Anatomical Retrofitting:Pi(脾)as Spleen and the Persistence of Ontological Ambivalence

Over the past decade,medical researchers in China have debated whether the Pi(脾)corresponds to the biomedical spleen or pancreas.This debate exemplifies a broader phenomenon of“anatomical retrofitting”,or the anachronistic imposition of contemporary categories onto living historical objects.“Anatomical retrofitting”as a means of rectifying cases of mistranslation further positions the biomedical spleen and pancreas as representing ahistorical,universal truths.This framework gives rise to a conceptual binary:while the biomedical spleen is universalized as what philosophers may describe as“logical”ontology,the Pi connects to a different nature of reality,or“metaphysical”ontology.Far from being an object of imprecision,the Pi was a dynamic vessel that also shared characteristics with the humoral spleen.Given that scholars in China have already subjected Pi to historical scrutiny,this paper urges scholars to do the same with biomedical anatomy.For instance,historically situating the humoral spleen demonstrates that it became less known and less articulated as it transformed into the biomedical spleen.Meanwhile,the pancreas remained an unstable epistemic object that took on the dynamic functions of the humoral spleen in nineteenth-century organotherapy.Through primary source analysis and literature review,this paper contends that the apparent ontological incommensurability between Pi and spleen is neither mutually exclusive nor irreconcilable.Instead,the dynamic nature of internal viscera,their many functions,and their participation in epistemic practices contribute to an ongoing ontological ambivalence that persists despite the forced certainty of anatomical retrofitting.

Ontological Model for Cohesive Smart Health Services Management

Health care has become an essential social-economic concern for all stakeholders(e.g.,patients,doctors,hospitals etc.),health needs,private care and the elderly class of society.The massive increase in the usage of health care Internet of things(IoT)applications has great technological evolvement in human life.There are various smart health care services like remote patient monitoring,diagnostic,disease-specific remote treatments and telemedicine.These applications are available in a split fashion and provide solutions for variant diseases,medical resources and remote service management.The main objective of this research is to provide a management platform where all these services work as a single unit to facilitate the users.The ontological model of integrated healthcare services is proposed by getting requirements from various existing healthcare services.There were 26 smart health care services and 26 smart health care services to classify the knowledge-based ontological model.The proposed ontological model is derived from different classes,relationships,and constraints to integrate health care services.This model is developed using Protégébased on each interrelated/correlated health care service having different values.Semantic querying SPARQL protocol and RDF query language(SPARQL)were used for knowledge acquisition.The Pellet Reasoner is used to check the validity and relations coherency of the proposed ontology model.Comparative to other smart health care services integration systems,the proposed ontological model provides more cohesiveness.

Classification analysis of microarray data based on ontological engineering

Background knowledge is important for data mining, especially in complicated situation. Ontological engineering is the successor of knowledge engineering. The sharable knowledge bases built on ontology can be used to provide background knowledge to direct the process of data mining. This paper gives a common introduction to the method and presents a practical analysis example using SVM (support vector machine) as the classifier. Gene Ontology and the accompanying annotations compose a big knowledge base, on which many researches have been carried out. Microarray dataset is the output of DNA chip. With the help of Gene Ontology we present a more elaborate analysis on microarray data than former researchers. The method can also be used in other fields with similar scenario.

Ontological similarity network reasoning framework

To properly compute the ontological similarity, an ontological similarity network-based reasoning framework is proposed. It structurally integrates extension-based approach, intension-based approach, the similarity network-based reasoning to exploit the implicit similarity, and the feedback from the context to validate the similarity measures. A new similarity measure is also presented to construct concept similarity network, which scales the similarity using the relative depth of the least common super-concept between any two concepts. Subsequently, the graph theory, instead of predefined knowledge rules, is applied to perform the similarity network-based reasoning such that the knowledge acquisition can be avoided. The framework has been applied to text categorization and visualization of high dimensional data. Theory analysis and the experimental results validate the proposed framework.

The Melodramatic Narrative and Ontological Quest in Demetria Martinez＇s Mother Tongue

The study deals with Demetria Martinez＇s Mother Tongue （1994）, which is a love story between a Mexican American woman and a Salvadoran refugee. The female protagonist, Mary, delves into connotations of love, expanding it to understanding of the other. The story deploys politically imbricated religious practices in relation to the U.S. Sanctuary movement in the 80s. Mary＇s amorous encounter with the other leads her to discover the expansion of friendship and solidarity and, ultimately to rediscover religiosity based on reawakened ethics. This study argues that the melodramatic mode employed in this novel implicitly reveals an inherent aspiration for the sacred, albeit not fully representable. The author＇s involvement in the genre of romance and the melodramatic mode ironically attests to her striving for the spiritual ideal and ontological answer. In the end, this essay reveals that drawing on the popular melodramatic narrative, the romantic engagement with the alterity can be more efficiently introduced into the ontological quest for the absolute presence.

