Land reclamation in the refuse dump of open coal mines and its following ecology principle

Through the research on the model of the land reclamation in the refuse dumpof Heidaigou open coal mines,it was concerned that ecology was the theoretical basic forthe land reclamation of open coal mines.According to the principle of ecological substitut-ing,the land reclamation can be divided into three stages:water and soil conservation,ecological performance and economic performance.Taking the land reclamation in the re-fuse dump of Heidaigou open coal mines as the practical example,explained the applica-tion of the ecological substituting principle on the land reclamation in the open coal mines.

Application of the organic and environment evolving principle on the land reclamation in the open coal mines

According to the evolving principle of the organic and environment, firstly, for the purpose of growing and keeping the ground, some legume species were chosen as pioneer plants to improve the construction of soil and increased soil fertility in the light of the land term and soil condition. Along with soil fertility increased, it is necessary to culti-vate some shrubs and arbors which have extra resistance. Gradually it becomes the stereoscopic landscape of planting arbor-shrub-herb plants. So that the evolving of the organic and environment can be enhanced. Taking the land reclamation in the refuse dump of Heidaigou open coal mines as the practical example, explained the application of the organic and environment evolving principle on the land reclamation in the open coal mines.

Study on numerical simulation to water lowering in an open coal mine digging

In view of the situation of excavation of should carry out simulation studies for the numerical open coal mine for the underground water disaster, we value of the water lowering project and improve the accuracy and the level of the water lowering project. On the basis of the hydrological geological conditions of certain open mine digging, a more reasonable seepage numerical model was built according to MODFLOW. It was simulated in advance that the process of the confined water level descending with the time, and combining with the actual observations to test the correctness of the model. The calculation showed that the results coincided well with the results of actual measurement. Based on this, different water lowering numerical simulations were built for the open coal mine digging. It could be simulated and forecast that the changes of the groundwater level in drainage process within and outside the mine pit, and it was quantitatively assessed that the possible water lowering result of the opencast water drainage process, which provide an important basis for the actual water lowering project and the possible project disposal.

Groundwater impact of open cut coal mine and an assessment methodology:A case study in NSW

Large scale open cut coal mining operations have significant impacts to groundwater in surrounding areas in both active and post-mining phases. The prediction of water inflows into a surface mine excavation is one of the many components involved in mine design phase. Groundwater performance also reacts to mining activities from the operational, economic and safety implications perspective. Under NSW planning legislation, as part of the comprehensive risk assessment, a groundwater impact assessment has to be conducted for a coal project to predict and mitigate the impacts in consideration of the government requirements. In this paper, the groundwater assessment modelling of mine pits was discussed in predicting of groundwater inflows and reviewing analytical and numerical approaches. A methodology of groundwater impact assessment for an open cut mine in NSW with a three-dimensional groundwater flow model Modflow Surfact demonstrated its functions in simulating the project's impacts on the groundwater regime. The key findings with mitigations are discussed and recommended in the paper to reduce impacts on groundwater and fulfil regulation requirements in NSW.

Optimization of Dump Bench Configuration to Improve Waste Dump Capacity of Narynsukhait Open Pit Coal Mine

In next two years, the current waste dump of Narynsukhait coal mine is predicted insufficient to accommodate the overburden as limited of the waste dump capacity. Thus, redesigning waste dump is paramount to increase capacity of the dump in future. This paper describes current condition of waste dump of Narynsukhait coal mine and then discusses the optimization of waste dump geometry by analyzing the effect of different waste dump’s bench configuration on slope performance. Optimization of the geometry is carried out by investigating and comparing the performance of geometrical combinations of bench height, bench angles and number of safety berm by means of numerical modeling. The model shows that increasing height of bench is able to induce shear stress in the bench and may initiate bench instable. However, the shear stress can be limited by having safety berm and/or reducing bench angle to satisfy the stability criteria.

Influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin, China

The influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Mine on the atmospheric flow in nearby Fuxin City in China was analyzed with the aid of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations. The finite element method was used to obtain numerical solutions to these equations. The results showed that the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine contributes to the turbulent flow in the Fuxin City and its surroundings. However, when compared with the climatic effects, the open pit mine has a relatively small impact on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin.

