3-D hybrid LES-RANS model for simulation of open-channel T-diversion flows

The study of flow diversions in open channels plays an important practical role in the design and management of open-channel networks for irrigation or drainage. To accurately predict the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of open-channel dividing flows, a hybrid LES-RANS model, which combines the large eddy simulation （LES） model with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） model, is proposed in the present study. The unsteady RANS model was used to simulate the upstream and downstream regions of a main channel, as well as the downstream region of a branch channel. The LES model was used to simulate the channel diversion region, where turbulent flow characteristics are complicated. Isotropic velocity fluctuations were added at the inflow interface of the LES region to trigger the generation of resolved turbulence. A method based on the virtual body force is proposed to impose Reynolds-averaged velocity fields near the outlet of the LES region in order to take downstream flow effects computed by the RANS model into account and dissipate the excessive turbulent fluctuations. This hybrid approach saves computational effort and makes it easier to properly specify inlet and outlet boundary conditions. Comparison between computational results and experimental data indicates that this relatively new modeling approach can accurately predict open-channel T-diversion flows.

Evaluating Two-Layer Models for Velocity Profiles in Open-Channels with Submerged Vegetation

For submerged vegetated flow, the velocity profile has two distinctive distributions in the vegetation layer in the lower region and the surface layer in the upper non-vegetated region. Based on a mixing-layer analogy, different analytical models have been proposed for the velocity profile in the two layers. This paper evaluates the four analytical models of Klopstra et al., Defina & Bixio, Yang et al. and Nepf against a wide range of independent experimental data available in the literature. To test the applicability and robust of the models, the author used the 19 datasets with various relative depths of submergence, different vegetation densities and bed slopes (1.8 × 10?6 - 4.0 × 10?3). This study shows that none of the models can predict the velocity profiles well for all datasets. The three models except Yang’s model performed reasonably well in certain cases, but Yang’s model failed in most the cases studied. It was also found that the Defina model is almost the same as the Klopstra model, if the same mixing length scale of eddies (λ) is used. Finally, close examination of the mixing length scale of eddies (λ) in the Defina model showed that when λ/h = 1/40(H/h)1/2, this model can predict velocity profiles well for all the datasets used.

Lateral Shear Layer and Its Velocity Distribution of Flow in Rectangular Open Channels

The lateral velocity distribution of flow in the shear layer of open channel is required to many problems in river and eco-environment engineering, e.g. distribution of pollutant dispersion, sediment transport and bank erosion, and aquatic habitat. It is not well understood about how the velocity varies laterally in the wall boundary layer. This paper gives an analytical solution of lateral velocity distribution in a rectangular open channel based on the depth-averaged momentum equation proposed by Shiono & Knight. The obtained lateral velocity distributions in the wall shear layer are related to the two hydraulic parameters of lateral eddy viscosity (λ) and depth-averaged secondary flow (Γ) for given roughened channels. Preliminary relationships between the above two parameters and the aspect ratio of channel, B/H, are obtained from two sets of experimental data. The lateral width (δ) of the shear layer was investigated and found to relate to the λ and the bed friction factor (f), as described by Equation (26). This study indicates that the lateral shear layer near the wall can be very wide (δ/H = 14.6) for the extreme case (λ = 0.6 and f = 0.01).

Influence of bed elevation discordance on flow patterns and head losses in an open-channel confluence

Confluences play a major role in the dynamics of networks of natural and man-made open channels, and field measurements on river confluences reveal that discordance in bed elevation is common.Studies of schematized confluences with a step at the interface between the tributary and the main channel bed reveal that bed elevation discordance is an important additional control for the confluence hydrodynamics.This study aimed to improve understanding of the influence of bed elevation discordance on the flow patterns and head losses in a right-angled confluence of an open channel with rectangular cross-sections.A large eddy simulation (LES)-based numerical model was set up and validated with experiments by others.Four configurations with different bed discordance ratios were investigated.The results confirm that, with increasing bed elevation discordance, the tributary streamlines at the confluence interface deviate less from the geometrical confluence angle, the extent of the recirculation zone (RZ) gets smaller, the ratio of the water depth upstream to that downstream of the confluence decreases, and the water level depression reduces.The bed elevation discordance also leads to the development of a large-scale structure in the lee of the step.Despite the appearance of the large-scale structure, the reduced extent of the RZ and associated changes in flow deflection/contraction reduce total head losses experienced by the main channel with an increase of the bed discordance ratio.It turns out that bed elevation discordance converts the lateral momentum from the tributary to streamwise momentum in the main channel more efficiently.