Ontological Nominalism and Analytic Philosophy： On the Possibility of Philosophizing whilst Dispensing with Universals

Most commentators use the term ＂modern philosophy＂ for the post-Descartes era--an era of unprecedented growth for the modern sciences and, especially the empirical sciences. Even assuming that the feud between the rationalists and the empiricists during this period yielded no other benefits, it was beneficial enough to turn ＂experience＂ into an important pillar of the acquisition of knowledge in the subsequent philosophy. It was this ＂experience-mindedness＂ that drove away the Aristotelian ＂essentialist＂ perspective and replaced it with ＂nominalism.＂ By describing the genesis and emergence of the ＂nominalist-empirical＂ perspective in analytic philosophy as one of the branches of the human sciences, this article strives to advance the claim that philosophical thinking continues to flourish in the absence of ＂realist thinking about universals＂ and that philosophizing does not fundamentally rest on universals.

Identity Theory in the Perspective of Quine' s Ontological Commitment

As a significant concept in the field of philosophy of logic, identity plays a key role in Quine's Ontological Commitment Theory. Quine uses the quantitative method of predicate logic to study the ontological problem, and puts forward the ontological commitment standard that "To be is to be the value of a variable". The bound variable becomes the only device that undertakes the ontological commitment ftinction. The value of the bound variable is the entity of the ontological commitment made by the theory in which it is based. However, Quine argues, not all objects can be the values of the bound variable and thus the entities that the theory promises to exist. Quine takes the concept of identity as a necessary condition of ontological commitment, that is,"no identity, no entity". In Quine's view, the concept of identity refers to the identity between extended objects, rather than the identity between connotative objects and possible objects. As the core concept of Ontological Commitment Theory, the concept of identity has a profound influence on Quine's philosophy.

An ontological metamodeling framework for semantic simulation model engineering

Recently,the ontological metamodel plays an increasingly important role to specify systems in two forms:ontology and metamodel.Ontology is a descriptive model representing reality by a set of concepts,their interrelations,and constraints.On the other hand,metamodel is a more classical,but more powerful model in which concepts and relationships are represented in a prescriptive way.This study firstly clarifies the difference between the two approaches,then explains their advantages and limitations,and attempts to explore a general ontological metamodeling framework by integrating each characteristic,in order to implement semantic simulation model engineering.As a proof of concept,this paper takes the combat effectiveness simulation systems as a motivating case,uses the proposed framework to define a set of ontological composable modeling frameworks,and presents an underwater targets search scenario for running simulations and analyzing results.Finally,this paper expects that this framework will be generally used in other fields.

Knowledge Representation in Patient Safety Reporting: An Ontological Approach

Purpose： The current development of patient safety reporting systems is criticized for loss of information and low data quality due to the lack of a uniformed domain knowledge base and text processing functionality. To improve patient safety reporting, the present paper suggests an ontological representation of patient safety knowledge. Design/methodology/approach： We propose a framework for constructing an ontological knowledge base of patient safety. The present paper describes our design, implementation,and evaluation of the ontology at its initial stage. Findings： We describe the design and initial outcomes of the ontology implementation. The evaluation results demonstrate the clinical validity of the ontology by a self-developed survey measurement. Research limitations： The proposed ontology was developed and evaluated using a small number of information sources. Presently, US data are used, but they are not essential for the ultimate structure of the ontology.Practical implications： The goal of improving patient safety can be aided through investigating patient safety reports and providing actionable knowledge to clinical practitioners.As such, constructing a domain specific ontology for patient safety reports serves as a cornerstone in information collection and text mining methods.Originality/value： The use of ontologies provides abstracted representation of semantic information and enables a wealth of applications in a reporting system. Therefore, constructing such a knowledge base is recognized as a high priority in health care.

Islam and International Relations: Ontological Perspective

Studied on the relation between the Islam and the IR up now mentioned them from one side to side;the world divide into two or more sections from the Islamic view and introducing the Islam as a new challenge of the world in the IR surveying’s. Knowing the better understanding needs what entity to be taken of the Islam ontologically. Four entities of the Islam are discussed here: Islam as religion, Islam as ideology (Islamic Fundamentalism), Islam as identity, and Islam as international ethics. Main theme of the paper is to delineate the latter as the best entity that compromised it to International Relations (IR) course.

