Coordinated Mining Procedures of Open Pit Mines Based on River Management

This paper primarily concerns the effective coordination of the procedures and methods employed in open pit mining operations under the background of river management.The central objective of this study is to identify a viable approach for ensuring rational and efficient development of open pit mineral resources while simultaneously protecting and restoring the ecological environment of the river.This approach should facilitate the realization of a harmonious symbiosis between mining and river management.The intricate mutual influence relationship between river management and open pit mining is first analyzed in depth,which provides a solid foundation for the subsequent coordination strategy development.In light of the aforementioned considerations,a set of coordination procedures for open pit mining based on river management conditions is proposed.These procedures emphasize the integration of river protection into the overall layout of mining at the planning stage.The implementation of scientific mining schemes,accompanied by rigorous control of the scope and depth of mining operations,has proven to be an effective means of reducing the impact of mining activities on river environments.This approach has also facilitated the achievement of a balance and coordination between mining and river management.

Study on the Application of Real-Time Drone Monitoring in Ordos Open-Pit Coal Mine

In the process of intelligent mine construction in open-pit mine, in order to improve the safety monitoring ability of mine transportation system, solve the problems of large human interference and blind Angle detection by existing conventional monitoring methods, this paper establishes an open-pit mine monitoring data set, and proposes a real-time intelligent monitoring model based on UAV. The reasoning component with strong computing power and low power consumption is selected, and the lightweight object detection model is selected for the experiment. A quantitative standard of dynamic energy consumption detection by evaluation algorithm is proposed. Through experimental comparison, it is found that YOLOv4-tiny has the highest comprehensive grade in detection accuracy, speed, energy consumption and other aspects, which is suitable for application in the above model.

Application of open-pit and underground mining technology for residual coal of end slopes

Given the conditions of residual coal from the boundary of a flat dipping open-pit mine,which uses strip areas mining and inner dumping with slope-covering,we propose an open-pit and underground integrated mining technology for residual coal of end slopes.In the proposal a conveyance road and ventilation conveyance near the slope are built,corresponding to the pit mining area and the surface coal mine dump,as well as an interval haulage tunnel and air-inlet tunnel.The outcome shows that such mining method may reduce the effect to slope stability from underground mining,it does not affect the dumping advance and has a high recovery rate of residual coal resources.The working face is timbered by single hydraulic props,transported by a scraper conveyor and supported by coal walls.This method of mining is one of layered top coal caving,with high resource recovery,low production cost where positive economic benefit can be realized.

Cut slope reinforcement technique in open-pit mines

The design and practice in supporting the cut slope of an open-pit mine wereintroduced, in which the high pressure grouting method was used in reinforcing the weak formation inthe slopes. Based on a detailed geological survey of the slope, a theoretical analysis was carriedout, and the design parameters were proposed, where the Tresca or Mohr-Coulomb yield criteria wasemployed. A patent technology, named 'Technology of high pressure and multiple grouting in differentlevels within a single hole', was employed in the construction. Anchor bars were also installed asgrouting proceeds. This method combines anchoring and grouting comprehensively and was foundsuccessful in practice.

Optimization model of truck flow at open-pit mines and standards for feasibility test

In order to increase production efficiency at open-pit mines, on the basis oflinear programming, a practical mathematical model for optimizing truck flow was developed, whichimproved the traditional fixed manual schedule method. The model has advantages from linearprogramming and objective programming, makes most handling points working at full capacity and keepsan optimized ratio between trucks and excavators. For ensuring feasibility of the model inpractical production, four standards for feasibility test were proposed. The model satisfied all thestandards. The application in a large scale open-pit iron mine indicated that the model reduced thenumber of required trucks by 10 percent compared with the fixed manual schedule method.

Stability analysis of the sliding process of the west slope in Buzhaoba Open-Pit Mine

To study the stability of the west slope in Buzhaoba Open-Pit Mine and determine the aging stability coefficient during slide mass development, the deformation band of the west slope and the slide mass structure of the 34,600 profile are obtained on the basis of hydrology, geology, and monitoring data.The residual thrust method is utilized to calculate the stability coefficients, which are 1.225 and 1.00 under sound and transfixion conditions, respectively. According to the rock damage and fragmentation and the principle of mechanical parameter degradation, the mechanical models of the slide mass development of the hard and soft rock slopes are established. An integrated model for calculating the slope stability coefficient is built considering water, vibration, and other external factors that pertain to the structural plane damage mechanism and the generating mechanism of the sliding mass. The change curve of the stability coefficient in the slide mass development is obtained from the relevant analyses,and afterwards, the stability control measures are proposed. The analysis results indicate that in the cracking stage of the hard rock, the slope stability coefficient decreases linearly with the increase in the length Lbof the hard rock crack zone. The linear slope is positively correlated to rock cohesion c. In the transfixion stage of the soft rock, the decrease speed of the stability coefficient is positively correlated to the residual strength of the soft rock. When the slope is stable, the stability coefficient is in a quadratic-linear relationship with the decreased height Dh of the side slope and in a linear relationship with anchoring force P.

