Monetary policy rules：Forward-looking and backward-looking in an overlapping generations model

In the framework of an overlapping generations model, forward-looking monetary policy roles and backward-looking monetary policy rules were investigated. It is shown that the monetary steady state is more likely to be indeterminate under an active forwardlooking rule than under the corresponding backward-looking rule. It is also shown that backward-looking roles can render the monetary steady state unstable.

Study on China＇s Policy Text for Municipal Solid Waster Power Generation

Chinese government has initiated many preferential policies for supporting the circular economy, including the industry of municipal solid waste （MSW） power generation. This paper collects relevant policies for China＇s MSW power generation. It also analyzes the overall environment of policies for the MSW power generation from three aspects---the basic principles for China to develop MSW power generation, the operating mechanism and the specific preferential policies. The analysis establishes foundation for further research toward policy integration.

Impact of renewable power market penetration on coal power generation capacity growth

Since renewable energy sources are growing in importance, how well they can penetrate the energy market for power generation will be a very important factor in the role the coal industry will play in the future. This paper examined the displacement of coal power plant capacity from 2010 to 2050 by renewables with respect to three drivers assumed under various conditions： the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act （ARRA）, Greenhouse Gas （GItG） policy, and varying plant capital cost cases. The results by 2050 illustrate that renewable market penetration captures anywhere from 1.9% to 6.4% of potential coal power generation capacity additions. Renewable power generation capacity additions is expected to outpace coal power plant additions by 89% with respect to ARRA in 2050, however with no GHG policy coal power generation capacity build-outs will outpace renewables by as high as 809%. Finally, coal power generation is still projected to be the largest single energy source contributor to the electricity market making up 28.0% of total available capacity, while renewables are expected to only make up 16.3% of total available capacity.

An Algorithm for Generation of Attack Signatures Based on Sequences Alignment

This paper presents a new algorithm for generation of attack signatures based on sequence alignment. The algorithm is composed of two parts: a local alignment algorithm-GASBSLA (Generation of Attack Signatures Based on Sequence Local Alignment) and a multi-sequence alignment algorithm-TGMSA (Tri-stage Gradual Multi-Sequence Alignment). With the inspiration of sequence alignment used in Bioinformatics, GASBSLA replaces global alignment and constant weight penalty model by local alignment and affine penalty model to improve the generality of attack signatures. TGMSA presents a new pruning policy to make the algorithm more insensitive to noises in the generation of attack signatures. In this paper, GASBSLA and TGMSA are described in detail and validated by experiments.

Automatic Generation of Attribute-Based Access Control Policies from Natural Language Documents

In response to the challenges of generating Attribute-Based Access Control(ABAC)policies,this paper proposes a deep learning-based method to automatically generate ABAC policies from natural language documents.This method is aimed at organizations such as companies and schools that are transitioning from traditional access control models to the ABAC model.The manual retrieval and analysis involved in this transition are inefficient,prone to errors,and costly.Most organizations have high-level specifications defined for security policies that include a set of access control policies,which often exist in the form of natural language documents.Utilizing this rich source of information,our method effectively identifies and extracts the necessary attributes and rules for access control from natural language documents,thereby constructing and optimizing access control policies.This work transforms the problem of policy automation generation into two tasks:extraction of access control statements andmining of access control attributes.First,the Chat General Language Model(ChatGLM)isemployed to extract access control-related statements from a wide range of natural language documents by constructing unique prompts and leveraging the model’s In-Context Learning to contextualize the statements.Then,the Iterated Dilated-Convolutions-Conditional Random Field(ID-CNN-CRF)model is used to annotate access control attributes within these extracted statements,including subject attributes,object attributes,and action attributes,thus reassembling new access control policies.Experimental results show that our method,compared to baseline methods,achieved the highest F1 score of 0.961,confirming the model’s effectiveness and accuracy.

The Implementation Effect Research of Employment Promotion Policy of New Migrant Workers

In China, the national policies on employment generation of migrant workers have an important role in guiding. The employment satisfaction generation of migrant workers, the employment scale, employment quality were all studied via research and statistics, which were analysing to result in the role of national policies to promote employment of the new generation of migrant workers, and the various factors of the impact of the new generation of rural migrant workers in recent years. In this study, the two generations are treated differently according to their characteristics, which results in conclusions that can fully display the current generation problems in the process of employment Therefore, the current systematic research and exploration about the employment problem has very important significance.

