OXYHYDROGEN COMBUSTION AND DETONATION DRIVEN SHOCK TUBE

The performance of combustion driver ignited by multi-spark plugs distributed along axial direction has been analysed and tested. An improved ignition method with three circumferential equidistributed ignitors at main diaphragm has been presented, by which the produced incident shock waves have higher repeatability, and better steadiness in the pressure, temperature and velocity fields of flow behind the incidence shock, and thus meets the requirements of aerodynamic experiment. The attachment of a damping section at the end of the driver can eliminate the high reflection pressure produced by detonation wave, and the backward detonation driver can be employed to generate high enthalpy and high density test flow. The incident shock wave produced by this method is well repeated and with weak attenuation. The reflection wave caused by the contracted section at the main diaphragm will weaken the unfavorable effect of rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave, which indicates that the forward detonation driver can be applied in the practice. For incident shock wave of identical strength, the initial pressure of the forward detonation driver is about 1 order of magnitude lower than that of backward detonation.

Heat transfer model of two-phase flow across tube bundle in submerged combustion vaporizer

In order to optimize the design of the submerged combustion vaporizer(SCV), an experimental apparatus was set up to investigate the heat transfer character outside the tube bundle in SCV. Several experiments were conducted using water and CO_2 as the heat transfer media in the tubes, respectively. The results indicated that hot air flux, the initial liquid level height and the tube pitch ratio had great influence on the heat transfer coefficient outside the tube bundle(ho). Finally, the air flux associated factor β and height associated factor γ were introduced to propose a new hocorrelation. After verified by experiments using cold water, high pressure CO_2 and liquid N_2 as heat transfer media, respectively, it was found that the biggest deviation between the predicted and the experimental values was less than 25%.

The application of the regenerative combustion technology to a radiant-tube furnace and its practice

This study compares the regenerative radiant-tube heater with the traditional radiant-tube heater, showing the regenerative radiant-tube heaters have many advantages in fuel consumption. Based on the experience of changing a heating system with traditional radiant-tube burners to a heating system with regenerative combustion, propositions are given for the combustion control system, pilot burner, flame detection and for trouble prevention in rebuilding the continuous annealing production line（CAPL） and the continuous galvanizing line（CGL）.

STUDY ON LOCATION OF HOT SPOT AT TUBE WALL FOR FIRED CYLINDRICAL FURNACE COMBUSTION

Based on the analysis of heat radiation intensity from flame, a new mathematical model ofthe tube-wall temperatmp of heated tubes is developed by taking down-fired, upright-tube cylindricalfurnace for example. The proposed mathematical model can be employed to indicate both the positionand size of the hot spot at fire-facing wall of heated tube of combustion chamber, and is characteristicof simplicity and efficiency If coupled with thermoelectric couple or infrared viewer, the presentedlocation method of combustion hot spot can offer engineers very valuable proposal to keep furnacerunning more safely The same is true for any other type of tubular furnaces.

Application and practice of regenerative combustion technology on radiant-tube furnace

High Temperature Air Combustion(HTAC) based on regenerative theory has been used in developed countries in recent years,it has many advantages such as efficient recovery of waste heat,high temperature preheating air,low pollution discharge,and so on.This Technology can be used in various furnaces in mechanical,petroleum,chemical industry.To rebuild traditional radiant-tube combustion system with HTAC technology has become important.In the transformation process,The biggest difficulty encountered is that the stability of burner combustion and control system. Because the exhaust gas heat is absorbed by the regenerator,exhaust gas discharge can be controlled at a very low temperature to realize maximum waste heat recovery.At the same time,it improves the temperature uniformity and improve the heating intensity.Thermal efficiency of the device can reach more than 80%.And compared to the traditional air preheating,21.55%energy can be saved. Revamping on traditional radiant-tube combustion system is technically feasible,but a lot of problems will be involved since the rebuild work is on the old system,this article discusses on the main problem encountered in rebuild process in site. to optimize temperature control and obtain not so high exhaust gas temperature,digital combustion control system is necessary.This control loop consists of big loop and small loop,Big loop controls the load distribution of all burners in each heating zone.Small loop controls each heating zone burner's burning time. Compared performance of tradition radiant-tube heater with regenerative radiant-tube heater,result that regenerative radiant-tube heater have many advantage in consume fuel.Accordance with experience of replacing tradition radiant-tube heater with regenerative type,give a proposition in combustion control system, pilot burner,flame detection and prevent trouble to rebuild work of CAPL and CGL. It is recommended to use regenerative combustion technology in new annealing Line.Although the investment is 1/3 much more than the traditional combustion system,the energy saving effect is obvious and operating costs decreases.Revamping can be taken step by step according to different heating zones.Although taking a long time,it is safer and it influences the production less. Regenerative combustion burner revamping has become successful.However,the revamping work on different furnaces,particular on continuous annealing furnace with high request for temperature control,need further exploration and research.