Geopolymer-based modification of blasting sealing materials and optimization of blasting block size in coal seams of open pit mines

This research proposes the utilization of a geopolymer-based blasting sealing material to improve the profitability of coal sales and reduce the rate of coal fragmentation during blasting in open pit mines.The study first focused on optimizing the strength of the sealant material and reducing curing time.This was achieved by regulating the slag doping and sodium silicate solution modulus.The findings demonstrated that increasing slag content and improving the material resulted in an early rise in strength while increasing the modulus of the sodium silicate solution extended the curing time.The slag doping level was fixed at 80 g,and the sodium silicate solution modulus was set at 1.5.To achieve a strength of 3.12 MPa,the water/gel ratio was set at 0.5.The initial setting time was determined to be 33 min,meeting the required field test duration.Secondly,the strength requirements for field implementation were assessed by simulating the action time and force destruction process of the sealing material during blasting using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software.The results indicated that the modified material meets these requirements.Finally,the Shengli Open Pit Coal Mine served as the site for the field test.It was observed that the hole-sealing material’s hydration reaction created a laminated and flocculated gel inside it.This enhanced the density of the modified material.Additionally,the pregelatinized starch,functioning as an organic binder,filled the gaps between the gels,enhancing the cohesion and bonding coefficient of the material.Upon analyzing the post-blasting shooting effect diagram using the Split-Desktop software,it was determined that the utilization of the modified blast hole plugging material resulted in a decrease in the rate of coal fragmentation from 33.2%to 21.1%.This reduction exhibited a minimal error of 1.63%when compared to the field measurement,thereby providing further confirmation of the exceptional plugging capabilities of the modified material.This study significantly contributes to establishing a solid theoretical basis for enhancing the blasting efficiency of open pit mines and,in turn,enhancing their economic advantages.

Thermal recovery process of a backfilled open-pit in permafrost area at the Gulian strip coal mine in Northeast China

Timely and proper backfilling of open-pits in strip coal-mines has been an effective measurement for the recovery of the hydrothermal regimes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. In this study, numerical simulations and statistical regressions were applied for analyzing the recovery processes of the backfill and its major influencing factors for the thermal equilibrium in recently backfilled open pits at the Gulian strip coalmine in Mo'he, Northeast China. Results show that the thermal recovery time of backfilled areas is positively correlated to the backfill depth(BD) of the soils, the backfilled soil temperature(BST), and the mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST); meanwhile, climate warming can impact on thermal regimes of the backfill area. The impact of climate warming on ground temperature of the backfill will show up significantly in about 50 years afterbackfilling(BD at 10.0 and 20.0 m, BST at 20.0°C) under the climate warming scenario(CWS) of 0.025°C·year ^(-1). Grey-relation analyses show that the sensitivity of the backfill recovery time declines in the order of the BD, BST and MAGST. On the basis of the abovementioned studies, the layer-by-layer backfilling in cold seasons is advised for more effective and more rapid recovery of thermal regimes of the backfilled open-pits in cold regions.

Construction of Dry Cover System for Prevention of Acid Mine Drainage at Mine Waste Dump in Open Cast Coal Mines, Indonesia

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) which occurs when sulfide minerals are exposed to water and oxygen with an excavation is one of the serious environmental problems in the world. A dry cover system is generally constructed in waste dump for the prevention of AMD in Indonesia by virtue of low cost and availability of waste rocks for a cover layer. However, the failure of the system caused by the lack of information related to the construction of cover system in mines, which leads to AMD, has been reported recently in Indonesia. In this study, the field investigation was conducted in pit and waste dump in open cast coal mine in Indonesia with the aim of obtaining the information on the construction of a cover layer and backfilling conditions of waste rocks in the waste dump. The rock samples taken in two areas of the mine were analyzed by geochemical analysis and sequential extraction with acids. The results indicated that Net Acid Producing Potential (NAPP) of the rocks in the waste dump down to 100 cm depth in both areas was from 10 to 30 kg H2SO4/ton, suggesting that Potentially Acid Forming (PAF) was backfilled in a cover layer. The backfill of PAF was contrary to the concept of cover system, which caused the failure of constructing a cover layer. The cause of the failure was likely attributed to the shortage of cover rocks which are classified as Non Acid Forming (NAF) or the failure of proper placement of them by an operational problem in the areas. Moreover, the results of the extraction with acids suggested that the form of iron and sulfur has to be taken into account to discuss the occurrence of AMD.

