Numerical Study on the Effect of Gap Diffraction on the Hydrodynamic Performance of A Floating Breakwater

Two-dimensional(2D)flume experiments are useful in investigating the performances of floating breakwaters(FBs),including hydrodynamic performances,motion responses,and mooring forces.Designing a reasonable gap between the flume wall and the FBs is a critical step in 2D flume tests.However,research on the effect of the gap on the accuracy of 2D FB experimental results is scarce.To address this issue,a numerical wave tank is developed using CFD to estimate the wave-FB interaction of a moored dual-cylindrical FB,and the results are compared to experimental data from a previously published work.There is good agreement between them,indicating that the numerical model is sufficiently accurate.The numerical model is then applied to explore the effect of gap diffraction on the performance of FBs in2D experiments.It was discovered that the nondimensional gap length L_(Gap)/W_(Pool)should be smaller than 7.5%to ensure that the relative error of the transmission coefficient is smaller than 3%.The influence of the gap is also related to the entering wave properties,such as the wave height and period.

Numerical modeling of hydrodynamic changes due to coastal reclamation projects in Xiamen Bay,China

Xiamen Bay in South China has experienced extensive coastal exploitation since the 1950s,resulting in some severe environmental problems.Local authorities now have completed or are implementing many environmental restoration projects.Evaluating the cumulative impact of exploitation and restoration activities on the environment is a complicated multi-disciplinary problem.However,hydrodynamic changes in the bay caused by such coastal projects can be characterized directly and definitively through numerical modeling.This paper assesses the cumulative effect of coastal projects on the hydrodynamic setting using a high-resolution numerical modeling method that makes use of tidal current speeds and the tidal prism as two hydrodynamic indices.Changes in tidal velocity and the characteristics of the tidal prism show that hydrodynamic conditions have declined from 1938 to 2007 in the full-tide area.The tidal current speed and tidal prism have decreased by 40% in the western part of the bay and 20% in the eastern part of the bay.Because of the linear relationship between tidal prism and area,the degraded hydrodynamic conditions are anticipated to be restored to 1972 levels following the completion of current and proposed restoration projects,i.e.33% and 15% decrease in the hydrodynamic conditions of 1938 for the western and eastern parts of the bay,respectively.The results indicate that hydrodynamic conditions can be restored to some extent with the implementation of a sustainable coastal development plan,although a full reversal of conditions is not possible.To fully assess the environmental changes in a region,more indices,e.g.,water quality and ecosystem parameters,should be considered in future evaluations.

A study on the numerical prediction method for the vertical thermal structure in the Bohai Sea and the Huanghai Sea-I.One-dimensional numerical prediction model

In this paper, on the basis of the heat conduction equation without consideration of the advection and turbulence effects, one-dimensional model for describing surface sea temperature ( T1), bottom sea temperature ( Tt ) and the thickness of the upper homogeneous layer ( h ) is developed in terms of the dimensionless temperature θT and depth η and self-simulation function θT - f(η) of vertical temperature profile by means of historical temperature data.The results of trial prediction with our one-dimensional model on T, Th, h , the thickness and gradient of thermocline are satisfactory to some extent.

Reconstructing the upper ocean thermal profiles using one-dimensional numerical model

The observation data for 5 d at a station in the South China Sea is presented. After brief anMysis of the wind speed, air temperature from the ship-borne meteorological instruments and temperature and salinity profiles from the CTD （conductivity, temperature, depth recorder） data, the authors find that the CTD casts are too sparse for us to understand the diurnal evolution of the thermal structure in the upper ocean. A one-dimensional （1D） numericM code based on Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure model is used to reconstruct the upper ocean thermal structure, utilizing the atmospheric forcing data from ship-borne weather station. The simulation results show good agreement with the observational data; the significance of breaking waves is also briefly discussed. The evolution of turbulence kinetic energy （TKE） and the contribution from shear production and buoy- ancy production are discussed respectively. Finally, several possible factors which might influence the numerical results are briefly analyzed.