NOx Emission Characteristics in Radiant Tube Burner with Oscillating Combustion Technology

An experimental study was carried out in a small-scale furnace to investigate the performance, such as NOx emission, enhancement of heat transfer, uniformity of temperature, and etc., of oscillating combustion applied in radiant tube burner sy stem for heat treatment furnace. A premixed type burner and a solenoid type oscillating control valve were designed and used. The fuel was used commercial LPG in this study and the fuel flow was oscillated by periodically opening and shutoff of the solenoid valve. From the tests, it was found that NOx emission, compared to no oscillation, could be reduced by 32% at 2.0 Hz. However, as oscillating frequency was increased, abatement of NOx emission was gradually reduced. At the high NOx abatement of 1.0 Hz, carbon monoxide was emitted above 10,000 ppm. Although rate of NOx abatement was low, oscillation condition of 2.5 Hz and duty ratio of 10-30% was recommended for low carbon monoxide emission. From the measurement of furnace heating time from 100 ℃ to 720 ℃, it was shown that heat transfer was increased by 11.5% at 2 Hz oscillating frequency. Temperature distribution of radiant tube surface was more uniform at 2 Hz oscillating frequency with drop of the peak temperature and rise of low temperature. From these results, it was confirmed that oscillating combustion was useful in radiant tube burner system.

Numerical Study of Air Nozzles on Mild Combustion for Application to Forward Flow Furnace

An attempt was made to extend mild combustion to forward flow furnace, such as the refinery and petrochemical tube furnace. Three dimensional numerical simulation was carried out to study the performance of this furnace. The Eddy Dissipation Concept(EDC) model coupled with the reaction mechanism DRM-19 was used. The prediction showed a good agreement with the measurement. The effect of air nozzle circle(D), air nozzle diameter(d), air nozzle number(N), and air preheating temperature(Tair) on the flow, temperature and species fields, and the CO and NO emissions was investigated. The results indicate that there are four zones in the furnace, viz.: a central jet zone, an ignition zone, a combustion reaction zone, and a flue gas zone, according to the distribution profiles of H_2 CO and OH. The central jet entrains more flue gas in the furnace upstream with an increasing D while the effect of D is negligible in the downstream. The air jet momentum increases with a decreasing d or an increasing Tair, and entrains more flue gas. The effect of N is mainly identified near the burner exit. More heat is absorbed in the radiant section and less heat is discharged to the atmosphere with a decreasing d and an increasing N as evidenced by the flue gas temperature. The CO and NO emissions are less than 50 μL/L and 10 μL/L, respectively, in most of conditions.

Numerical simulation of the influence factors of NO_(x) emission on a W-type radiant tube

The radiant tube burner was modeled and analyzed by the numerical simulation method to investigate the influence factors and rules of NO_(x) emissions in a W-type radiant tube.These factors,which include air preheating temperature,excess air coefficient,and fuel gas composition,were modified to study their effects on NO_(x) emissions under varying working conditions.Simulation results were compared with the theoretical calculation value based on chemical reaction equilibrium theory and the onsite experimental value to verify the simulation accuracy.The results show that NO_(x) emissions rise with increasing air preheating temperatures.NO_(x) production increases to an extreme value and then decreases during the oxygen-poor to oxygen-enriched process with the rise of the excess air coefficient.Enhancing the proportion of coke oven gas in the fuel gas raises the combustion temperature as well as the NO_(x) discharge.Both the thermal efficiency and NO_(x) emissions should be balanced.Therefore,the recommended values based on the simulation results are as follows:the air preheating temperature should not exceed 400℃,the excess air coefficient should be between 1.1 and 1.2,and the volume fraction of the coke oven gas should not exceed 30%.