SMINER:Detecting Unrestricted and Misimplemented Behaviors of Software Systems Based on Unit Test Cases

Despite the advances in automated vulnerability detection approaches,security vulnerabilities caused by design flaws in software systems are continuously appearing in real-world systems.Such security design flaws can bring unrestricted and misimplemented behaviors of a system and can lead to fatal vulnerabilities such as remote code execution or sensitive data leakage.Therefore,it is an essential task to discover unrestricted and misimplemented behaviors of a system.However,it is a daunting task for security experts to discover such vulnerabilities in advance because it is timeconsuming and error-prone to analyze the whole code in detail.Also,most of the existing vulnerability detection approaches still focus on detecting memory corruption bugs because these bugs are the dominant root cause of software vulnerabilities.This paper proposes SMINER,a novel approach that discovers vulnerabilities caused by unrestricted and misimplemented behaviors.SMINER first collects unit test cases for the target system from the official repository.Next,preprocess the collected code fragments.SMINER uses pre-processed data to show the security policies that can occur on the target system and creates a test case for security policy testing.To demonstrate the effectiveness of SMINER,this paper evaluates SMINER against Robot Operating System(ROS),a real-world system used for intelligent robots in Amazon and controlling satellites in National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA).From the evaluation,we discovered two real-world vulnerabilities in ROS.

Overlapping Generations and Environmental Policy： An Introduction

A small but growing body of literature uses overlapping generations （OLG） models to study environmental policy for long-lived problems such as climate change. An OLG model, unlike the infinitely lived representative agent model, dis- tinguishes between impatience with respect to one＇s own future utility, and attitudes toward successors＇ utility. I discuss the problem of time inconsistency, the role of Markov perfection, and show that a class of OLG models can be studied using me- thods developed to analyze models of non-constant discounting. An example illu- strates the techniques and determines the conditions under which, in equilibrium, there is under-investment or over-investment in natural capital.

Stakeholder Perspectives on Use,Trade,and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in the Rasuwa District of Central Nepal

People's livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection,use,and trade of medicinal plants.Traditional use is generally not a problem,but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation.Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles,responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved.Through personal interviews and group discussions,this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use,trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal.Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses.Perceptions on market availability differed significantly:100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available,against only 36 % for local people.This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement.Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district:81 % of the respondents from district and national organizationsconsidered that medicinal plants were threatened,compared to only 28 % for local people.Despite this disparity,both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants:over-harvesting;habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation;and over-grazing by livestock.Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants,such as ambiguous policies;lack of resources,information and infrastructures;habitat degradation;and over-exploitation.Despite these challenges,respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district,given resource availability,community awareness and motivation,and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies.Proper collaboration,communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.

To Abolish the One-Child Policy or Not?

In 1982 China endorsed the one-child policy as one of the country’s national policies.The policy came at a special historical moment when rapid population growth in preceding decades posed increasing challenges to the standards of people’s living,education,health care and employment,makingit extremelydifficult forthe coun-try to rid itself of poverty in the foreseeable future.A mong developing countries with huge populations,China was the only one to retain a low birth rate during part of

Should the One-Child Policy Continue?

Proposals to change China’s family planning policy were put forward during the recent sessions of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) by a number of NPC deputies and

Will auctioning promote the renewable energy generation in China?

Renewable energy generation,as part of the global effort to mitigate climate change,will play a central role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving China's goal of carbon emissions peak before 2030 and carbon neutral before 2060.However,the impact of carbon quota auctions on renewable energy generation has not been sufficiently discussed.The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether China can rely on quota auctions to increase renewable energy generation in the short term,and to demonstrate which is more effective in promoting renewable energy development,policy enforcement or auction constraints?The improved neo-trans-log production model,the multiobjective linear programming model and the dispatch heuristic were used to predict additional emission reduction cost,optimized power mix with different auctioning rates,with economic development,technological progress and the unique characteristics of China's power generation industry being taken into consideration.The results show that the auctioning rate will have little influence on the optimized energy production structure,especially on the share of renewable energy resources;when the total on-grid electricity generation ranges from 7625 to 7926 billion kW h and the auctioning rate ranges from 0% to 5%,policy enforcement will influence the generation of renewable energy to a greater extent than auctioning in the near future.

Some Mathematical Properties of the Dynamically Inconsistent Bellman Equation： A Note on the Two-Sided Altruism Dynamics

This article describes some dynamic aspects on dynastic utility incorporating two-sided altruism with an OLG setting. The special case is analyzed where the weights of two-sided altruism are dynamically inconsistent. The Bellman equation for two-sided altruism proves to be reduced to one-sided dynamic problem, but the effective discount factor is different only in the current generation. It is shown that a contraction mapping result of value function cannot be achieved in general, and that there can locally exist an infinite number of self-consistent policy functions of the class C＂ with distinct steady states （indeterminacy of self-consistent, differentiable policy functions）.

