The Development of a Feeding Coparenting Scale for Japanese Parents of Fifth- and Sixth-Grade Elementary School Children

Aim: Recently, the role of feeding coparenting has gained attention in the child eating research field. The Feeding Coparenting Scale (FCS), a measure of how caregivers interact with their partners when feeding their children was developed in the United States in 2019. However, there is no valid and reliable measure to assess feeding coparenting among caregivers of school-aged children in Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the FCS (FCS-J) questionnaire for caregivers with school-aged children. Methods: This was a web-based cross-sectional survey completed by caregivers of children aged 10-12 years. A preliminary survey using interviews and a web-based survey was conducted and found that the translated items of the FCS into Japanese were understandable to Japanese people. The developed survey was administered to parents of children at an elementary school. The reliability of the survey was assessed using both test-retest reliability and internal consistency analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used to test construct validity, and known population validity was examined in relation to attributes, marital satisfaction, and feeding tasks. Results: Findings with 135 parents of school-aged children showed good internal reliability and validity of the FCS-J. The mean score for the overall FCS-J score was 46.2 (SD = 6.2), with Cronbach’s α of 0.72. For the subscales, Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.75 to 0.79. In sum, the present study’s results support the three-factor structure of the FCS in Japanese caregivers in Japan. Conclusions: The developed FCS-J was found to have a certain degree of reliability and validity. In this study, a Japanese version of the FCS-J was developed. .

The associations between resilience and socio-demographic factors in parents who care for their children with congenital heart disease

Objective To examine the resilience of parents of children with congenital heart disease and to investigate socio-demographic factors that may influence parents’resilience.Methods This is a web-based survey study using a cross-sectional design.A purposive sampling method was utilized to recruit 515 parents who care for children with congenital heart disease.Resilience was assessed using the Dispositional Resilience Scale-Ⅱ.Based on expert-interviews,a questionnaire was designed to collect socio-demographic data.Descriptive statistics,factor analysis,and linear regressions were used to analyze data.Results A total of 413 parents completed the survey study.The mean resilience score was 3.75(SD=0.61;range=1.89–4.89)with higher scores indicating higher resilience.The linear regression models demonstrated that parents who had lower education levels and lower gross household income had lower resilience(P<0.05).Conclusions Parents reported resilience that reflected their ability to cope with stressful events and mitigate stressors associated with having and caring for children with congenital heart disease.Lower education levels and lower gross household income are associated with lower resilience.To increase parents’resilience,nursing practice and nurse-led interventions should target screening and providing support for parents at-risk for lower resilience.As lower education level and financial hardship are factors that are difficult to modify through personal efforts,charitable foundations,federal and state governments should consider programs that would provide financial and health literacy support for parents at-risk for lower resilience.

What Should Parents Say to a Child Bullied at School?

The Double Take column looks at a single topic from an African and Chinese perspective. This month we discuss how parents should respond when their child is bullied at school.

A determination of the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents

Objective: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic illness which can have a negative effect on the health care and development of children and can put their lives in danger. This descriptive study aimed to determine the quality of life and the factors affecting it of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL).Methods: The study was conducted in the Child Endocrinology Unit of a University Hospital in Bursa, Turkey. Totally 64 children eight-12 years and 85 adolescents aged 13-18 with type 1 diabetes and their parents were recruited. HbA1c measurements were obtained from the records of the endocrinology clinicare, which were made once every three months, and the average of the last three measurements was taken in the study. The PedsQL was used to measure quality of life of the children and adolescents. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 and P<0.05 was considered significant. The demographic data of the children and parents were analyzed using means and percentiles. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between two averages. Results: Of the sub-groups on the scale, affective and school function scores were somewhat low, and social function scores were high. The quality of life scores of the children and adolescents were found to correlate with those of their parents. A negative correlation was found between HbA1c levels and adolescent quality of life, a positive correlation was found between the child's age and the quality of life of the child and parents, and a negative correlation was found between the number of children in the family and the quality of life of the child and parents. Conclusions: An evaluation of the quality of life after a diagnosis of diabetes can be used to assess the problems which may be faced by children and adolescents and to combat these problems.