不同储层渗透率下稠油油藏火驱开发特征

储层渗透率直接影响火驱过程中的驱替压差、油墙的形成与聚集速度,明确渗透率对稠油火驱开发的影响规律十分必要。采用自主开发的燃烧管装置和多孔介质热效应监测装置,开展了火驱实验,分析不同渗透率下辽河稠油油藏火驱特征。结果表明:储层渗透率为650×10^(-3)μm^(2)时,火驱过程中各热电偶峰值温度达到550℃,燃烧前缘推进中温度没有下降,说明该渗透率下燃烧过程放热效率高,能够解除燃烧初期的油墙封堵;热效应监测装置能够高效快速地监测由于原油氧化燃烧反应所导致的温度变化,储层渗透率为480×10^(-3)μm^(2)时庙5区稠油燃烧峰值温度比储层渗透率为300×10^(-3)μm^(2)时高107℃,说明渗透率的提高增强了燃烧初期的放热,从而缓解了油墙的封堵效应。研究结果对不同渗透率稠油油藏火驱开发具有理论指导意义。

煤粉掺氨空气分级燃烧排放特性及炉内过程烟气特性试验

以往针对氨煤掺烧研究多集中在数值模拟及小型试验炉,大型试验炉上多为技术可行性的点工况试验。在一台50 kW自持燃烧下行试验炉中在不同工况下针对燃煤掺氨燃烧产物的排放和过程分布特性展开研究,重点分析了不同掺氨比例、燃尽风率及运行氧量的影响。为充分了解氨与煤燃烧过程中对NO生成的贡献,针对纯氨燃烧进行一系列试验。试验结果表明,空气分级燃烧可大幅降低燃煤掺氨燃烧NO的排放,掺氨比例为10%~90%时NO排放质量浓度在170~215 mg/m^(3),同纯煤燃烧NO排放质量浓度处于同一水平;最佳燃尽风比率维持在38%附近,继续增大燃尽风比率不会进一步降低NO排放,反而会导致燃烧不充分等负面影响。纯氨燃烧利用空气分级技术可以很好地控制出口NO浓度,但纯氨燃烧稳定性远不及氨煤掺混燃烧,运行氧浓度较低时易出现氨逃逸现象。燃煤掺混氨燃烧既可解决氨燃烧困难、出口NO排放浓度过高的问题,又可减少燃煤CO_(2)排放,是一项极具潜力的技术路线。

基于数字图像相关原理的埋头弹程序燃烧特性试验研究

为分析埋头弹的装药程序燃烧特性和上膛挤进运动特性,对埋头弹两级点火发射过程进行试验研究。设计并建立程序燃烧特性试验系统,采用高速摄像系统获得各组弹丸的运动图像序列。基于数字图像相关原理,对各组图像序列进行定性和定量分析,对回收的弹带刻槽形貌分析测量,获得一级点火的弹丸运动特性,两级点火的程序燃烧特性以及弹带刻槽形貌特性。研究结果表明:速燃点火药的质量直接影响一级点火弹丸上膛性能,质量增加时弹丸上膛时间显著缩短,上膛速度大幅提高;可燃导向筒过早的破碎会导致上膛速度大幅增加,使弹带刻槽形貌非常恶劣,不能可靠密封弹后火药燃气和可靠导转弹丸运动,影响内弹道性能和弹丸的膛内运动姿态;需要对速燃点火药与可燃导向筒进行合理的匹配设计,保证可燃导向筒的破碎时机处于可控范围,从而实现理想的两级点火和程序燃烧设计目标。

Heat front propagation in shale oil reservoirs during air injection:Experimental and numerical studies