An alternating direction implicit （ADI） numerical model for two－dimensional hydrodynamic equations

A two-dimensional computational model is develope for the calulation of tides, storm surges and otherlong-period waves in coastal and shelf waters. The Partial differental equations are approximated by two sets of difference equations on a space-staggered grid system. Both sets are explicit with one set for water level and x-component velocity, and another for water level and y-component velocity. These two sets are used successively for stepby-step solution in time. An analytical investigation on the linearized sets of the difference equations indicates that thecomputational scheme is unconditionally stable. The model is of second order accuracy both in space and in time andconserves mass and momentum. Simulations of surface elevation caused by periodic forcing in one-opening rectangularbasin with flat topography and by steady wind stress in the basin with flat or slope topography show that the computed results are in excellent agreement with the corresponding analytic solutions. The steady-tate wind-induced setupin a ofed basin with discontinuous topography computed with the present model are also in excellent agreement withthe results from Leendertse's model. Finally, the model is applied to hindcast a storm surge in the South China Seaand reproduces the surge elevation satisfactorily.

Numerical Study of the Donghai Dam Impact on the Hydrodynamic Environment of Zhanjiang Bay

In this paper, the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model （FVCOM） was employed and configured for 3 dimensional numerical simulations of tide and tidal current based on the field observations in Zhanjiang Bay. The model＇s results agree well with the field observed data. Based on the well validated model, the hydrodynamic fields of zhanjiang bay area were calculated both before the Donghai Dam constructing and after that. Compared the tidal level, current field, tidal capacity and water exchange ratio before the construction of Dohai dam with those after construction of the dam, we analyzed and get some conclusions of effects of Donghai Dam on Hydrodynamic environment of the Zhanjiang Bay.

3D Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamics in the Dubai Coastal Zone

A three dimensional hydrodynamic was developed for the Dubai coastal zone including the Dubai Creek. The model is based on DHI （Danish Hydraulic Institute＇s） MIKE 3 HD （FM） modeling software. The model was subjected to extensive calibration making use of recorded water levels, currents, water temperature and salinity. A high level of accuracy in calibration was achieved as indicated by the computed statistical error parameters at all recording stations. The model results combined with field recording of water levels were used to ascertain tidal wave propagation pattern in the Dubai coastal zone and in and out of the Dubai creek. This model will be a very useful tool in assessing impacts of planned connection of artificial waterways to the Dubai Creek.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Hydrodynamic Interactions of Two VLFS Modules Deployed in Tandem

This paper numerically and experimentally investigates the hydrodynamic interaction between two semi-submersible type VLFS modules in the frequency domain. Model tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between interactions and wave headings. Numerical studies were performed by solving the radiation-diffraction problem and were validated against the experimental results. Motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) were obtained from numerical and experimental studies. The dependency of the hydrodynamic interaction effect on wave headings is clarified. The influence of different wave periods on the motion responses of two-module VLFS and wave elevations in the gap is studied. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic interactions of the two modules are directly related to the wave headings and the periods of the incident wave. The shielding effect plays an important role in short wave, and the influence decreases with the increase of the incident wavelength. The numerical results based on the diffraction-radiation code can give a relatively good estimation to the responses in short wave while for long wave, it would over-predict the response.

Quasi-3D Numerical Simulation of Tidal Hydrodynamic Field

Based on the 2D horizontal plane numerical model, a quasi-3D numerical model is established for coastal regions of shallow water. The characteristics of this model are that the velocity profiles;can be obtained at the same time when the equations of the value of difference between the horizontal current velocity and its depth-averaged velocity in the vertical direction are solved and the results obtained are consistent with the results of the 2D, model. The circulating flow in the rectangular area induced by wind is simulated and applied to the tidal flow field of the radial sandbanks in the South Yellow Sea. The computational results from this quasi-3D model are in good agreement with analytical results and observed data. The solution of the finite difference equations has been found to be stable, and the model is simple, effective and practical.

Hydrodynamic Performance and Power Absorption of A Coaxial DoubleBuoy Wave Energy Converter

As an important wave energy converter(WEC),the double-buoy device has advantages of wider energy absorption band and deeper water adaptability,which attract an increasing number of attentions from researchers.This paper makes an in-depth study on double-buoy WEC,by means of the combination of model experiment and numerical simulation.The Response Amplitude Operator(RAO)and energy capture of the double-buoy under constant power take-off(PTO)damping are investigated in the model test,while the average power output and capture width ratio(CWR)are calculated by the numerical simulation to analyze the influence of the wave condition,PTO,and the geometry parameters of the device.The AQWA-Fortran united simulation sy stem,including the secondary developme nt of AQWA software coupled with the flowchart of the Fortran code,models a new dynamic system.Various viscous damping and hydraulic friction from WEC system are measured from the experimental results,and these values are added to the equation of motion.As a result,the energy loss is contained in the final numerical model the by united simulation system.Using the developed numerical model,the optimal period of energy capture is identified.The power capture reaches the maximum value under the outer buoy's natural period.The paper gives the peak value of the energy capture under the linear PTO damping force,and calculates the optimal mass ratio of the device.