Ontological Foundation of Ecosystem Services and the Human Dimension of Agroecosystems

The purpose of this contribution is to lay down a preparatory groundwork for an ontology of ecosystem services in the setting of agroecosystems viewed as social-ecological systems. This ontology aims at defining a set of representational primitives with which to model agroecosystems, through the prism of ecosystem service flows to and from agriculture. It helps delineate between biophysical structures, processes, functions, and ecosystem services. On the human side of agroecosystems, the ontology includes a conceptualization of the behaviors that govern the management of ecosystem services at different levels. It strengthens the existing analytic basis of multidisciplinary research on ecosystem services in agroecosystems by prompting modelers to stick to a homogeneous dynamic-system decomposition of the target agroecosystem. Most importantly, it provides the conceptual link between biophysical research on ecosystem services and equally important considerations on cognitive and social aspects involved in agricultural and landscape-level decisions that aim at implementing agroecological principles.

Proclus＇ Ontological Arguments concerning the Objective Existence of the Forms

In his commentary on the Platonic Parmenides, the Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus （ca. 411-485） offers a systematic defense of the objective existence of the Forms by means of the use of distinctive arguments, four of which are ontological. In contrast with Aristotle, Proclus clearly accepts that the Forms exist as principles of the world and not as posterior concepts describing the common elements of the sensible entities. Thus, he argues first that the ontological presuppositions of the sensible beings are placed in the area of the self-subsistent beings, which correspond to the categories of the Second Hypothesis of the Parmenides. The Forms belong to this area as well. In this respect, Proclus refers to the way of production of the sensible beings, aiming at a strict definition of this process. Secondly, he proves that the existence of the Forms, which possess ontological completeness, is prior to the existence of the sensible things. This is possible since the Forms are generated by the Demiurge of the whole world, by means of an internal reflection upon himself. Thirdly, in order to prove that the sensible world cannot be attributed to mere chance, he argues that the external activity, i.e., the creation of the world, depends on the internal activity, i.e., the development of the Forms in the divine intellect. Fourthly, he implements the concept of hierarchy in the realm of the Forms, through an extensive reference to the ontological priority of the imparticipable over the participable. Thus, he shows how the existence of the primary and intelligible Forms is prior to that of the substantiated Forms. Interestingly enough, the above-mentioned arguments exercised considerable influence on the commentaries of the members of the school of Ammonius, son of Hermias.

Cloudysme: An Ontological Framework for Aiding SMEs Adoption of SaaS in a Cloud Environment

Adoption techniques are widely applied in and for cloud service usage to improve the slow acceptance rate of cloud services by SMEs. In such context, a well-understood problem is finding a suitable service from the vast number of services offering similar packages to satisfy user requirements such as security, cost, trust and operating systems compatibility has become a big challenge. However, a major drawback of existing techniques such as frameworks, web search, decision support tools, management models, ontology models and agent technology is that they are restricted to a specific task or they replicate service provider offerings. In this paper, we present Cloudysme a cloud service adoption solution, a middleware that is capable of aiding the decision making process for SMEs adoption of cloud services. Using a case study of SaaS storage services offerings by cloud providers, we introduce a new formalism for judging the superiority of one service attribute over another, we propose an extended version of pairwise comparison and Analytical hierarchical Process (AHP) which is a traditional multi-criteria decision method (MCDM) in solving complex comparisons. We solve the issue of service recommendation by introducing an acceptable standard for each service attribute and propose a protocol using rational relationships for aiding cloud service ranking process. We tackle the issue of specific tasking by using a set of concepts and associated semantic rules to rank and retrieve user requirements. We promote a knowledge engineering approach for natural language processing by using terms and conditions in translating human sentences to machine readable language. Finally, we implement our system using 30 SMEs as a pivotal study. We prove that the use of semantic rules within an ontology can tackle the issue of specific tasking.

The Four Different Aspects of Man-World Relations and the Ontological Nature of Culture

In traditional philosophy, man is usually treated as a subject of knowledge, not as a subject of activity. This naturally led to an ignorance of his creative side and had its echoes in the models of the world put forward. Thus, when the world was mentioned the world meant was that perceived by man and the world man created or planned to create himself was given either a secondary treatment or else it was completely forgotten. But, as man is carrier of active spirit, the things he creates have their place in this world along those created by God. It is without doubt that things created by man are not produced against God＇s will. Still, human creativity is the corruption of the original creation, of the harmony of the world, of the book of nature. Man brings order, so to speak, to the world. He achieves this however at the cost of corrupting the Great Order within some narrow limits. Man himself is among the many highly interesting books written before and there exist as many variations of this book as there are human beings. What is the most difficult for man is though, to read his own book, to understand himself. In this article, the concept of the culture as a human creation is analyzed in the light of Man-World and Man-Nature-God relations. In this case, the author firstly explains the four different world models and then determines the boundaries of science and culture, as well as the individual and social strata of culture.

