Cost of Medical Treatment for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Relation to Patients’ Income and Its Impact on the Prognosis of the Disease, in Bouaké University Hospital

Introduction: Medical treatment for POAG is continuous and lifelong treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the cost of this treatment and patients’ income and the impact of this relationship on treatment compliance. Materials and Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study with a descriptive aim covering sociodemographic data, average incomes, and direct and indirect costs of treatment of 57 patients followed for POAG during the period from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2016 (5 years). Results: The patients were aged 25 to 77 years (mean = 54.4 years) with a male predominance (sex ratio = 1.5). Retirees were the most represented (26.32%), followed by workers in the informal sector (14.04%) and housewives (12.28%). Patients who had an annual income less than or equal to 900,000 CFA francs (€1370.83) per year represented 56.14% and those who did not have health coverage represented 57.89%. The treatment was monotherapy (64.91%), dual therapy (31.58%) or triple therapy (3.05%) and the average ratio of “annual cost of treatment to annual income” was 0.56 with for maximum 2.23 and 0.02 as minimum. Patients who considered the cost of treatment unbearable for their income represented 78.95%. Conclusion: Prevention of blindness due to glaucoma requires early detection but also the establishment of health coverage mechanisms to improve compliance with medical treatment. In addition, consideration should be given to the development of glaucoma surgery in our country, the indication of which could be the first intention in certain patients, considering for those patients, the geographical and financial accessibility of medical treatment. .

Epidemiological, Clinical, Therapeutic and Evolutive Profile of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Cameroonian Population

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), at 4.2%. The efficacy of medical treatment has been demonstrated and remains one of the treatments of choice for POAG. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, its effectiveness has many challenges, due to multiple factors, including cost and access to care. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic and evolutive profile of primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in two hospitals in western Cameroon. Epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic, and evolutionary data on intraocular pressure at one year after medical treatment were analyzed. SPSS version 23 software was used for statistical analysis, with a significant p-value set at 5%. Results: A total of 201 patients with POAG were included in the study. The population comprised 100 men and 101 women, with a mean age of 54 ± 12 years. At diagnosis, the mean intraocular pressure was 23.9 ± 8.70 mmHg for the right eye and 25.5 ± 9.57 mmHg for the left eye. The mean cup/disc ratio was 0.64 ± 0.2 [0.2-1] and 0.67 ± 0.19 [02-1] in the right and left eyes, respectively. Monotherapy was the most prescribed treatment [59.2%]. After one year of treatment, intraocular pressure was reduced by 15.5% with beta-blockers, 23.66% with prostaglandins, 19.11% with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 35, 92% with beta-blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 25.92% with beta-blockers and prostaglandins, 48.03% with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and prostaglandin agonists, and 38.77% with triple therapy. Taking glaucoma severity into account, a significant reduction in intraocular pressure at one year was observed in all participants [p 0.05]. However, the target pressure was obtained in 47%, 20% and 14% of eyes suffering of mild, moderate, and severe grade of POAG respectively. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a significant reduction in intraocular pressure after one year of medical treatment. However, the reduction in intraocular pressure does not allow the target pressure to be reached in severe forms. Thus, alternatives to the medical treatment of POAG should be discussed early in the present context. .

Prevalence of Open-angle Glaucoma in Southwestern China: the Yongchuan Glaucoma Study

This study examined the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma（POAG） among residents aged ≥50 years living in Yongchuan district of Chongqing. Stratified cluster sampling was employed in random selection to estimate the prevalence of glaucoma from April to June, 2005. Twenty-nine villages or neighborhood communities were randomly selected in urban area（Zhongshan Road）, suburban area（Shanjiao Town） and exurban area（Zhutuo Town） of this district. All the respondents underwent detailed ophthalmic examinations. The examinations included questionnaire investigation, visual acuity test, naked-eye examination, measurement of peripheral anterior chamber depth（Van Herrick＇s technique）, detection of intraocluar pressure（IOP） with a Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer（HA-2） and examination of the optic disc by using a 78 diopters（D） lens（including the cup-disc ratio, cup/disc ratio asymmetries, horizontal and vertical diameter, notching and optic disc hemorrhages）. A total of 5938 residents were actually examined, and the response rate was 85.19%. The crude prevalence of POAG was 0.86%（n=51/5938, 95% CI 0.64%–1.11%）. There were 24 males and 27 females in the glaucoma group. The glaucoma prevalence was not significant different in case number between the male and female subjects（P=0.4900）. Furthermore, no association between age or schooling and POAG was noted（P=0.8030, 0.0734）. Out of 51 subjects with POAG, unilateral glaucoma-related blindness occurred in 38 subjects（74.5%） and bilateral glaucoma-related blindness was found in 7 subjects（13.7%）. This study exhibited that the prevalence of POAG was 0.86% among residents aged ≥50 years living in Yongchuan District of Chongqing. The vision loss caused by POAG in this population was obviously higher than that previously reported in other studies. Glaucoma management, detection of affected persons and handling of the burden of glaucoma should be the priorities of the agenda of local health authorities of Western China.