New risk assessment methodology for coal mine excavated slopes

This paper presents a new risk assessment methodology for coal mine excavated slopes. This new empirical-statistical slope.stability assessment m. ethodology （SSAM! is intended for use by geotechnical engineers at both the design review and operational stages of a mine＇s life to categonse the risk of an excavated coal mine slope. A likelihood of failure is determined using a new slope stability classification system for excavated coal mine slopes developed using a database of 119 intact and failed case studies sourced from open cut coal mines in Australia. Consequence of failure is based on slope height and stand-off distance at the toe of the excavated slope. Results are presented in a new risk matrix, with slope risk being divided into low, medium and high categories. The SSAM is put forward as a new risk assess- ment methodology to assess the potential for, and consequence of, excavated coal mine slope failure. Unlike existing classification systems, assumptions about the likely failure mode or mechanism are not required. Instead, the SSAM applies an approach which compares the conditions present within the exca- vated slope face, with the known past performance of slopes with similar geotechnical and geometrical conditions, to estimate the slope＇s propensity for failure. The SSAM is novel in that it considers the depo- sitional history of strata in an excavated slope and how this sequence affects slope stability. It is further novel in that it does not require explicit measurements of intact rock, rock mass and/or defect strength to rapidly calculate a slope＇s likelihood of failure and overall risk. Ratings can be determined entirely from visual observations of the excavated slope face. The new SSAM is designed to be used in conjunction with existing slope stability assessment tools.

ICoal在哈尔乌素露天煤矿短期计划编制中的应用

结合哈尔乌素露天煤矿使用ICoal矿业软件进行中长期计划、境界优化结果,进行月计划的编制,包括开采位置、排土位置、运输线路优化,采、装、运设备之间协调。结果表明,利用ICoal软件进行短期计划编制,切实有效地提高了矿山编制计划的效率,达到快速开展工作的目的。

A study of fire propagation in coal seam with numerical simulation of heat transfer and chemical reaction rate in mining field

Spontaneous combustion of coal is a problem that affects the mining operation and generates environ-mental,economic,social and geotechnical impacts.This phenomenon has been divided into two pro-cesses:ignition and propagation.Fire propagation develops in coal seams because of a set of factors such as direction and wind speed,fracturing and temperature.In this work,heat transfer and chemical kinetics are studied from conservation equations of energy and species,respectively,using the software COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the propagation of fires in coal seams.Two possible scenarios were analyzed that usually occur in the walls of the coal seams,such as fire focus and fire complete screens.It was found that the propagation kinetics of the fire changes depending on the temperature,the fractur-ing of rock mass and the area of fire influence.For temperature values lower than 300℃,there is con-sumption around 250 cm^3/h,values around 700℃,the consumption is 1500 cm^3/h,and for fires of 1200℃ have values of 3000 cm^3/h.Depending on the speed of propagation can vary from 4 to 17cm/day,considering on the level and fracturing of the final wall of the open pit.

中国露天煤矿70年成就回顾及高质量发展架构体系

露天煤矿作为我国煤炭工业的重要组成部分,具有生产能力大、开采成本低、安全条件好等优势,近年来在建设规模、生产总量、开采工艺及技术装备等多方面均取得了跨越式的发展,有力保障了煤炭作为国家能源安全稳定供应的“压舱石”地位。首先回顾了新中国成立后我国露天煤矿70年来的发展历程,将其划分为起步恢复阶段(1949—1979年)、快速发展阶段(1980—1999年)、综合发展阶段(2000—2020年)和智能化初级发展阶段(2021年以后)4个时期;系统总结了每个时期的产量与数量规模、开采理论与技术、开采工艺与装备、资源开发与环境保护方面取得的突出成就。然后,探讨了现阶段露天煤矿发展面临的4个方面的主要问题,包括发展布局不均衡、可持续发展面临瓶颈、关键技术难题需深入攻关、人才短缺培养机制不完善。最后,提出构建以“安全、高效、绿色、低碳、智能”为总体目标的全链条、全周期、全要素露天煤矿高质量发展架构体系,其内涵特征包括以时效边坡理论、开采扰动指数理论、绿色开采理论、生态型开采理论、零碳负碳开采理论、智能化开采理论6种学术思想为理论基础,以灾害安全监测防控、复杂条件协同保障、生态源头减损开采、节能减污清洁利用、数字-自动-智能同建5类技术体系为核心支撑,以透明地质模型动态重构、边坡蠕滑全程精准预测、深大孔低扰动控制爆破、采空区超前探测与处置、粉尘抑制及煤自燃防治等30项关键技术为重点突破,以设计理念先进化、安全保障标准化、建设规模大型化、生产工艺综合化、开采装备智能化、核心制造国产化、矿区生态绿色化、煤炭利用清洁化、组织管理科学化、人才队伍国际化的“十化型”露天矿山为建设任务;同时给出了以规划引领为基础,以科技创新为驱动,以人才培育为保障的露天煤矿高质量发展实现路径。最终为推动我国露天煤矿向持续健康高质量方向发展提供指导。