An Improved Analytical Model for Vertical Velocity Distribution of Vegetated Channel Flows

The existence of vegetation plays an important role to protect the ecosystem and water environment in natural rivers and wetlands, but it alters the velocity field of flow, consequently influencing the transport of pollutant and biomass. As a pre-requisite for the analysis of environmental capacity in a channel, the vertical velocity distribution of flows has attracted much research attention;however, there is yet lack of a good prediction model available. For the channel with submerged vegetation, the vertical velocity distribution in the lower vegetation layer will be different from that in the upper flow layer of non-vegetation. In this paper, after review on the most recent two-layer model proposed by Baptist et al., the author has proposed an improved two-layer analytical model by introducing a different mixing length scale (λ). The proposed model is based on the momentum equation of flow with the turbulent eddy viscosity assumed as a linear relationship with the local velocity. The proposed model is compared with the Baptist model for different datasets published in the literature, which shows that the proposed analytical model can improve the vertical velocity distribution prediction well compared with the Baptist model for a range of data. This study reveals that the λ is well related with the submergence of vegetation (H/h), as suggested by . When the constant β is taken as 3/100, the proposed model shows good agreement with a wide range of datasets studied: flow depth (H)/vegetation height (h) in 1.25 to 3.33, different vegetation densities of a in 1.1 to 18.5 m−1 (a defined as the frontal area of the vegetation per unit volume), and bed slopes in (1.38 - 4.0) × 10−3.

湿陷性黄土地区明渠陡槽加墩消能工优化试验

明渠陡槽加墩是一种高效消能工布置方式,在特定条件下具有很高的技术竞争优势,但目前国内相关研究甚少。针对甘肃庆阳小崆峒沟雨水下塬排放工程的明渠陡槽加墩段进行了1∶30大比尺水工模型试验研究,试验发现初步方案沿程水流流态不稳定,存在向外泼溅溢出现象,危及黄土边坡的结构稳定。为此对初步方案进行了优化研究,试验发现,通过缩短消能墩排距,可以显著减小水面波动,使沿程水深分布均匀,流速降低,沿程不再出现水流向外泼溅溢出现象。消能墩排距由H/i缩短至0.5H/i后,在最大设计流量工况下,水面波动减小72.5%,平均流速降低40.1%,总消能率由87.9%提高至94.6%。

溃坝洪水演进一维水动力模型

中国是受洪水灾害影响最严重的国家之一。洪水数值模型可准确地反映洪水的演进与致灾过程。本研究针对天然河道洪水过程存在的尺度大、水流流态复杂、河道断面形式多变以及计算建模困难等问题,提出一套基于Godunov格式的有限体积法离散圣维南方程组的一维水动力模型,并采用求解复杂断面水力要素之间关系的方法,提高了一维水动力模型求解的精度与效率,精确地反映了复杂断面河道的水流运动特性。将模型模拟得到的数值解与算例中的解析解或实测数据进行对比,结果表明:(1)构建的一维水动力模型模拟结果与理想算例解析解及实验实测数据吻合程度均较高,所有算例的E NS均大于0.5,说明模型具有良好的稳定性和适应性;(2)将模型应用至金沙江白格堰塞湖溃坝洪水算例中,模拟得到的流量峰值及整体洪水过程均与实测过程吻合较好,在叶巴滩和苏洼龙两个测点处E NS分别为0.633和0.812,证明了模型在实际应用中的适用性与可靠性。结果表明,开发的一维水动力模型对溃坝洪水等水流流态复杂、突发性强的洪水过程具有良好的模拟效果。本研究可为河道及溃坝洪水风险的初步、快速评估等工作提供有效的模拟支撑。

基于5G的输电线路在线监测通信网络设计研究

通信网络是输电线路在线监测系统的重要组成部分,关系到监测数据的完整性和安全性。由于现行通信网络在实际监测中的数据通信效果并不理想,吞吐量较低且丢包率较高,通信网络性能存在一定缺陷。为解决这一问题,文章提出基于5G的输电线路在线监测通信网络设计。利用5G技术来设计输电线路在线监测的通信网络模型和信道,同时基于开放式系统互连(Open System Interconnect,OSI)参考模型来设计通信网络协议,从而完成基于5G的输电线路在线监测通信网络的整体设计。经实验验证,所设计的通信网络吞吐性能良好,丢包率在1%以下,输电线路在线监测通信效果良好。

Analysis of dynamic wave model for flood routing in natural rivers

Flooding is a common natural disaster that causes enormous economic, social, and human losses. Of various flood routing methods, the dynamic wave model is one of the best approaches for the prediction of the characteristics of floods during their propagations in natural rivers because all of the terms of the momentum equation are considered in the model. However, no significant research has been conducted on how the model sensitivity affects the accuracy of the downstream hydrograph. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the input parameters 9f the dynamic wave model was performed through field applications in natural rivers and routing experiments in artificial channels using the graphical multi-parametric sensitivity analysis （GMPSA）. The results indicate that the effects of input parameter errors on the output results are more significant in special situations, such as lower values of Manning＇s roughness coefficient and/or a steeper bed slope on the characteristics of a design hydrograph, larger values of the skewness factor and/or time to peak on the channel characteristics, larger values of Manning＇s roughness coefficient and/or the bed slope on the space step, and lower values of Manning＇s roughness coefficient and/or a steeper bed slope on the time step and weighting factor.

