To understand any statistical tool requires not only an understanding of the relevant computational procedures but also an awareness of the assumptions upon which the procedures are based, and the effects of violation...To understand any statistical tool requires not only an understanding of the relevant computational procedures but also an awareness of the assumptions upon which the procedures are based, and the effects of violations of these assumptions. In our earlier articles (Laverty, Miket, & Kelly [1]) and (Laverty & Kelly, [2] [3]) we used Microsoft Excel to simulate both a Hidden Markov model and heteroskedastic models showing different realizations of these models and the performance of the techniques for identifying the underlying hidden states using simulated data. The advantage of using Excel is that the simulations are regenerated when the spreadsheet is recalculated allowing the user to observe the performance of the statistical technique under different realizations of the data. In this article we will show how to use Excel to generate data from a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) model and how the statistical methods behave both when the fundamental assumptions of the model hold and when these assumptions are violated. The purpose of this article is to provide tools for individuals to gain an intuitive understanding of these violations using this readily available program.展开更多
We propose a scheme for establishing the stationary one-way quantum steering in a three-level Λ-type atomic ensemble. In our system, the cavity modes are generated from two atomic dipole-allowed transitions, which ar...We propose a scheme for establishing the stationary one-way quantum steering in a three-level Λ-type atomic ensemble. In our system, the cavity modes are generated from two atomic dipole-allowed transitions, which are in turn driven by two external classical fields. The atomic ensemble can act as an engineered reservoir to put two cavity modes into a squeezed state by two Bogoliubov dissipation pathways. When the damping rates of the two cavity modes are different,the steady-state one-way quantum steering of the intracavity and output fields is presented by adjusting the normalized detuning. The physical mechanism is analyzed based on a dressed state representation and Bogoliubov mode transformation.The achieved optical one-way quantum steering scheme has potential applications in quantum secret information sharing protocols.展开更多
Statistical comparison of two remediation methods: Remedial nutrient solution and enhanced natural attenuation were analyzed in terms of TPH of different soil samples collected from Khana Local Government Area of Rive...Statistical comparison of two remediation methods: Remedial nutrient solution and enhanced natural attenuation were analyzed in terms of TPH of different soil samples collected from Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria at different locations and placed inside sample bottles labelled A to D and replicated into two, one for each of the above treatment technique. The TPH of the soil was determined using GC analyzer after solvent extraction was carried out using hexane/dichloromethane mixture. Three batches of treatment were performed on the samples at every interval of eight weeks for a duration of six months. The result obtained was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA factorial experimental design to test the significance of the various sources of variation. From the result obtained, source of variation for sample and interactions were non-significantly different from each other which means that irrespective of the number of samples analyzed or the combination of both samples and batches of treatment, they will still not be significantly different from each other. The source of variation for batch and replications were significantly different from each other and this means that irrespective of the batches of treatment applied or the number of replications (methods of treatment used), they will always be significantly different from each other. The individual comparison of each sample showed that the efficiency of the Remedial Nutrient Solution method was better than Enhanced Natural Attenuation method.展开更多
A surging population in Karnataka State,a semi-arid region in India,poses a threat to both food security and livelihood sustainability,necessitating a concentrated effort to bolster agricultural efficiency and achieve...A surging population in Karnataka State,a semi-arid region in India,poses a threat to both food security and livelihood sustainability,necessitating a concentrated effort to bolster agricultural efficiency and achieve United Naton’s Sustainable Development Goal 2(zero hunger).Therefore,in order to address the pressing issue of food scarcity in Karnataka,this study meticulously examined the spatio-temporal variation of agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity in Karnataka,uncovering its significant dependence of agricultural efficiency on irrigation intensity.Specifically,this study used a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)to ascertain significant differences in the means of agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity during 2004-2005 and 2018-2019.This study showed that the maximum improvement in agricultural efficiency index was recorded in Belgaum(40.24),Gulbarga(24.77),and Yadgir districts(22.92)between 2004-2005 and 2018-2019,which indicated the progressing trend and better scope for agriculture extension.On the contrary,some districts expressed threat(a decline of above 20.00 of agricultural efficiency index)and needed special care for the improvement of agricultural efficiency in four northern districts(Bagalkot,Bidar,Raichur,and Bijapur),three southern districts(Chitradurga,Chikballapur and Hassan),and two southern districts(Koppal and Gadag)in Karnataka.During 2004-2005,irrigation intensity varied from 3.19%to 56.39%,with the lowest irrigation intensity in Kodagu District and the highest irrigation intensity in Shimoga District.During 2018-2019,irrigation intensity changed from 0.77%to 72.77%,with the lowest irrigation intensity in Kodagu District and the highest in Dakshin Kannad District.Moreover,the research scrutinized the complex relationship between agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity,with the correlation coefficient increased from 0.162 during 2004-2005 to 0.255 during 2018-2019.It implies that in both periods,a low positive correlation existed between these two variables.Over time,several factors(high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers)other than irrigation intensity gradually became essential for agricultural efficiency.This research offers a wealth of valuable insights for regional planners and policy-makers contending with comparable challenges in various regions of India and other developing countries.展开更多
文摘To understand any statistical tool requires not only an understanding of the relevant computational procedures but also an awareness of the assumptions upon which the procedures are based, and the effects of violations of these assumptions. In our earlier articles (Laverty, Miket, & Kelly [1]) and (Laverty & Kelly, [2] [3]) we used Microsoft Excel to simulate both a Hidden Markov model and heteroskedastic models showing different realizations of these models and the performance of the techniques for identifying the underlying hidden states using simulated data. The advantage of using Excel is that the simulations are regenerated when the spreadsheet is recalculated allowing the user to observe the performance of the statistical technique under different realizations of the data. In this article we will show how to use Excel to generate data from a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) model and how the statistical methods behave both when the fundamental assumptions of the model hold and when these assumptions are violated. The purpose of this article is to provide tools for individuals to gain an intuitive understanding of these violations using this readily available program.