On the Use of Landsat-5 TM Satellite for Assimilating Water Temperature Observations in 3D Hydrodynamic Model of Small Inland Reservoir in Midwestern US

Accuracy of hydrodynamic and water quality numerical models developed for a specific site is dependent on multiple model parameters and variables whose values are attained via calibration processes and/or expert knowledge. Real time variations in the actual aquatic system at a site necessitate continuous monitoring of the system so that model parameters and variables are regularly updated to reflect accurate conditions. Multiple sources of observations can help adjust the model better by providing benefits of individual monitoring technology within the model updating process. For example, remote sensing data provide a spatially dense dataset of model variables at the surface of a water body, while in-situ monitoring technologies can provide data at multiple depths and at more frequent time intervals than remote sensing technologies. This research aims to present an overview of an integrated modeling and data assimilation framework that combines three-dimensional numerical model with multiple sources of observations to simulate water column temperature in a eutrophic reservoir in central Indiana. A variational data assimilation approach is investigated for incorporating spatially continuous remote sensing temperature observations and spatially discrete in-situ observations to change initial conditions of the numerical model. The results demonstrate the challenges in improving the model performance by incorporating water temperature from multi-spectral remote sensing analysis versus in-situ measurements. For example, at a eutrophic reservoir in Central Indiana where four images of multi-spectral remote sensing data were assimilated in the numerical model, the overall error for the four images reduced from 20.9% (before assimilation) to 15.9% (best alternative after the assimilation). Additionally, best improvements in errors were observed on days closer to the starting time of model’s assimilation time window. However, when the original and updated model results for the water column temperature were compared to the in-situ measurements during the data assimilation period, the error was found to have actually increased from 1.8℃ (before assimilation) to 2.7℃ (after assimilation). Sampling depth differences between remote sensing observations and in-situ measurements, and spatial and temporal sampling of remote sensing observations are considered as possible reasons for this contrary behavior in model performance. The authors recommend that additional research is needed to further examine this behavior.

Comparative Experimental and Numerical Study of Wave Loads on A Monopile Structure Using Different Turbulence Models

This study numerically and experimentally investigates the effects of wave loads on a monopile-type offshore wind turbine placed on a 1:25 slope at different water depths as well as the effect of choosing different turbulence models on the efficiency of the numerical model.The numerical model adopts a two-phase flow by solving Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier−Stokes(URANS)equations using the Volume Of Fluid(VOF)method and three differentk-ωturbulence models.Typical environmental conditions from the East China Sea are studied.The wave run-up and the wave loads applied on the monopile are investigated and compared with relevant experimental data as well as with mathematical predictions based on relevant theories.The numerical model is well validated against the experimental data at model scale.The use of different turbulence models results in different predictions on the wave height but less differences on the wave period.The baseline k-ωturbulence model and Shear-Stress Transport(SST)k-ωturbulence model exhibit better performance on the prediction of hydrodynamic load,at a model-scale water depth of 0.42 m,while the laminar model provides better results for large water depths.The SST turbulence model performs better in predicting wave run-up for water depth 0.42 m,while the laminar model and standard k-ωmodel perform better at water depth 0.52 m and 0.62 m,respectively.