基于土壤肥力恢复力模型的河曲露天煤矿复垦治理效果评价

以河曲旧县露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用模糊层次分析法(FAHP)和专家评分理论法建立了露天煤矿排土场土壤肥力综合评价模型,获得土壤结构稳定性、土壤保水能力、土壤保肥能力及土壤生物活性4项准则和25个因素,利用YAAHP计算软件确定了排土场土壤肥力恢复力各影响因素的权重。结果表明,评价体系准则层中土壤保肥能力权重最大(0.5477),其次分别是土壤保水能力(0.1980)、土壤生物活性(0.1408)和土壤结构稳定性(0.1135),因素层有机质F1权重最高(0.1162);根据现场抽样,已复垦区的土壤质量水平要高于未复垦区的土壤质量水平,整体来看土壤质量水平均处于中等偏下和较差水平,土壤恢复力的主要因素是土壤保肥能力,特别是土壤有机质含量。土壤肥力恢复力模型为提高排土场土壤质量、加快土壤重构、促进土壤生态系统恢复提供治理思路。

露天煤矿排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性研究

为了揭示露天煤矿排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性的动态特征和变化模式,以内蒙古北电胜利露天煤矿4个排土场为研究对象,选取Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数、植被盖度、植被高度、地上和地下生物量8个指标,构建了基于群落结构稳定性与群落功能稳定性的排土场边坡植被恢复群落稳定性评价体系,采用综合评价法对处于人工植被恢复中的内排土场和恢复年限分别为4 a、5 a、8 a的沿帮排土场、南排土场和北排土场的南、北方向边坡植被恢复群落稳定性进行综合评估,并对群落稳定性因子与土壤含水量、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾等环境因子间关系进行分析,探究影响排土场边坡群落稳定性的影响因素。结果表明:(1)随着恢复年限的增加,边坡植被群落稳定性整体呈稳步上升趋势,但与草原站背景值相比,其综合评价指数处于较不稳定或不稳定状态。(2)随着恢复年限的增加,排土场边坡群落稳定性由结构稳定性主导转向功能稳定性主导。恢复初期受人工影响,物种多样性提高,结构稳定性较高,随着时间的推移,结构稳定性波动下降,功能稳定性上升,其中地下生物量增长迅速,生物量向地下转移,进而形成矿区特有的植物群落结构稳定与功能稳定转变特征。(3)从坡向来看,随着恢复年限的增加,边坡群落稳定性逐渐由南坡优于北坡转变为北坡优于南坡。(4)南坡的结构稳定性与环境因子的相关性较高,而北坡的功能稳定性与环境因子相关性较高,表明不同坡向的群落采用了不同的响应策略以适应环境的变化,丰富的有机质和全氮含量对排土场边坡群落功能性稳定性会产生积极影响。

露天矿山无人驾驶编组运行关键技术

分析了当前国内外露天矿山智能化发展现状;介绍了无人驾驶编组运行阶段关键技术,包括:构建智能化管理与监控系统、无人驾驶改造、数据实时传输,以及构建协同作业管理系统和无人运输安全防护网,从而实现露天矿山装、运、排联合作业智能化。结果表明:逐步完善监控、数据处理、路径规划、防护措施,可保障无人驾驶编组运行稳定推进,为消除人员不安全行为、保障职工生命健康、降本增效提供现实可行性,从而实现智能化露天矿山安全稳定发展目标。