Air injection technique for developing shale oil has gained significant attention. However, the ability of the heat front to consistently propagate within the shale during air injection remains uncertain. To address this, we investigated the heat front propagation within oil-detritus mixtures, shale cores, and fractured shale cores using a self-designed combustion tube(CT) and experimental schemes. By integrating the results obtained from high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry and CT, we developed a comprehensive reaction kinetics model to accurately analyze the main factors influencing the heat front propagation within fractured shale. The findings revealed that in the absence of additional fractures, the heat front failed to propagate within the tight shale. The flow of gases and liquids towards the shale core was impeded, resulting in the formation of a high-pressure zone at the front region of the shale. This pressure buildup significantly hindered air injection, leading to inadequate oxygen supply and the extinguishment of the heat front. However, the study demonstrated the stable propagation of the heat front within the oil-detritus mixtures, indicating the good combustion activity of the shale oil.Furthermore, the heat front successfully propagated within the fractured shale, generating a substantial amount of heat that facilitated the creation of fractures and enhanced gas injection and shale oil flow. It was important to note that after the heat front passed through the shale, the combustion intensity decreased. The simulation results indicated that injecting air into the main fracturing layers of the shale oil reservoir enabled the establishment of a stable heat front. Increasing the reservoir temperature(from 63 to 143℃) and oxygen concentration in the injected gas(from 11% to 21%) promoted notable heat front propagation and increased the average temperature of the heat front. It was concluded that temperature and oxygen concentration had the most important influence on the heat front propagation, followed by pressure and oil saturation.

方钢管煤矸石混凝土短柱轴压承载力有限元分析

目的 研究各设计参数在不同煤矸石粗骨料取代率下对方钢管煤矸石混凝土短柱轴压承载力的影响规律,提出轴压承载力计算式。方法 利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立方钢管煤矸石混凝土短柱轴压有限元模型,并与试验结果对比,验证模型的准确性;分析试件应力分布与荷载分配,并采用控制变量法分析试件在5种煤矸石粗骨料取代率下主要参数对其轴压承载力的影响。结果 相同设计参数下,试件轴压承载力随煤矸石粗骨料取代率的提高而降低,且最大降幅未超过14%;当试件截面边长一定时,含钢率对试件轴压承载力的影响最显著,其中,含钢率由7.4%增加至20.3%使试件轴压承载力在不同取代率下平均提升68.85%。结论 掺入煤矸石粗骨料不会使构件轴压承载力显著劣化,依据《钢管混凝土结构技术规范》(GB 50936—2014),引入煤矸石粗骨料取代率影响系数后的计算误差小于5%,可为相关研究提供参考。

Review on Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Premixed Combustion in Tubes

This paper reviews the existing knowledge on the large eddy simulation(LES) of turbulent premixed combustion in empty tubes and obstructed tubes. From the view of model development in LES, this review comprehensively analyzes the development history and applicability of the important Sub-Grid Scale(SGS) viscosity models and SGS combustion models. LES is also used to combine flow and combustion models to reproduce industrial explosion including deflagration and detonation and the transition from deflagration to detonation(DDT). The discussion about models and applications presented here leads readers to understand the progress of LES in the explosion of tube and reveals the deficiencies in this area.

布朗气对煤粉低氧燃烧催化影响

低氧燃烧技术是降低NOx排放的方法之一,但该技术降低了氧气浓度,导致燃烧不充分,造成了水冷壁被腐蚀等故障。为解决此类问题,通过管式炉实验平台,在低氧浓度环境下掺入不同配比的布朗气,观察烟气中各气体的浓度、反应后的煤粉失重率及固体残渣中固定碳占比。结果表明:当掺入1%布朗气后,煤粉的失重率增加了9.82%,残渣固定碳的含量减少了47.06%;当掺入2%布朗气后,煤粉的失重率增加了10.36%,残渣固定碳的含量减少了49.16%,且在反应前期还原性气体CO和CH_(4)的析出值达到峰值的时间分别提前了4 min和3 min,在反应前期营造了还原性燃烧气氛。由此可见,通入布朗气有利于煤粉低氧燃烧技术的实际应用。