冰-水耦合作用下流冰对明渠的撞击破坏响应分析

为研究水介质中流冰对输水明渠的撞击影响,基于流固耦合的计算方法,运用LS-DYNA软件对水介质中流冰与明渠的撞击过程进行非线性有限元仿真,并通过几何比尺为1∶10进行模型试验验证。以流冰与明渠碰撞角度、流冰厚度、明渠衬砌混凝土强度等级为变量,探究其对流冰碰撞输水明渠的影响规律。结果表明:碰撞角度为90°工况下的明渠衬砌撞击区的最大等效应力与X方向最大位移分别是38.66°,45°,63.43°工况平均峰值的3.01倍和4.19倍,且90°工况下明渠衬砌撞击区发生了约为5.72×10^(-6)m的损伤变形,而38.66°,45°,63.43°工况下的损伤变形约0~4.78×10^(-7)m,表明倾斜的坡面可以有效减小流冰对明渠撞击区的撞击力、位移及损伤变形;流冰厚度对明渠衬砌撞击的最大等效应力与X方向最大位移呈现出近似的线性关系;流冰对明渠衬砌撞击的最大等效应力与X方向最大位移随着混凝土强度等级的增大而逐渐减小,两者呈现出近似的线性关系。综合分析所模拟的不同工况可以发现,冰渠之间的水由于受到冰运动时的挤压作用而预先产生一个高压力场,在求解分析时应充分考虑,不可忽略;同时,试验值与模拟值基本吻合,表明数值模拟仿真模型准确可靠。

基于CFD的闸门控制下水流模型比较分析

水闸广泛应用于水工建筑物中,其设计过程必须考虑流速、水深、水面轮廓等水力变量的影响。将数值模型与物理模型结果进行对比,确定数值模型的可行性。在实验室水槽中对闸门控制下的水流进行物理实验,利用FLOW-3D程序对闸门控制下的明渠水流建立数值模型。结果表明,在水跃位置方面,数值模型提供了92.5%的成功率;在自由水面轮廓方面,数值模型和物理模型之间呈现出87%的一致性;在水流深度方面,物理模型与数值模型之间存在一些小的差异,但是可通过精准测量避免。本文可为水闸设计过程中数值模型的建立提供一定的理论支撑。

基于CFD模拟SCC混凝土在溜槽的流动行为

为研究SCC混凝土在溜槽的流速情况,本模拟将分为开口式明渠和封闭式管道研究,初步验证了混凝土明渠流或是管道流的流动特性是一致的,又将混凝土分别以H-B模型、欧拉模型做流动研究,得出在短距离模拟中SCC混凝土是处于层流状态,在长距离流动下,随着砂浆黏滞阻力的减少转为湍流状态,并且由于粗骨料密度大于砂浆密度,会发生一定的沉降。通过增加混凝土屈服应力和塑性黏度,可加强混凝土的流动稳定性。

A numerical model for air concentration distribution in self-aerated open channel flows

The self-aeration in open channel flows, called white waters, is a phenomenon seen in spillways and steep chutes. The air distribution in the flow is always an important and fundamental issue. The present study develops a numerical model to predict the air concentration distribution in self-aerated open channel flows, by taking the air-water flow as consisting of a low flow region and an upper flow region. On the interface between the two regions, the air concentration is 0.5. In the low flow region where air concentration is lower than 0.5, air bubbles diffuse in the water flow by turbulent transport fluctuations, and in the upper region where air concentration is higher than 0.5, water droplets and free surface roughness diffuse in the air. The air concentration distributions obtained from the diffusion model are in good agreement with measured data both in the uniform equilibrium region and in the self-aerated developing region. It is demonstrated that the numerical model provides a reasonable description of the self-aeration region in open channel flows.