China's One-Child Policy OK for Kids' Health

选注者言:计划生育,是我国的国策。自“独生子女”政策实行以来,曾经有人担 心。独生子女这一代长大之后会出现很多问题,因为他们受到了过多的娇宠。现 在,这一代人已经长大,他们的情形究竟如何呢?本文的调查分析令人宽慰。

Evaluation of Fertility Levels and Adjustment of Fertility Policy: Based on the Current Situation of the Chinese Mainland's Provincial Fertility Levels

During the 11th Five-year Plan （2006-2010）, the total fertility rate of the mainland of China was 1.481 and was stable with a slight decline, exhibiting a spatial pattern of moderately low fertility in the central and western regions, very low fertility in the east and extremely low fertility in the northeast. Except for a rebound in a few provinces and regions with extremely low fertility rates, the ratio of actual fertility rates to policy fertility rates is still falling. The reduced fertility rate is mainly driven by development, notably the proportion of the total population represented by the exuberantly fertile women of child-bearing age and their greater urbanization, growing level of non-agricultural employment and outflow from rural areas, as well as the assimilative effect of urban production, lifestyles and culturalconcepts upon the agricultural population. Development has catalyzed an irreversible trend of declining fertility; existing fertility policy has proven insufficient to keep fertility rates stable at reasonably low levels. Policy-based rebounds may emerge in urban areas and the east and northeast, where family planning policy has been better implemented; on the other hand, a non-policy-based rebound may have been released. In the central and western rural areas, multiple births occur on average among only 4.12 percent of the younger generation of women. As fertility policy is adjusted and improved, fertility rebounds in transitional fertility policy adjustment can be effectively regulated through a gradual strategy which will not provoke a sharp rebound. The time is ripe for China to conduct a nationally unified adjustment of the existing fertility policy.

Population ageing and the impacts of the universal two-child policy on China’s socio-economy

The two-child policy was officially proclaimed in the Guideline of the 13th Five-Year Plan and approved in March 2016.This article provides a detailed analysis of the Chinese demographic structure characterised by ageing with sub-replacement fertility.It argues that the universal two-child policy is timely and necessary for the New Normal economy.The policy has significance in relieving socio-economic pressure and promoting economic growth,for which it is not only a necessary premise but also a sufficient condition.Having reviewed the evolution of the demographic transition theory,this research undertakes a comparative analysis of different stages of demographic transition in different regions across the world.It further investigates the three stages of successful demographic transition in China.The universally adopted two-child policy,as it meets the requirements of demographic transition,is also inevitable for socio-economic development.

Recent advances and challenges in task-oriented dialog systems

Due to the significance and value in human-computer interaction and natural language processing,task-oriented dialog systems are attracting more and more attention in both academic and industrial communities.In this paper,we survey recent advances and challenges in task-oriented dialog systems.We also discuss three critical topics for task-oriented dialog systems:(1)improving data efficiency to facilitate dialog modeling in low-resource settings,(2)modeling multi-turn dynamics for dialog policy learning to achieve better task-completion performance,and(3)integrating domain ontology knowledge into the dialog model.Besides,we review the recent progresses in dialog evaluation and some widely-used corpora.We believe that this survey,though incomplete,can shed a light on future research in task-oriented dialog systems.

Motivation of Parent-Child Co-residence Behavior:Evidenee from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

This paper examines the motivations of parent-child co-residence behavior in China using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.We test three possible motives:social norms,self-interest and altruism.We find that social norms play an important role in household co-residence behavior,showing that the belief that"sons take care of parents"is strong,and children in different birth orders take different responsibilities.Taking the one-child policy as a natural experiment,we compared co-residence behavior between only-child and multi-child families.This allowed us to test whether children in multi-child families with wealthier parents more often coreside in order to compete for a bequest.We find that parents'wealth is more appealing to children in multi-child families.The results support the life cycle theory that coresidence decisions are motivated by self-interest.We also find some evidence of altruism when parents and children make co-residence decisions.These findings provide some insights for designing future elder-support policies in China.

Data-driven and Model-based Hybrid Reinforcement Learning to Reduce Stress on Power Systems Branches

This work proposes a reinforcement learning(RL)approach to tackle the control problem of branch overload relief in large power systems.Accordingly,a control agent is trained to change generators'real power output in order to relieve the stressed branches.For large power systems,this control problem becomes one whose decision space(i.e.,the action space)is both highly-dimensioned and continuous.This makes it extremely difficult to have successful training for RL-based agents.To improve the effectiveness,a data-driven and model-based hybrid approach is proposed to optimize the control by combining RL-agent actions and generator shifting factor-driven actions.Accordingly,with the proposed approach the RL-agent successfully trains on large power systems.The proposed design is tested on both the IEEE 118-bus testing system and a 2749-bus real system.The obtained results show that the proposed hybrid approach outperforms the data-driven training approach.