫 ,钻井液从钻头喷射出时由于压力的降低也可能产生微泡沫 ,所以使用微泡沫钻井液不需要井场添加注入气体用到的设备。微泡沫具有特殊的结构 ,不会聚结 ,可循环使用 ;在井眼条件下能聚集在一起 ,在孔隙中及微裂缝处形成架桥 ,减少钻井液的侵入。在现场应用中微泡沫钻井液表现出许多优良性能 :微泡沫能起到架桥粒子的作用 ,在枯竭储层及低压地层的钻进顺利 ;对粘土和页岩有好的抑制性能 ;流变性能易于维护 ,具有优良的井眼清洁能力、岩屑悬浮能力和滤失控制能力 ;可以连续完成上部地层和储层钻进 ,减少技术套管的使用 ;对井下工具无不良影响 ,可以用于定向井和水平井 ,不影响电测 ;井眼规则 ;完井顺利而且固井质量好 ;对环境的污染极小。

不同耐火填料对消失模铸造涂料性能的影响

研究了三种不同耐火填料对涂料性能的影响,并分别对三种涂料的悬浮性、透气性、流变性和触变性进行测定分析和比较,结果表明:耐火填料的粒度和密度是消失模涂料悬浮性和透气性的主要影响因素,涂料粒度的组成是影响流变性的主要因素。

Y和Gd对消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金组织和性能的影响

为改善消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金的显微组织和力学性能,在合金中加入稀土元素Y和Gd。结果表明:Y和Gd在消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金中生成块状的Al2Y和Al2Gd相,细化基体组织,并使β-Mg17Al12相形貌由网状转变为断续状和颗粒状。Y和Gd的加入提高了消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金中α-Mg的初晶析出温度,降低其共晶温度。适量的Y和Gd能显著提高消失模铸造AZ91D镁合金的力学性能,当Y和Gd的含量分别为0.6%和0.9%时,抗拉强度、伸长率和硬度达到最大,分别为161.68MPa、2.80%、HB64.7,比不加Y和Gd的AZ91D镁合金分别提高了18.8%、54.7%、19.2%。

深井高密度盐水钻井液流变性控制技术

肯基亚克盐下油田属高压油气藏，石炭系灰岩油层孔隙压力系数高达1．90～1．94，裂缝发育，漏喷同层，钻井液安全密度窗口窄，极易出现先漏后喷的复杂局面，钻井液流变性成为影响井下压力平衡的重要因素。高密度盐水钻井液因固相含量高、固相容量限低，流变参数总体上偏高，调整和控制较为困难。在分析各种影响因素的基础上，建立了一套以控制劣质固相、维持化学抑制性和等浓度维护为核心的高密度盐水钻井液流变性控制技术。经肯基亚克盐下油田20多口井的现场应用，取得了流变参数大幅度下降，流变性显著优化的效果。