Relationship between negative emotions and perceived support among parents of hospitalized,critically ill children

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to describe relationships between negative emotions and perceived emotional support in parents of children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit(PICU).Methods:This cross-sectional descriptive study conducted face-to-face interviews between January 2019 and January 2020.Study variables included depression(PHQ-9 Scale),anxiety(Emotional Distress-Anxiety-Short Form 8a),anger(Emotional Distress-Anger-Short Form 5a),fear(Fear-Affect Computerized Adaptive Test),somatic fear(Fear-Somatic Arousal-Fixed Form),loneliness(Revised 20-item UCLA Loneliness Scale),and perceived emotional support(Emotional Support-Fixed Form).Results:Eighty parents reported symptoms of depression 8.00(4.00,13.75),anxiety(23.43±7.80),anger(13.40±5.46),fear(72.81±27.26),somatic fear 9.00(6.00,12.75),loneliness(39.35±12.00),and low perceived emotional support(32.14±8.06).Parents who were young,single,low-income,and with limited-post secondary education reported greater loneliness and lower perceived emotional support.Fear correlated with depression(r=0.737,P<0.01)and anxiety(r=0.900,P<0.01).Inverse relationships were discovered between perceived emotional support and loneliness(r=-0.767,P<0.01),anger(r=-0.401,P<0.01),and depression(r=-0.334,P<0.01).Conclusions:The cluster of negative emotions identified will serve as potential targets for future interventions designed to enhance support for parents of critically ill children.

Comparative study on emotional behavior and parental job stress of only-child and non-only-child preschool children

BACKGROUND Studies have revealed that Children's psychological,behavioral,and emotional problems are easily influenced by the family environment.In recent years,the family structure in China has undergone significant changes,with more families having two or three children.AIM To explore the relationship between emotional behavior and parental job stress in only preschool and non-only preschool children.METHODS Children aged 3-6 in kindergartens in four main urban areas of Shijiazhuang were selected by stratified sampling for a questionnaire and divided into only and nononly child groups.Their emotional behaviors and parental pressure were compared.Only and non-only children were paired in a 1:1 ratio by class and age(difference less than or equal to 6 months),and the matched data were compared.The relationship between children's emotional behavior and parents'job stress before and after matching was analyzed.RESULTS Before matching,the mother's occupation,children's personality characteristics,and children's rearing patterns differed between the groups(P<0.05).After matching 550 pairs,differences in the children's parenting styles remained.There were significant differences in children's gender and parents'attitudes toward children between the two groups.The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ)scores of children in the only child group and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form(PSI-SF)scores of parents were significantly lower than those in the non-only child group(P<0.05).Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that after matching,there was a positive correlation between children's parenting style and parents'attitudes toward their children(r=0.096,P<0.01),and the PSI-SF score was positively correlated with children's gender,parents'attitudes toward their children,and SDQ scores(r=0.077,0.193,0.172,0.222).CONCLUSION Preschool children's emotional behavior and parental pressure were significantly higher in multi-child families.Parental pressure in differently structured families was associated with many factors,and preschool children's emotional behavior was positively correlated with parental pressure.

Understanding autism spectrum disorder and coping mechanism by parents:An explorative study

Objective:This study aimed to explore the perceptions of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)and their coping strategies.Methods:The data of the study was collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews.The participants were purposefully selected from the three schools in Mpumalanga Province because they had children diagnosed with ASD and data was analyzed using thematic content analysis.In this study,primary caregivers were selected.In the end,12 women were interviewed,and the data saturation was reached.Ethical considerations and measures to ensure trustworthiness were carried out throughout the study.Results:The findings revealed two themes:caregivers’understanding and misconceptions of ASD and coping mechanisms used in dealing challenges of caring for a child with ASD;and five subthemes:lack of knowledge,cultural beliefs,prayer,strong support system,and acceptance.Conclusion:Based on the findings,more awareness campaigns should be done on ASD to increase parents’understanding of the condition.Understanding the cultural beliefs of parents regarding ASD may assist health care professionals in developing care practices that are accepted in their culture,and may enhance parents’coping skills.

Communication with Parents and Peers on Sexual Matters:the Experience of Adolescents in the Northeastern of China

Objective To analyze the status of parent-child communication on sexual matters and its relationship to the sexual behaviors of adolescents. Methods The data were obtained from a study which was conducted in Changchun city of China in 2001, Unmarried adolescents aged 15-19 years old（322 males and 360females） were selected for this analysis. Results Ten percent of adolescents reported having experience of sexual intercourse （16% of male and 5% of female）. The percentages of adolescents communicating with peers, mothers and fathers were 35%, 30% and 17%, respectively, Males were more likely to talk about sexual issues with peer, while females were more likely to talk with mothers. Significant difference was also noted between the ratio of communication on sexual matters and having a girl/boyfriend with peers and with parents, There was a statistically significant relationship between sexual experience and communication with fathers among male adolescents＇, Despite the fact that parents are the most closest care providers, adolescents obtained most of the sex information from ＂reading materials＂ and from ＂teachers＂, but not from their parents. There was an age difference in the main source of obtaining sexual information. Younger adolescents obtained sexual information mainly from teachers while older adolescents mainly from reading materials. Conclusion In addition to schools and reading materials, parents should serve as an important source of information on sexual education as well.