Thermal recovery process of a backfilled open-pit in permafrost area at the Gulian strip coal mine in Northeast China

Timely and proper backfilling of open-pits in strip coal-mines has been an effective measurement for the recovery of the hydrothermal regimes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. In this study, numerical simulations and statistical regressions were applied for analyzing the recovery processes of the backfill and its major influencing factors for the thermal equilibrium in recently backfilled open pits at the Gulian strip coalmine in Mo'he, Northeast China. Results show that the thermal recovery time of backfilled areas is positively correlated to the backfill depth(BD) of the soils, the backfilled soil temperature(BST), and the mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST); meanwhile, climate warming can impact on thermal regimes of the backfill area. The impact of climate warming on ground temperature of the backfill will show up significantly in about 50 years afterbackfilling(BD at 10.0 and 20.0 m, BST at 20.0°C) under the climate warming scenario(CWS) of 0.025°C·year ^(-1). Grey-relation analyses show that the sensitivity of the backfill recovery time declines in the order of the BD, BST and MAGST. On the basis of the abovementioned studies, the layer-by-layer backfilling in cold seasons is advised for more effective and more rapid recovery of thermal regimes of the backfilled open-pits in cold regions.

Charging for the waste dumping of open-pit metal mines

Based on the externality theory and the environmental value theory, the hypothesis of charging for waste dumping of open-pit metal mines was put forth. The charging methods were designed according to the characteristics of waste dumping of openpit metal mines, including charging based on the dumping amount of the total waste, multi-charging factors, exceeding standard punishment charging, and so on. The main charging parameter is based on the dumping area rather than the total amount of waste dumping. The charging model of waste dumping of open-pit mines was formulated, and the charging rate was divided into two parts, i.e., the standard charging rate and the differential charging rate. The standard charging rate was derived using the equilibrium dynamic model, whereas the differential one was obtained by establishing the fuzzy synthesized evaluation model.

Study on Influencing Factors and Planning Model of Mining Quantity about Mineral Resources in Open Pit

According to the particularity of the open pit, the main influencing factors of mining quantity about mineral resources have been summarized systematically in life cycle and the structured hierarchical relation of its influencing factors has been constructed. In the light of the production process of open pit, the functional relationships between investment, mining cost and mining quantity have been defined based on the process of mining and loading so that the relation of the life cycle cost and mining quantity can be set up. And what’s more, in order to obtain the maximum economic profit of mining enterprises in life cycle, the planning model of mining quantity has been established based on the life cycle cost. The rational distribution of mining quantity will have been found on the condition of obtaining optimal solution about the planning model so as to determine scientifically the production scale of mining enterprises from the point of view of the sustainable development.

Study on the Law of the Movement and Damage to Slope with the Combination of Underground Mining and Open-Pit Mining

Under circumstances in which both underground mining and open-pit mining are employed, the mining effects of two approaches will be superposed and the mining slope will receive several induced stress fields, which makes the sliding mechanism and deformation law of slope rock mass more complicated. This paper, targeting at the east slope of Antaibao Mine with the joint employment of underground mining and open-pit mining, aims to study the moving law of the slope rock mass and the damage mechanism to the overburden of the goaf by numerical simulation. It is supposed that models of possible damage to the slope could be explored for guidance to safety-production of the mine.

Dust Suppression on Open Pit Drill Rigs--Case Study from Skorpion Zinc Mine

Spotters and samplers around the drill rigs can be exposed to high dust concentrations. In this study it was found that individuals were exposed to as much as 14.2 mg/m3, which exceeds the OEL （Occupational Exposure Level） of 10 mg/m3 [1]. The work on which this paper is based included an extensive literature study, as well as field investigations. Number of additional dust suppression interventions was identified. These improvements, listed below, will assist in reducing dust concentrations arotmd the drill rigs： Increase maintenance frequency on the shroud, sealing ring, suction pipes and filters of the drill rigs. Design and install new overlapping rubber belts on the shroud of the DM45. Install an air-blocking shelf on the inside perimeter of the shroud of the DM45. Install an airflow meter to ensure that the Qc：QB ratio never drops below 3：1. Only allow wet drilling. Flush the dust collector system more regularly with compressed air to ensure that it does not become blocked. Introduce stricter supervision to ensure that the suction pipes are always connected to the shroud. Give drill rig operators more advanced training to ensure more effective drilling in order to reduce dust levels.