基于平行感知卸载区边缘工程结构规范性检测

当前露天矿无人驾驶技术在卸载阶段面临的主要挑战是安全隐患,尤其是在卸载区边缘工程结构的稳定性与规范性检测方面。为应对这一挑战,提出了一种平行感知理论驱动的点云模型解析AC-VIT算法,旨在实时稳定地检测露天煤矿卸载区边缘工程结构的稳定性与规范性。首先使用无人矿卡后向激光雷达扫描得到三维点云数据,随后应用网格平均方法、统计滤波法以及映射离散网格模型对点云数据进行处理,进而通过高度场梯度特征提取进行初步地形标记,并结合改进的AC-VIT神经网络进行规范性的识别与分类,AC-VIT模型通过全基于自注意力机制的平行计算和多层级的注意力机制,能有效捕捉长距离依赖关系。此外,在人工场景仿真环境中,基于内蒙古哈尔乌素露天煤矿实际生产作业环境搭建卸载区平行仿真环境,以获得大量多样性人工场景数据,在此基础上结合实际场景数据,利用提出的算法平行执行,进行平行感知计算实验的设计和实施,完成有效的检测算法训练和科学评估。实验结果表明,平行感知理论驱动的点云模型解析AC-VIT算法在准确率方面达到了98%,较传统神经网络模型的准确率与效率有所提高。此外,AC-VIT算法的成功应用不仅增强了露天矿卸载作业的智能化水平,还为其他类似的工程结构安全检测提供了有力的技术支撑。

露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程——以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为例

软岩露天煤矿实现安全高效开采的重点是边坡稳定。为解决露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性治理难题,在分析边坡稳定性主控因素的基础上,提出了露天矿顺倾软岩边坡内排追踪压帮治理工程。以贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮为工程背景,兼顾采场与内排土场边坡稳定性,采用极限平衡法和数值模拟相结合的手段,设计了采场边坡的空间形态,提出了采场与内排土场边坡协同治理方案,可最大限度地安全回收边坡压覆煤炭资源。研究结果表明:弱层暴露长度是露天矿顺倾软岩边坡稳定性的主控因素,控制采场与内排土场间的追踪距离是改善边坡稳定性的有效途径;随着追踪距离的增加,边坡破坏模式从以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层-剪出滑动逐渐过渡为以圆弧为侧界面、弱层为底界面的切层-顺层滑动,边坡稳定性逐渐下降;内排土场及其与采场构成的复合边坡稳定性随破坏底板弱层回填岩石范围的增大呈指数函数规律提高;贺斯格乌拉南露天煤矿首采区南帮浅部边坡留设40 m运输平盘、15 m保安平盘,底帮深部边坡角29°,追踪距离控制在50 m之内时可满足安全要求;内排土场基底弱层完全破坏并回填岩石倾向长度60 m时可满足安全要求。研究成果为软岩露天煤矿边坡稳定性治理提供了新思路。

与矿山三维地质模型自动关联的剖面图更新方法

露天煤矿开采过程中矿山三维地质模型不断变化,需要随之更新地质剖面图以真实反映当前矿山的地质构造与地层性质。针对目前剖面图更新方法存在剖面图内部图元属性信息与空间信息交互不畅导致剖面图更新不够准确的问题,提出了一种与矿山三维地质模型自动关联的剖面图更新方法。通过设计矿山三维地质模型与剖面图元关联关系的概念模型与逻辑模型,实现模型图元与剖面图元对象名称的关联;通过在剖面图上设置水平和高程位置的定位坐标,将剖切所得对象关联至相应的剖面图位置,实现模型图元与剖面图元空间位置坐标的关联,以达到矿山三维地质模型与剖面图属性信息、空间信息等图元数据关联的目的;根据矿山三维地质模型中发生改变的图元确定需要更新的区域,提取区域内各剖面线并根据关联关系得到相应的剖面图,进一步通过遍历判断图元属性更新标志位和几何更新标志位的状态,自动更新各剖面图中属性或几何形状发生变化的剖面图元。应用结果表明,该方法实现了剖面图与矿山三维地质模型的关联,以及剖面图的自动更新;利用该方法自动更新后的剖面图中定位坐标数据与更新前一致,验证了剖面图更新方法的准确性。