Coinheritance of OLFM2 and SIX6 variants in a Chinese family with juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma: A case report

BACKGROUND Juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma(JOAG),characterized by severe elevation of intraocular pressure and optic neuropathy prior to the age of 40,is a rare subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma.Several genetic mutations have been associated with JOAG.CASE SUMMARY The proband patient was a young male,diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma at the age of 27.The patient and his unaffected parents who have been excluded from classic genetic mutations for primary open-angle glaucoma were included to explore for other possible genetic variants through whole genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.In this trio,we found two heterozygous variants inherited from the parents in the proband:c.281G>A,p.Arg94His in OLFM2 and c.177C>G,p.Ile59Met in SIX6.Both genetic mutations are predicted through bioinformatics analysis to replace evolutionary conserved amino acids,therefore rendering a pathogenic effect on proteins.In contrast,very low frequencies for these genetic mutations were recorded in most common control databases.CONCLUSION This is the first report on coinherited mutations of OLFM2 and SIX6 in a JOAG family,which shows the complexity of JOAG inheritance.Large-scale clinical screening and molecular functional investigations on these coinherited mutations are imperative to improve our understanding of the development of JOAG.

Selective laser trabeculoplasty as adjunctive treatment for open-angle glaucoma vs following incisional glaucoma surgery in Chinese eyes

BACKGROUND Selective laser trabeculoplasty(SLT)is a relatively safe and effective therapy in lowering intraocular pressures(IOP)for glaucoma.AIM To study the long-term effects of SLT on IOP and number of glaucoma medications used in Chinese eyes.METHODS This is a retrospective study in which 75 eyes of 70 patients with open-angle glaucoma(OAG,n=36)and eyes with prior glaucoma surgery(PGS,n=39)were included.Changes in mean IOP and number of glaucoma medications used evaluated at 1 d,1 wk,1 mo,3 mo,6 mo,12 mo,and 36 mo after laser treatment.RESULTS All patients(33 male,37 female)were Chinese.The mean age was 44.34±16.14years.Mean pre-SLT IOP was 22.75±2.08 mmHg in OAG and 22.52±2.62 mmHg in PGS.Mean IOP was significantly reduced 1 d,1 wk,1 mo and 3 mo after laser treatment(P<0.05,respectively).Whereas,there were no significant differences between baseline and SLT treated groups at the 6th month both in OAG(P=0.347,P>0.05)and in PGS(P=0.309,P>0.05).Six months after SLT treatment,some patients received retreatment of SLT or were given more topical IOP-lowering medication to control the IOP.By the end of our study,the average IOP decreased to 20.73±1.82 mmHg in OAG and 20.49±1.53 mmHg in PGS groups.The number of glaucoma medications used was significantly reduced until the end of 3 years compared to baseline.CONCLUSION SLT could reduce IOP as adjunctive treatment both in OAG and PGS groups.SLT significantly reduced the number of glaucoma medications used 3-years following treatment in glaucoma patients.

Abnormal Systemic and Ocular Responses to the Valsalva Manoeuvre in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma:A Case for Autonomic Failure?