基于变权理论的露天矿边坡稳定性GRA-TOPSIS评价模型研究

为使露天矿边坡稳定性评估更加科学合理,进一步提高评估结果可靠性,迫切需对现有评价模型进行优化和改进。基于变权理论、灰色关联理论(GRA)和逼近理想解法(TOPSIS),提出了露天矿边坡稳定性改进GRA-TOPSIS评价模型。从地质、环境、工程等3个方面,选取了12个典型影响因素,构建了露天矿岩质边坡稳定性综合评价指标体系;运用变权理论确定指标权重,通过计算灰色关联贴近度,实现露天矿岩质边坡稳定性综合评价。以3座矿山(K1-K3)为例,验证评价模型的适用性。结果显示:3座露天矿边坡稳定性排序为K3>K2>K1,稳定性等级分别为Ⅲ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅱ级,与边坡实际相符;通过对比改进GRA-TOPSIS模型与单独使用GRA、TOPSIS模型以及其他模型的评价结果,验证了改进GRA-TOPSIS综合评价模型在露天矿边坡稳定性评估方面的准确性和优越性,体现了研究价值,可为露天矿边坡稳定性评估提供新思路。

露天矿高陡复杂边坡软弱岩层组“坐落-滑移式”破坏模式研究

边坡稳定性问题随露天矿开采的进行不断突出,而边坡软弱岩层严重影响边坡稳定性。大量工程实例显示,露天矿含软弱岩层组的高陡复杂边坡失稳模式通常为“坐落-滑移式”破坏。为明晰露天矿高陡复杂边坡软弱岩层组“坐落-滑移式”破坏模式的破坏机理,以某露天矿为例,提出一种针对露天矿含软弱岩层组高陡复杂边坡的综合分析方法。研究结果表明:采用工程地质分析、传统极限平衡方法和数值模拟分析相结合的综合分析方法,针对该类型复杂边坡可发挥不同分析方法的优势,较全面地从地质自然环境条件、定性定量方面、应力应变角度分析边坡破坏机理及模式,总结归纳出含软弱层组露天矿高陡复杂边坡“坐落-滑移式”破坏的“坐落-滑移-剪出”三段式破坏特征,为其他类似复杂边坡稳定性的分析和防治提供思路和手段。

基于ISSA-XGBoost模型的多特征融合露天矿卡车行程时间预测

针对露天矿运输系统卡车行程时间预测问题,提出了一种基于特征选择及改进麻雀算法优化XGBoost的露天矿卡车行程时间预测模型。模型充分考虑了卡车特征、道路特征、气象特征以及时间特征对卡车行程时间的影响,并使用皮尔逊系数法深入分析影响因素的贡献度。针对麻雀算法中全局搜索能力薄弱的问题引入反向学习和螺旋搜索策略,以提高算法的收敛性能。最后,使用改进的麻雀算法对XGBoost的关键参数进行寻优,进而构建露天矿卡车行程时间预测模型。选取国内某大型露天矿卡车调度系统采集的数据进行仿真模拟,并将所提出模型与SVM、BP、RBF和RF等其他机器学习模型进行对比。结果表明:所提出模型的预测误差均低于其他模型,相关系数可达0.9819。开发的模型和分析结果可以极大地帮助决策者规划、运营和管理更高效的露天矿运输系统。

基于DHMM-ESUM的露天矿运输系统车铲比优化研究

在露天矿生产中,如何利用现有的资源条件对电铲与卡车进行合理配比,充分发挥设备的效率,是提高矿山企业生产效益的关键。以安家岭露天矿生产系统收集的数据为基础,首先运用排队理论构建以电铲为采掘中心,卡车为运输工具的闭合排队网络模型,将运输系统分为4个排队子系统,分析各项服务时间的概率分布;基于离散隐马尔可夫模型(discrete hidden Markov model,DHMM)与拓展求和(extended summation,ESUM)算法分析系统作业性能,获取电铲设备的运行状态和班次生产能力。然后,应用蒙特卡洛法建立随机动态规划模型,以产量期望值最大化为目标对露天矿的车铲比进行优化。最后,对生产系统进行仿真建模分析,结果验证了基于DHMM-ESUM对车铲比进行优化的有效性和准确性。