The Relationship between Parental Stress and Child Conformity:The Mediating Role of Resilience

Background:In today’s society,parental stress has become a prevalent and significant issue,impacting not only parents’mental health but also potentially profoundly affecting children’s growth and education.This topic has garnered continuous attention from scholars.The present study aims to delve into the relationship between parental stress and children’s behavior,particularly focusing on children’s conformity and discipline development during crucial stages.This study aims to explore the relationship between parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and further examines the mediating role of resilience in the relationship between parental stress and child conformity.Methods:We used three scales:the Parental Stress Scale,the Child Conformity Scale,and the Resilience Scale,to survey 890 elementary school students(aged 6–12)and their parents in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China.We employed SPSS 26.0 software for data analysis,conducting descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,and mediation effect tests sequentially.In the mediation effect tests,we utilized structural equation modeling(SEM)and regression analysis to examine the mediation effects,ensuring the accuracy and scientific nature of our analysis.Results:Through descriptive statistics,correlation analysis,regression models,and mediation effect tests,we found that parental stress significantly negatively predicts child conformity,while resilience shows a significant positive prediction.Further mediation analysis indicates that resilience plays a partial mediating role between parental stress and child conformity,with the mediation effect accounting for 36.67%.Conclusion:These findings highlight the importance of the family environment on child behavior and provide valuable insights and recommendations for family education practices in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Therefore,we suggest future research should further explore the complex relationships among parental stress,child conformity,and resilience,and examine regional differences to better promote children’s overall development.

Literature Review on Support for Children and Families Experiencing Parental Bereavement

Purpose: This study aimed to understand the actual nursing support in a wide perspective by reviewing overseas literature on support for children who have experienced parental bereavement and their families. The goal was to identify future challenges in nursing support in clinical practice in Japan. Method: Literature searchable as of May 2023 was retrieved using PubMed, resulting in 11 relevant articles. Result: The results revealed the following: 1) For support provided to children, 13 codes were condensed into 5 subcategories and 4 categories. 2) For support provided to families, 36 codes were condensed into 11 subcategories and 4 categories. Conclusion: Open communication was found to be essential for supporting children and their families who have experienced parental bereavement. Moreover, involvement of multiple professions facilitated the provision of specialized support to address diverse needs of children and families, playing a crucial role in overcoming grief. Additionally, the effectiveness of support systems for bereaved families highlighted the need for nursing professionals in Japan to gain knowledge through learning opportunities and to establish a multi-disciplinary approach to support, thus indicating future challenges in nursing support.

Relationship between Authoritative Parenting Style and Preschool Children’s Emotion Regulation:A Moderated Mediation Model

An authoritative parenting style has been shown to promote children’s emotion regulation in European-American family studies.However,little is known about how sleep problems and the child’s sibling status in Chinese families affect this relationship.Based on family system theory,this study attempts to better understand the relationship between authoritative parenting style and emotion regulation.Mothers of preschool children in Chinese kindergartens completed questionnaires about their children’s sleep habits,their authoritative parenting styles,and children’s emotion regulation.A total of 531 children participated in this study.Results showed that authoritative parenting was positively associated with emotional regulation.Sleep problems mediated the effects of authoritative parenting style on emotion regulation.The child’s sibling status moderated the mediating effects of sleep problems in authoritative parenting and emotion regulation relationships.Specifically,the relationship between the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems was significant for only children,while birth order had no significant influence on the authoritative parenting style and sleep problems in two-child families.These findings suggest that a lowauthoritative parenting style predicts low emotion regulation through sleep problems,and this depends on the child’s sibling status,indicating that children without siblings may impair emotion regulation due to increased sleep problems.