Philosophy of Economic World： Ontological and Epistemological Dimensions

The article is dedicated to the analysis of philosophical understanding of the current economic world. In the existent interpretations of the economic world physical, biological and psychological approaches predominate. They highlight certain important aspects of economic realm, but do not provide a complex global picture of it. The philosophical method used in the article structuralizes the economic world in the context of Aristotelian doctrine concerning economic reality and economic being and Heidegger＇s fundamental ontology. The main attention is paid to the ontological and epistemological aspects of the economic world. The structure of the economic world is considered as a whole and in its dimensions （the economic being, the economic existence, the economic actuality, and the art of economics）. Economic being is considered as a ground, prerequisite, economic background of economic existence. It is resumed that the qualitative analysis of the economic world has to be based on the philosophical, general scientific and economic methodology. Philosophical methodology includes general principles of cognition and categorical structure of science （i.e., structural components） as well as a philosophical knowledge system （i.e., functional components）. General scientific methodology is based on general scientific research principles. It includes all theoretical concepts used to all or the majority of scientific disciplines. Specific scientific methodology, economic methodology use appropriate methods, research principles, and procedures in economics. The art of economics （economic policy） is built on a basis of either the explanatory methodology or applied （engineering） methodology, with its precise tools of statistics, econometrics, and mathematics.

＂Oh Wow. Oh Wow. Oh Wow＂ Ontological Contexts and Transconceptual Interpretations of Death and Dying

In this paper, I examine Apple Founder Steve Job＇s final words ＂Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow＂ as uttered to his half-Sister Mona Simpson as a framework to explore how pre-experiential linguistic, social, and ontological patterns shape and construct consciousness and expressions at the final moment of death. Final words of passage provide society with insight into the experience of being human in the transition from life to death, both in their limitations and in their potential for providing a continuous fluidity of transformation. Understanding how these final words are transconceptual experiences will encourage us to reflect on alternative interpretative possibilities sensitive to ontological and logical contexts of death and dying providing a holistic alternative framework which is more congruent with individual spiritual needs.

Insertion of Ontological Knowledge to Improve Automatic Summarization Extraction Methods

The vast availability of information sources has created a need for research on automatic summarization. Current methods perform either by extraction or abstraction. The extraction methods are interesting, because they are robust and independent of the language used. An extractive summary is obtained by selecting sentences of the original source based on information content. This selection can be automated using a classification function induced by a machine learning algorithm. This function classifies sentences into two groups: important or non-important. The important sentences then form the summary. But, the efficiency of this function directly depends on the used training set to induce it. This paper proposes an original way of optimizing this training set by inserting lexemes obtained from ontological knowledge bases. The training set optimized is reinforced by ontological knowledge. An experiment with four machine learning algorithms was made to validate this proposition. The improvement achieved is clearly significant for each of these algorithms.

Bazin and Merleau-Ponty： Film and Its Ontological Bet

There is a harmony between Andre Bazin＇s and Maurice Merleau-Ponty＇s approaches to cinema. They both see cinema as a new imperative language to express the being, capable of reflecting on our promiscuity with the world and things. Both realized the ontological bet that the game of imagination contains： the emergence of the image wrapped in a back and forth movement, from things to form, from fact to sense and meaning, and vice versa. The purpose of this article is to discuss Merleau-Ponty＇s and Bazin＇s interest in an ontological investigation of the cinema, analyzing their affinities and differences, identifying paths to be explored and affirming a certain idea of cinema.

Ontology of Domains. Ontological Description Software Engineering Domain—The Standard Life Cycle

Basic concepts and notions of ontological description of domains are implemented in the conceptual model being understandable to ordinary users of this domain. Ontological approach is used for the presentation of software engineering domain—Life Cycle (LC) ISO/IEC 12207 with the aim to automate LC processes and to generate different variants of LC for development systems. And the second aim of Conceptual Model must teach the student to standard process LC, which includes general, organizational and supported processes. These processes are presented in graphical terms of DSL, which are transformed to XML for processing systems in the modern environment (IBM, VS.Net, JAVA and so on). The testing process is given in ontology terms of Protégé systems, and semantics of tasks of this process is implemented in Ruby. Domain ontology LC is displayed by the several students of MIPT Russia and Kiev National University as laboratory practicum course “Software Engineering”.

Ontological Foundation of Chinese Philosophy on the Implicit Beauty of Images

The Chinese philosophy on the implicit beauty of images is based on the idea that the whole world is very much like an infinite crisscrossing web, in which everything is an intersection point, and the infinite world around it serves as the origin. Discerning the implicit beauty means that you must watch the intersection-point-composed "images" and figure out the original "meaning" beyond them. Such a process of experiencing and reflection is what we call "the aesthetic consciousness." Therefore, the implicit beauty of images in our daily life also reminds us that we can both face and transcend reality.