Objective This study aimed to examine the association of primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)with autonomic dysfunction by assessing the differences in systemic and ocular responses to an autonomic provocation test,the Valsalva manoeuvre(VM),between POAG patients and normal subjects.Methods Forty POAG and forty control subjects were subjected to the VM.Systemic and ocular parameters were measured at baseline,phase 2,and phase 4 of the VM(VM2 and VM4),where VM2 and VM4 are sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activation states,respectively.Heart rate variability was used to assess the autonomic nervous activity,among which the high-frequency component(HF)and the low-frequency(LF)/HF ratio were used as indices of parasympathetic and sympathetic activation,respectively.Results POAG patients demonstrated higher sympathetic activation(LF/HF ratio median:2.17 vs.1.53,P=0.000)than controls at baseline and exhibited attenuated sympathetic and parasympathetic responses(a smaller change in LF/HF and HF values)during the VM than controls.During VM,the intraocular pressure(IOP),mean blood pressure(MAP),mean ocular perfusion pressure(MOPP),and the Schlemm’s canal area(SCAR)increased from baseline to VM2 and then decreased from VM2 to VM4 in both the POAG and control groups(all P<0.05).However,when we compared the changes above,the fluctuations in IOP,MAP,and MOPP were more pronounced in POAG than in controls(all P<0.05),while the changes in amplitudes of SCAR were smaller in POAG(P<0.05).Furthermore,from VM2 to VM4,the choroid thickness(ChT)in the POAG group was significantly decreased,while it was unchanged in normal subjects(P=0.258).A regression analysis showed a significant correlation of the baseline LF/HF with IOP change values(ΔIOP)from baseline to VM2 in POAG(R^(2)=0.147,P=0.014).Conclusion Patients with POAG showed more pronounced fluctuations in IOP,MAP,MOPP and ChT during the VM than controls.These reactions could be associated with autonomic dysfunction in POAG.

Incidence of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma at the Flamboyants Communal Medical Center of Conakry, Guinea

Background: Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic, progressive optic neuropathy of multifactorial origin defined by alterations in the visual field, progressive loss of optic nerve fibers and ganglion cells, and an open iridocorneal angle in gonioscopy. It is the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness. There is no epidemiological study in Guinea that allows us to locate the real level of the problem. The objective of this study is to determine the hospital incidence of POAG at the Centre Médical Communal (CMC) in the Flamboyants. Patients and Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a prospective collection for one year, from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, in patients aged at least 40 years, received in consultation at the CMC in the Flamboyants. The diagnostic criterion for a new case of glaucoma was the presence in a patient of the following two signs: (excavation of the optical disc C/D ≥ 0.5 and alteration of the visual field) with an open angle at least stage 4 of the Shaffer and Etienne classification associated or not with ocular hypertonia and having never received anti glaucoma treatment. We described variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, visual acuity, intraocular pressures, papillary excavations, and visual field surveys. Informed consent from patients was sought and obtained. The confidentiality of the files was guaranteed. Results: 68 new cases of POAG were diagnosed out of 3220 consultations, an incidence rate of 2.11%. The average age was 58.2 years (10.64 with a male predominance of 63.23%. A family history of glaucoma was present in 11.36% of cases. Visual acuity was poor Conclusion: This study has shown us that POAG in our environment is relatively common, early onset, and rapidly evolving. The implementation of a rapid and reliable screening strategy by the Eye Health Program will make it possible to manage glaucoma from the earliest stages.

Supraciliary microstenting with phacoemulsification in patients with open-angle glaucoma and cataracts

Elevated intraocular pressure(IOP)is a major risk factor for the development or progression of glaucoma.Lowering IOP is the only proven therapeutic approach to the management of glaucoma.IOP can be lowered by medication,laser treatment or surgery(1).Generally,instillation of IOP-

SEQUENTIAL INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN SUSPECTED OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA

Objective To evaluate the variations of intraocular pressure （lOP） in suspected open-angle glaucoma （OAG） patients. Methods The variations of lOP were measured in 216 eyes of suspected OAG patients at 4-hour intervals for 48 h. Based on the results of the serial lOP measurements, optic disc changed and visual field defected, the patients were diagnosed as primary OAG （ POAG ）, normal tension glaucoma （NTG）, ocular hypertension （ OHT） , or physiologic cup （PC）. Results After the serial lOP measurements, 16. 7% of the suspected OAG patients were diagnosed as POAG, 32. 4% as NTG, 24. 5% as OHT, and 26. 4% as PC. The highest percentages of the POAG group had peak lOP at 8 AM （19. 4% ） and their trough lOP at 10 PM （27. 8% ） ; the NTG group had peak lOP at 12 AM （18. 6% ） and their trough lOP at 12 PM （22. 9% ） ; the OHT group had peak lOP at 4 AM （22. 6% ） and their trough lOP at 10 PM （26. 4% ） ; and the PC group had peak lOP at 4 AM （ 21. 1% ） and their trough lOP at 12 PM （ 21. 1% ）. The percentages of peak lOP outside clinic （ 8 AM - 4 PM） in the POAG, NTG, OHT and PC groups were 55. 6%, 50. 0%, 58. 4% and 45. 7%, respectively. The mean magnitude of variance was 5. 1 - 6. 7 mmHg in those suspected OAG patients. There was a strong positive correlation in lOP between both eyes at each time point of measurement and the variation curves of the right and left eyes had parallel profiles in those suspected OAG patients. Conclusion Serial measurement of lOP is still needed, in order not to miss the peak and the trough lOP readings in suspected OAG patients, which helps in better management of glaucoma.