Obstacles to the Integrated Care of Children Aged 6 to 59 Months Suffering from Acute and Severe Malnutrition at the Chu-Me and HATC of N’Djamena/Chad

Introduction: the problem of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) and its consequences concern and challenge all social actors worldwide. The objective of the study was to identify the real obstacles that actors face in the integrated management of children aged 6 - 59 months suffering from SAM at the University Hospital of Mother and Child (CHUME) and the Chad-China Friendship Hospital (HATC) of N’Djamena. Methodology: this is a cross-sectional descriptive and interpretative study conducted from January to October 2023 at the CHUME and HATC of N’Djamena. It is based on questionnaires and direct observation of two hundred and thirty-six (236) parents or guardians of malnourished children admitted to these health facilities. All 236 agreed to participate freely in this study. Results: it appears from this study that the obstacles to the integrated management of malnourished children were: poor care-care relationship (26.7%) permanent product breaks (22.9%), the direct costs of services ranged from 30,000 to 60,000 FCFA (41.53%), drugs used for the treatment of patients came from the street (66.10%), malaria and anemia occupy an important place (27.5%), 57.2% respondents had monthly income below 60,000 CFAF. Conclusion: the present study carried out has identified the real bottlenecks to the integrated management of children suffering from SAM in the therapeutic nutritional units of the city of N’Djamena. .

Children’s Health, Parent-Child Activities, Using Digital Devices, and Social Competence: Serial Mediation

Background: Studies have pointed out the influence of different children’s activities and prolonged use of digital products on their social development. However, whether the parent-child activities and using digital devices were serial mediators of the relationship between children’s health and social development needs further verification. Purpose: This study explored how parent-child activities and children’s use of digital devices influence the relationship between children’s health and their social competence. Method: This study used data from Kids in Taiwan: National Longitudinal Study of Child Development and Care. A total sample of 2164 participants was used in this study. Serial mediation analyses were performed using model six of Hayes’ PROCESS (2012). Results: This study found that parent-child activities and the use of digital devices can serially mediate the relationship between children’s health and social competence. Children’s health could directly improve their social competence, but it could also serially mediate social competence by increasing parent-child activities and reducing the use of digital devices. Conclusion: Childcare policy planners and parenting educators should not only call on parents to reduce the use of electronic products for their children, but also encourage parents to spend more time interacting with their children, so that children can learn social skills by interacting with others in their daily lives.

Parents＇ Experiences of When an Adult Child Is Seriously III--＂lt Does Not Matter That It Is a Grown-Up Person, They Are Still Your Child＂

Purpose and Topic： A longer life expectancy is expected to rise continuously in all populations on all continents. Older parents are at risk of having to accompany their adult children through a severe illness, sometimes even to their death. The present study investigates the experiences of being a parent to an adult child with a severe illness and what support was helpful during the child＇s period of illness. Method： A qualitative approach with in-depth interviews which were analyzed using content analysis. Results： The results showed that a common perception was that it is very special to have a child with a severe illness. The underlying elements of existential experience and the relationship both influenced the parents＇ conceptions of life and permeated the whole situation. There were four areas that the parents found important and influenced how they could manage the situation： having information, participation, strategies to cope with the situation, and support. Conclusions： Accompanying an adult child through a severe and potentially fatal disease in the context of a growing elderly population will become an increasingly frequent problem. So far there is limited research in this area and more research should be a high priority in the future.

基于KJ-KANO模型的亲子家居文创产品设计研究

以亲子用户群体需求为设计导向,综合使用KJ-KANO模型对亲子家居文创产品进行研究与设计,打破亲子沟通障碍的桎梏,营造和谐有爱的亲子氛围。首先运用KJ法获取亲子对于家居文创产品的相关需求,梳理出需求清单;其次运用KANO模型甄别亲子需求的属性以及对需求进行优先级排序。在此基础上,进行亲子家居文创产品设计实践。通过综合运用KJ-KANO模型精准获取用户需求,从而避免设计人员的主观臆断,为设计实践提供合理的设计要素,从而提升亲子群体对于家居文创产品的满意度和幸福体验指数。