基金Project supported by Wuhan Donghu University Youth Foundation of Natural science (Grant No. 2022dhzk009)。
文摘We propose a scheme for establishing the stationary one-way quantum steering in a three-level Λ-type atomic ensemble. In our system, the cavity modes are generated from two atomic dipole-allowed transitions, which are in turn driven by two external classical fields. The atomic ensemble can act as an engineered reservoir to put two cavity modes into a squeezed state by two Bogoliubov dissipation pathways. When the damping rates of the two cavity modes are different,the steady-state one-way quantum steering of the intracavity and output fields is presented by adjusting the normalized detuning. The physical mechanism is analyzed based on a dressed state representation and Bogoliubov mode transformation.The achieved optical one-way quantum steering scheme has potential applications in quantum secret information sharing protocols.
文摘Statistical comparison of two remediation methods: Remedial nutrient solution and enhanced natural attenuation were analyzed in terms of TPH of different soil samples collected from Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria at different locations and placed inside sample bottles labelled A to D and replicated into two, one for each of the above treatment technique. The TPH of the soil was determined using GC analyzer after solvent extraction was carried out using hexane/dichloromethane mixture. Three batches of treatment were performed on the samples at every interval of eight weeks for a duration of six months. The result obtained was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA factorial experimental design to test the significance of the various sources of variation. From the result obtained, source of variation for sample and interactions were non-significantly different from each other which means that irrespective of the number of samples analyzed or the combination of both samples and batches of treatment, they will still not be significantly different from each other. The source of variation for batch and replications were significantly different from each other and this means that irrespective of the batches of treatment applied or the number of replications (methods of treatment used), they will always be significantly different from each other. The individual comparison of each sample showed that the efficiency of the Remedial Nutrient Solution method was better than Enhanced Natural Attenuation method.
文摘A surging population in Karnataka State,a semi-arid region in India,poses a threat to both food security and livelihood sustainability,necessitating a concentrated effort to bolster agricultural efficiency and achieve United Naton’s Sustainable Development Goal 2(zero hunger).Therefore,in order to address the pressing issue of food scarcity in Karnataka,this study meticulously examined the spatio-temporal variation of agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity in Karnataka,uncovering its significant dependence of agricultural efficiency on irrigation intensity.Specifically,this study used a one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)to ascertain significant differences in the means of agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity during 2004-2005 and 2018-2019.This study showed that the maximum improvement in agricultural efficiency index was recorded in Belgaum(40.24),Gulbarga(24.77),and Yadgir districts(22.92)between 2004-2005 and 2018-2019,which indicated the progressing trend and better scope for agriculture extension.On the contrary,some districts expressed threat(a decline of above 20.00 of agricultural efficiency index)and needed special care for the improvement of agricultural efficiency in four northern districts(Bagalkot,Bidar,Raichur,and Bijapur),three southern districts(Chitradurga,Chikballapur and Hassan),and two southern districts(Koppal and Gadag)in Karnataka.During 2004-2005,irrigation intensity varied from 3.19%to 56.39%,with the lowest irrigation intensity in Kodagu District and the highest irrigation intensity in Shimoga District.During 2018-2019,irrigation intensity changed from 0.77%to 72.77%,with the lowest irrigation intensity in Kodagu District and the highest in Dakshin Kannad District.Moreover,the research scrutinized the complex relationship between agricultural efficiency and irrigation intensity,with the correlation coefficient increased from 0.162 during 2004-2005 to 0.255 during 2018-2019.It implies that in both periods,a low positive correlation existed between these two variables.Over time,several factors(high-yield seeds and chemical fertilizers)other than irrigation intensity gradually became essential for agricultural efficiency.This research offers a wealth of valuable insights for regional planners and policy-makers contending with comparable challenges in various regions of India and other developing countries.