An overview of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization

Fluid flow is an integral part of hydrothermal mineralization, and its analysis and characterization constitute an important part of a mineralization model. The hydrodynamic study of mineralization deals with analyzing the driving forces, fluid pressure regimes, fluid flow rate and direction, and their relationships with localization of mineralization. This paper reviews the principles and methods of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization, and discusses their significance and limitations for ore deposit studies and mineral exploration. The driving forces of fluid flow may be related to fluid overpressure, topographic relief, tectonic deformation, and fluid density change due to heating or salinity variation, depending on specific geologic environments and mineralization processes. The study methods may be classified into three types, megascopic （field） observations, microscopic analyses, and numerical modeling. Megascopic features indicative of significantly overpressured （especially lithostatic or supralithostatic） fluid systems include horizontal veins, sand injection dikes, and hydraulic breccias. Microscopic studies, especially microthermometry of fluid inclusions and combined stress analysis and microthermometry of fluid inclusion planes （FIPs） can provide important information about fluid temperature, pressure, and fluid-structural relationships, thus constraining fluid flow models. Numerical modeling can be carried out to solve partial differential equations governing fluid flow, heat transfer, rock deformation and chemical reactions, in order to simulate the distribution of fluid pressure, temperature, fluid flow rate and direction, and mineral precipitation or dissolution in 2D or 3D space and through time. The results of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization can enhance our understanding of the formation nrocesses of hvdrothermal denosits, and can be used directly or indirectly in mineral exnloration.

Numerical study on water waves and wave-induced longshore currents in Obaky coastal water

In this paper, the water waves and wave-induced longshore currents in Obak6y coastal water which is located at the Mediterranean coast of Turkey were numerically studied. The numerical model is based on the parabolic mild-slope equation for coastal water waves and the nonlinear shallow water equation for the wave-induced currents. The wave transformation under the effects of shoaling, refraction, diffraction and breaking is considered, and the wave provides radiation stresses for driving currents in the model. The numerical results for the water wave-induced longshore currents were validated by the measured data to demonstrate the efficiency of the numerical model. Then the water waves and longshore currents induced by the waves from main directions were numerically simulated and analyzed based on the numerical results. The numerical results show that the movement of the longshore currents was different while the wave proDaRated to a coastal zone from different directions.

Utilizing Dimensional Analysis with Observed Data to Determine the Significance of Hydrodynamic Solutions in Coastal Hydrology

In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the magnitude of the temporal and spatial acceleration (inertial) terms in the surface-water flow equations and determine the conditions under which these inertial terms have sufficient magnitude to be required in the computations. Data from two South Florida field sites are examined and the relative magnitudes of temporal acceleration, spatial acceleration, and the gravity and friction terms are compared. Parameters are derived by using dimensionless numbers and applied to quantify the significance of the hydrodynamic effects. The time series of the ratio of the inertial and gravity terms from field sites are presented and compared with both a simplified indicator parameter and a more complex parameter called the Hydrodynamic Significance Number (HSN). Two test-case models were developed by using the SWIFT2D hydrodynamic simulator to examine flow behavior with and without the inertial terms and compute the HSN. The first model represented one of the previously-mentioned field sites during gate operations of a structure-managed coastal canal. The second model was a synthetic test case illustrating the drainage of water down a sloped surface from an initial stage while under constant flow. The analyses indicate that the times of substantial hydrodynamic effects are sporadic but significant. The simplified indicator parameter correlates much better with the hydrodynamic effect magnitude for a constant width channel such as Miami Canal than at the non-uniform North River. Higher HSN values indicate flow situations where the inertial terms are large and need to be taken into account.

自然河道断面水动力模拟的黎曼求解器改进

【目的】自然河道具有断面复杂、流态多变等特点,影响了水动力模拟的收敛性、稳定性,在已有研究基础上,改进复杂断面的黎曼求解器以解决低水位时断面不连续造成的数值不稳定问题,对提升自然河道一维水动力模拟的适用性具有重要意义。【方法】对低水位时存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征的复杂自然河道断面,传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器模拟时,会在河道干湿界面处出现通量演进受阻问题,针对上述问题,在河道干湿界面处直接采用界面流量值代替传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器计算的通量,改进传统黎曼求解器,使其能够适用于存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征的复杂自然断面河道干湿界面模拟,基于改进后的黎曼求解器构建不规则河道断面一维水动力模型,并采用五个通用算例对该方法在不同条件下的适用性进行了验证。【结果】结果显示:在一维溃坝算例中,对存在“锥形凹陷”特征的复杂河道断面,采用传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器模拟时,在河道干湿界面处出现了数值失稳和通量演进受阻问题,应用改进后的HLL求解器可以有效解决上述问题,数值解与理论解的相关系数高于0.99,结果准确可靠;在三角形挡水建筑物溃坝试验中,模型对4个测站的洪水到达时间和洪水过程的模拟结果与实测数据吻合,相关系数都在0.95以上;在一维过驼峰恒定流算例和急缓流交替模拟的陡坡河道水面线计算中,模型与传统模型表现相当,都能正确地预测不同河道断面形状下水跃位置和水跃前水深的变化;在长江口澄通河段潮位模拟算例中,模型预测的4个观测站点的潮位模拟数据与实测数据相关系数都在0.99以上,均方根误差都在0.08以内。【结论】结果表明:改进后的黎曼求解器可有效解决自然河道存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征导致水动力模型在干湿交界处通量演进受阻问题,构建的不规则河道断面一维水动力模型能够准确模拟复杂地形下的洪水波过程和潮位的相互作用。