中文版口腔健康素养量表简版(HeLD-14)在学龄前儿童家长中应用的信度和效度评价

目的:评价中文版口腔健康素养量表简版(a short-form Health Literacy Dental scale, HeLD-14)在3~6岁学龄前儿童家长中应用的信度和效度。方法:2021年在北京市延庆区幼儿园通过电子问卷共调查1 479名学龄前儿童家长,了解儿童家长的一般情况、口腔健康素养相关内容。运用SPSS 21.0和Mplus 7.4软件进行统计分析,通过Cronbach’s α系数、验证性因子分析、Pearson相关分析等方法,评价量表的内部一致性信度、结构效度、校标效度和区分效度。结果:中文版HeLD-14量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.958,不同维度的Cronbach’s α系数在0.778~0.963。验证性因子分析结果显示,中文版HeLD-14量表各条目因子负荷在0.719~0.977(P<0.001),拟合指数近似误差均方根(root-mean-square error of approximation, RMSEA)为0.04,比较拟合指数(comparative fix index, CFI)为0.992,Tucker-Lewis指数(Tucker-Lewis index, TLI)为0.988,模型拟合优度良好。中文版HeLD-14量表总分及关注、理解、支持、经济负担、就医、沟通、运用维度得分均与一般自我效能感正相关,相关系数分别为0.439、0.406、0.370、0.344、0.346、0.367、0.373、0.390(P均<0.05)。HeLD-14量表得分排在前27%的高分组3~6岁儿童家长的口腔健康素养平均得分高于得分排在后27%的低分组(69.27±1.06 vs. 41.29±11.09,t=48.13,P<0.01)。结论:中文版HeLD-14量表在3~6岁学龄前儿童家长中具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为评估学龄前儿童家长口腔健康素养的工具。

Analysis of Professional Quality Cultivation Strategies for Infant and Child Care Service Talents from the Perspective of Collaboration of Medical Care,Parenting,and Education,and Integration of Industry and Education

The collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education aims to integrate nursing,midwifery,infant and child care services,and management with speech and hearing rehabilitation technology,among other elements related to the infant care industry chain.This integration targets pediatrics talent training in nine infant care positions,including nursing,infant health care and management,and child rehabilitation,to ensure that the capabilities and quality of professional talents can meet the health care needs of infants and young children.This article briefly explains the background of the“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”It analyzes the necessity of cultivating infant and child care service talents based on the perspective of“collaboration of medical care,parenting,and education,and integration of industry and education.”Based on this perspective,we conducted an in-depth study of the cultivation of professional qualities of infant and child care service talents.

0-3岁婴幼儿亲子阅读中亲子互动策略优化的行动研究

基于0-3岁婴幼儿亲子阅读互动现状调查发现的家长互动经验缺乏、形式单一等问题,开展“计划—行动—观察—反思—再计划”三轮亲子阅读互动循环提升的行动研究。实践表明,创设情境多元互动、拓展经验促成互动、审美体验美化互动是提升阅读互动质量的有效策略;家长对婴幼儿身心发展特点和教育规律的认知、对美的鉴赏与表达能力是影响互动策略实施的重要因素;专家的精心指导和及时评价、家庭间的作品展示和体会交流是营造阅读互动氛围提升互动效果的良好举措。建议家长自主学习、积极实践、主动交流来推进有效互动策略的实施。

血清对氧磷酯酶-1活性与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级的关系

目的探讨血清对氧磷酯酶-1(PON1)酶活性与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级的关系。方法以对氧磷(paraoxon)为底物测定76例正常、26例急性肝炎、45例慢性肝炎和72例肝硬化患者血清基础PON-1活性和1mol/L NaCl刺激后PON1活性;PCR扩增PON1基因,Alw I酶切PCR产物,对PON1基因192位多态性进行分型。结果正常对照组、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎和肝硬化患者血清PON-1基础活性水平分别为403±145,312±83,201±114,137±99 U/ml;1mol/L NaCl刺激后PON-1活性分别为673±232,509±139,335±151,233±162 U/ml。与正常对照比较,急性肝炎、慢性肝炎和肝硬化患者血清PON-1活性基础水平和1mol/LNaCl刺激后PON1活性均显著下降(P<0.01),肝硬化组下降最明显。肝硬化Child A,Child B和Child C组患者血清PON-1活性基础水平分别为185.5±98.6,141.6±93.6,86.7±51.2 U/ml;1mol/L NaCl刺激后PON-1活性分别为308.9±161.3,227.1±116.3,124.9±78.1 U/ml。Child B组比A组PON1酶活性显著下降(P<0.05),而Child C组又比B组PON1酶活性显著下降(P<0.01)。在肝硬化Child A,Child B和Child C组患者PON1的192位R-Q多态性分布频率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论血清PON1活性下降与肝硬化Child-Pugh分级相关,可反应肝硬化的严重程度,且PON1基因192位多态性不影响肝硬化各组的PON1酶活性。