基于PEMD-MPE算法的露天矿爆破振动信号降噪方法

为了去除露天矿山爆破振动信号中混入的噪声成分,提出了一种基于PEMD-MPE算法的降噪方法。该算法通过自适应性正交经验模态分解(PEMD)得到完全正交的本征模态函数(IMF)分量,然后对各个IMF分量进行多尺度排列熵(MPE)的随机性检测,成功确定其中的噪声分量并将其去除。采用该算法对实测的露天矿山爆破振动信号进行降噪处理。结果表明:相比EMD-MPE和EEMD-MPE算法,PEMD-MPE算法的信噪比分别提高了3.520 dB和1.107 dB,且重构标准差和均方根误差最小,说明该算法不仅能够有效去除爆破振动信号中的噪声成分,还能有效保留真实信号。

基于HA-RF-SHAP的露天煤矿粉尘浓度预测模型

为了有效预测和控制煤矿粉尘浓度,保障煤矿工人健康及环境安全,以宝日希勒露天煤矿现场粉尘监测数据为基础,使用随机森林对粉尘浓度进行预测,提出了4种启发式智能优化算法优化随机森林超参数的方法,通过RMSE、MAE和皮尔逊相关系数R对模型进行评价,采用SHAP可解释模型分析影响露天煤矿粉尘浓度的因素。结果表明:PM2.5、PM10、TSP的最优模型分别为GWO-RF、WOA-RF和HHO-RF;超参数调整使模型整体RMSE指标提升约为1~3,MAE提升约为1~2.5,R提升约4%~6%;PM2.5的预测表现最好,训练集与测试集共同作用时,R为0.9463,MAE为3.059,RMSE为4.919,其次是PM10、TSP;单因素作用时,湿度对于该矿粉尘浓度影响最大,双因素同时影响下湿度和气压对粉尘浓度变化影响最大。研究提供了一个有效的粉尘浓度预测方法,可准确预测粉尘浓度并确定粉尘最影响因素,对矿山粉尘管控具有重要参考价值。

基于SSA-BP的露天矿山边坡位移变形预测

针对传统的BP神经网络在预测露天矿山边坡位移变形时存在的局限性,构造了一种基于麻雀搜索算法(SSA)和BP神经网络相结合的边坡位移变形预测模型,先利用麻雀搜索算法对传统的BP神经网络进行权值与阈值的优化,再将麻雀搜索算法优化后的BP神经网络算法(SSA-BP)运用于露天矿山边坡位移的预测。为了验证算法的可行性,将SSA-BP预测模型与WOA-BP、BP以及Elman预测模型针对露天矿山边坡位移变形量的预测结果进行比较。实验结果表明:SSA-BP预测模型针对露天矿山边坡位移变形量的预测相比其他三种模型,其迭代速度快、寻优能力强;通过预测精度评价指标来看,SSA-BP算法的R2、RMSE、MAPE、MAE、MSE明显优于另外三组算法。为露天矿山边坡位移变形预测提供了一种新的思路和方法。

Reserve estimation of an open pit mine under price uncertainty by real option approach

Reserve estimation is a key to find the correct NPV in a mining project. The most important factor in reserve estimation is the metal price. Metal price fluctuations in recent years were exaggerated, and imposed a high degree of uncertainty to the reserve estimation, and in consequence to the whole mine planning procedure. Real option approach is an efficient method of decision making in the uncertain conditions. This approach has been used for evaluation of defined natural resources projects until now. This study considering the metal price uncertainty used real option approach to prepare a methodology for reserve estimation in open pit mines. This study was done on a copper cylindrical deposit, but the achieved methodology can be adjusted for all kinds of deposits. This methodology was comprehensively described through the examples in such a manner that can be used by the mine planners.

基于SSA-BP的爆破振动峰值速度预测研究

为了精准预测爆破振动峰值速度(PPV),有效降低爆破振动的危害,以星光一号露天矿山爆破工程为依托,选取爆心距、堵塞长度、最小抵抗线、炸药单耗、最大单孔装药量、总延期时间、最大单响药量等7个影响因素作为输入变量,采用灰色关联分析法评估各因素与PPV之间的相关性,构建麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化BP神经网络的爆破峰值振速预测模型,对三向峰值振动速度进行预测,并与BP神经网络模型预测结果进行对比分析,得到SSA-BP神经网络模型预测结果的平均误差分别为6.08%、7.34%、1.91%,BP神经网络模型预测结果的平均误差分别为22.19%、54.01%、25.29%。研究结果表明:SSA-BP神经网络模型全面考虑了多种爆破设计参数对振动峰值速度的影响;麻雀搜索优化算法有效解决了传统BP神经网络模型容易陷入局部最优的问题,预测结果更精确,与振速监测值吻合度更高、误差更小;并且极大地缩短了样本数据的学习训练时间,加快BP神经网络预测模型的收敛速度,可为类似露天爆破工程质点峰值振速的预测提供借鉴。