市政污泥焚烧过程中温室气体N_(2)O排放特性研究

采用水平管式炉对上海城镇污水处理厂污泥进行燃烧试验。主要开展了燃烧温度、污泥中N含量以及污泥粒径对污泥燃烧过程中N_(2)O的排放特性研究。试验结果表明,温度是影响N_(2)O和NO排放的最重要的因素,随着焚烧温度的升高(750~950℃),燃烧反应更加剧烈,烟气中N_(2)O的排放下降,而NO的排放量上升,高温会促进N_(2)O的自分解和NO的形成;但当温度继续上升到1000℃,N_(2)O的排放量有所升高,NO的排放量有所下降。X射线电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,城镇污水处理厂污泥中蛋白质N和季铵盐N的比例基本维持在70%和30%,基本不随污泥中N含量的变化而变化,不同N含量污泥中燃料N向N_(2)O转化的比例相似。在粒径为1.25 mm时N_(2)O和NO排放较高,而粒径在2.5~4 mm之间N_(2)O和NO排放较低。污泥中燃料N向N_(2)O和NO的转化率之和维持在10%以下。

临界流文丘里管在燃烧加热器流量控制中的应用研究

燃烧加热器可用于高温高超声速风洞中高焓试验气流生成,为了实现总温、总压等参数模拟,需要对注入燃烧加热器的各组分气体流量进行控制。该文采用了临界流文丘里管用于注入燃烧加热器的空气、氧气和氢气流量控制,仿真结果表明,当文丘里管上下游压力比超过1.25后,其喉道形成音速截面,达到临界流状态,在喉道直径和气体介质不变的情况下,流入文丘里管的流量唯一取决于上游压力,通过对文丘里管上游压力的控制实现了注入燃烧加热器的各组分气体流量控制,应用于Φ600 mm高温高超声速风洞模拟参数控制,调试结果得出流量控制偏差小于±1.0%,满足了应用需求。

加力燃烧振荡高温宽频动态压力测试

针对发动机加力燃烧室振荡燃烧动态压力测试受到温度及频响限制问题,描述了管腔效应机理,比较了使用传感器齐平安装、共振管以及半无限长管3种动态测量系统的优缺点,进行了压力脉动受感部的动态频响特性测试。分析了在管腔长度不变的条件下共振管管腔内径变化对管腔频率和幅值的影响;对于半无限长管系统,在半无限长管长度不变的条件下比较了3种管腔长度对加力脉动受感部管腔频率和幅值的影响;在管腔长度不变的条件下比较了2种半无限长管长度对受感部频率和幅值的影响。结果表明:管腔长度为55.3 mm、管腔内径为3.5 mm、半无限长管长度为15 m是高温宽频加力脉动测试的最优方案。为削弱管腔效应的影响,利用经温度补偿的系统传递函数实现了在2000 Hz内对早期加力动态压力测试数据的修正。

新景矿8123综放工作面采空区自燃三带分布规律研究

针对新景矿8123综放工作面开采煤层厚、近邻层漏风严重以及遗煤自燃情况复杂等问题,采取束管监测,明确了采空区自燃“三带”的分布范围,并计算得出工作面的最小推进速度,确保工作面安全回采,可为矿井地质条件相类似采空区遗煤自燃防控提供参考。

管式加热炉甲烷掺氢比对燃烧及NO_(x)排放的影响

文章主要研究管式加热炉甲烷掺氢比对燃烧及NO_(x)排放的影响,为此基于管式加热炉,分别在1号炉测试圆形燃烧器,在3号炉测试附墙燃烧器。利用fluent中的FGM燃烧模型耦合GRI-Mech 3.0详细反应机理,结合热态实测烟气温度对其燃烧进行数值计算,研究分析管式加热炉甲烷掺氢比对燃烧及NO_(x)排放的影响。甲烷掺氢比控制在0%~60%(体积百分数)。研究结果显示:1)随着掺氢比的提升,1号炉NO_(x)排放量(标准状态,下同)由75 mg/m^(3)上升至100 mg/m^(3),3号炉NO_(x)排放量由63 mg/m^(3)下降至50 mg/m^(3);2)随着掺氢比的提升,温度高于1500℃时,1号炉热斑主要分布在燃烧器喷口之内且面积不断增大,3号炉热斑主要分布在燃烧器喷口之外且面积不断减小;3)在节能减排方面,相对于20%的掺氢比,掺氢比为60%时,1号炉换热效率提升了4.53%,3号炉换热效率提升了0.52%,烟气中二氧化碳减排26%;4)上述结果表明,掺氢提升NO_(x)排放,但炉内烟气内循环却减少NO_(x)排放,燃烧器最终的NO_(x)排放结果受到掺氢和烟气内循环综合效果的影响。