土壤—耕作工具相互作用建模分析研究现状

准确模拟土壤—耕作工具之间的相互作用可以实现部分替代田间试验环节,不仅能提高效率降低成本,还能优化耕作工具。从经典力学的分析和数值模型分析(有限元分析、离散元分析、流体动力学分析和耦合算法分析)两个方面对土壤—耕作工具相互作用建模分析的研究现状进行综述。提出目前土壤—耕作工具相互作用的建模中对土壤的模拟不够贴近实际、单一建模方法对土壤的模拟有局限性和多软件耦合算法中通过优化边界穿越等问题。通过对多耦合软件中不同模型边界进行优化,提高模拟土壤与耕作工具相互作用的准确性,使模拟结果更贴近实际。

斜航工况下吊舱推进器水动力性能数值及试验研究

为了探讨吊舱推进器在斜航工况下的水动力性能变化,以某豪华邮轮吊舱推进器为研究对象,采用STAR CCM+软件基于RANS(Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes)方法并结合标准速系数和偏转角的水动力性能进行数值模拟。同时,利用拖曳水池和吊舱动力仪进行试验研究,并与仿真数据进行比较分析,进一步讨论螺旋桨与吊舱之间的相互作用对水动力性能的影响。结果表明,本文采用的数值模拟方法可较准确预测斜航工况下的水动力性能。螺旋桨推力系数、扭矩系数关于直航工况点对称,其数值随着偏转角的增大而增大;吊舱单元推力系数随着偏转角的增大而减小,吊舱侧向力随着偏转角的增大而增大;螺旋桨单元流场压力和流速在叶梢处达到最大值,吊舱左侧比右侧承担更多的表面压力幅值。

网格尺度对三维水动力模型模拟滨海地区潮流特性影响的数值分析

构建了三门湾三维水动力模型,将计算结果与实测资料进行对比分析后设置了不同的网格尺度,对三个断面和四个典型点的潮流特性进行了分析。结果表明:当研究水域为港汊较多、地形复杂的海湾时,数值模拟计算值的相对偏差会随着网格尺度增大而增大,当网格尺度增大到一定值时,相对偏差会由于多种误差的正负累积而趋于稳定。地形是影响潮流计算的关键因素,在地形变化剧烈和水深较小的潮间带水域的潮差和流速值相对变化较大,在水深较大的平坦区域则几乎不受网格尺度的影响;流向对网格尺度的敏感程度较低,与网格尺度无明显关系;水平涡粘系数与网格面积呈正相关,且网格面积对流速变形率Sij较大处影响较大。综合分析,在进行潮流计算时,需要在地形复杂的岸边、水深较小的潮间带以及岛屿间进行网格的加密处理,考虑计算时间、模型计算的稳定收敛以及计算值的精确度等因素,确定合适的计算网格尺度,使得计算结果满足精度要求。

基于雨洪数值模型的城市雨水调蓄池优化运行方案研究

城市雨水调蓄池是为解决城市内涝和提升排水系统能力而采取的重要工程措施之一。针对现有调蓄池运行规则多限于单座调蓄池操作的局限性,研究采用基于二维水动力与一维管网耦合的模型,对城市雨洪过程进行精准模拟,计算地表积水总量,并采用正交试验法以最小化地表积水总量为目标,开展区域内调蓄池的优化运行。以西安市小寨区域为研究对象,选取30、50和100年一遇设计降雨对调蓄池优化运行方案进行研究。结果表明:经过优化后的调蓄池运行规则,在不同重现期设计降雨情景下,地表积水总量削减率分别提升了12.93%、8.72%和9.74%,有效发挥了调蓄池防洪排涝综合效益;调蓄池对重现期较小的降雨优化削减效果较好,但受正交试验方案所限,最优方案还需深入研究。