输水工程无压洞与有压洞的局部水力衔接特性研究

无压渠道具有一定的调蓄作用,但无压变有压的衔接段局部水流相对复杂,可能形成吸气、漩涡和涌浪等不利水流现象。为研究无压隧洞下游与有压隧洞衔接段的水流形态,以温州市瓯江引水工程输水隧洞为例,根据重力相似准则搭建了30∶1的大比尺正态局部水工模型,通过观测不同工况下的过流形态、水面线分布、流速分布和波浪特性,获得了不同工况下水流的流动趋势、水深、流速和波浪特征参数。研究结果表明,通过渐变过渡的无压与有压衔接段的水流形态良好,无吸气、回流和涌浪发生,为工程的安全运行提供了支撑。

输水明渠桥梁群壅水影响数值模拟分析

为研究城市输水明渠桥群产生的壅水影响问题,以成都市重要输水明渠东风渠为例,建立了东风渠涉水桥梁群的平面二维水动力数学模型,分析了桥梁座数、桥梁间距、明渠流量对桥梁群壅水的影响,以及明渠壅水与桥梁座数、距离的函数关系。结果表明:桥梁壅水与桥梁个数、距离及流量密切相关,即随着明渠上游桥梁个数的增加,上游壅水高度相应增加;随着桥梁间距离增大,明渠上游壅水高度相应减小;随着设计流量增大,上游壅水高度相应增大。明渠平均壅水高度与桥梁座数、桥梁距离均呈对数函数分布,且当流量增加时,壅水效应明显。

一种基于机器学习的顺直明渠断面流速场模型构建方法

顺直明渠流量的精确测量,对于水资源的合理利用、调配市县流域水量以及了解污水走向等具有重要意义。其中,渠道断面流速场的准确构建是实现高精度流量计算的关键。目前国内外针对明渠流速分布的研究尚不完善,普遍存在实测样本缺少、精度较低等问题。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于机器学习的顺直明渠断面流速场模型构建方法。该方法首先通过测量渠道参数与少量流速数据,建立并优化断面流场CFD模型,以获得足够训练样本;然后将随机森林和支持向量机作为基学习器,建立基于集成学习的流速场预测模型。该方法可以实现仅通过对表面流速的测量,准确构建顺直明渠断面流速场的目标。实验结果表明,与几种常用的机器学习方法相比,该模型均方根误差最多减小了30.21%,最少减小了2.81%。且该方法的均方根误差均在5%以内,符合国家标准,可以实现流速场的高精度构建。

保水堰堰井段体型优化的数值模拟

在保水堰井中,水流向上翻过保水堰进入堰井下游段,水流流线较弯曲.水流经过扩散进入下游有压箱涵段,下游有压箱涵入口段流速分布往往不均匀,需要经过一段距离才会恢复至比较均匀的状态.若流速分布均匀性太差会影响下游有压箱涵的入流.并且由于堰井段是水气两相流,堰后的水流旋滚可能会携气进入下游有压箱涵,对入流条件及管道安全运行非常不利.采用VOF模型(Volume of Fluid model)进行数值模拟的方法进行优化分析,结果表明:适当增加堰井下游段长度能较明显的改善水流流态及下游有压箱涵的入流情况.

复杂明渠水流运动的高适用性数学模型

采用Godunov格式的有限体积法建立了模拟复杂明渠水流运动的高适用性数学模型。模型利用HLL格式的近似Riemann解计算界面通量。为了获得更高的分辨率,采用TVD-MUSCL格式和Hancock格式将计算格式的整体精度提高到二阶,并且采用通量替换的方法保证了计算格式的守恒性。通过物理模型试验资料对数学模型进行了验证,结果表明该模型能准确地模拟各种复杂的明渠水流运动,具有良好的稳定性和适用性。

明渠冰情预报的数学模型

本文根据寒冷地区输水渠道的冰情建立了冰情预报数学模型，这个模型由一维非恒定流水力学模型和一维热力学模型组成．可以预测渠道的水流特性、水温沿程分布．冰花流量、冰盖形成、冰盖下冰花的传输和堆积、冰盖的热力学增厚和融化，为保证渠道正常运行提供依据．

汽轮发电机转子绕组开放管道式蒸发冷却技术的实验研究

为了将蒸发冷却技术应用于大容量的汽轮发电机,需要对转子蒸发冷却技术进行深行研究。本文重点介绍了汽轮发电机转子绕组开放管道式蒸发冷却技术的模拟实验。阐述了实验原理、模型的建立以及数据的采集等问题,并对结果进行了详细的分析。实验结果表明,开放管道式转子线圈半径方向上的温度分布均匀,完全符合汽轮发电机的冷却技术要求。在不同的工况条件下,系统均表现出了良好的冷却能力。该实验为采用开放管道式转子绕组蒸发冷却方式的大容量汽轮发电机的设计和计算提供了依据,其结果也可为离心力场下的液体流动和传热方面的研究借鉴。