Multi-distortion suppression for neutron radiographic images based on generative adversarial network

Neutron radiography is a crucial nondestructive testing technology widely used in the aerospace,military,and nuclear industries.However,because of the physical limitations of neutron sources and collimators,the resulting neutron radiographic images inevitably exhibit multiple distortions,including noise,geometric unsharpness,and white spots.Furthermore,these distortions are particularly significant in compact neutron radiography systems with low neutron fluxes.Therefore,in this study,we devised a multi-distortion suppression network that employs a modified generative adversarial network to improve the quality of degraded neutron radiographic images.Real neutron radiographic image datasets with various types and levels of distortion were built for the first time as multi-distortion suppression datasets.Thereafter,the coordinate attention mechanism was incorporated into the backbone network to augment the capability of the proposed network to learn the abstract relationship between ideally clear and degraded images.Extensive experiments were performed;the results show that the proposed method can effectively suppress multiple distortions in real neutron radiographic images and achieve state-of-theart perceptual visual quality,thus demonstrating its application potential in neutron radiography.

Deep learning automation of radiographic patterns for hallux valgus diagnosis

Artificial intelligence(AI)and deep learning are becoming increasingly powerful tools in diagnostic and radiographic medicine.Deep learning has already been utilized for automated detection of pneumonia from chest radiographs,diabetic retinopathy,breast cancer,skin carcinoma classification,and metastatic lymphadenopathy detection,with diagnostic reliability akin to medical experts.In the World Journal of Orthopedics article,the authors apply an automated and AIassisted technique to determine the hallux valgus angle(HVA)for assessing HV foot deformity.With the U-net neural network,the authors constructed an algorithm for pattern recognition of HV foot deformity from anteroposterior highresolution radiographs.The performance of the deep learning algorithm was compared to expert clinician manual performance and assessed alongside clinician-clinician variability.The authors found that the AI tool was sufficient in assessing HVA and proposed the system as an instrument to augment clinical efficiency.Though further sophistication is needed to establish automated algorithms for more complicated foot pathologies,this work adds to the growing evidence supporting AI as a powerful diagnostic tool.

Radiography Image Classification Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Research has shown that chest radiography images of patients with different diseases, such as pneumonia, COVID-19, SARS, pneumothorax, etc., all exhibit some form of abnormality. Several deep learning techniques can be used to identify each of these anomalies in the chest x-ray images. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have shown great success in the fields of image recognition and image classification since there are numerous large-scale annotated image datasets available. The classification of medical images, particularly radiographic images, remains one of the biggest hurdles in medical diagnosis because of the restricted availability of annotated medical images. However, such difficulty can be solved by utilizing several deep learning strategies, including data augmentation and transfer learning. The aim was to build a model that would detect abnormalities in chest x-ray images with the highest probability. To do that, different models were built with different features. While making a CNN model, one of the main tasks is to tune the model by changing the hyperparameters and layers so that the model gives out good training and testing results. In our case, three different models were built, and finally, the last one gave out the best-predicted results. From that last model, we got 98% training accuracy, 84% validation, and 81% testing accuracy. The reason behind the final model giving out the best evaluation scores is that it was a well-fitted model. There was no overfitting or underfitting issues. Our aim with this project was to make a tool using the CNN model in R language, which will help detect abnormalities in radiography images. The tool will be able to detect diseases such as Pneumonia, Covid-19, Effusions, Infiltration, Pneumothorax, and others. Because of its high accuracy, this research chose to use supervised multi-class classification techniques as well as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to classify different chest x-ray images. CNNs are extremely efficient and successful at reducing the number of parameters while maintaining the quality of the primary model. CNNs are also trained to recognize the edges of various objects in any batch of images. CNNs automatically discover the relevant aspects in labeled data and learn the distinguishing features for each class by themselves.

In situ study on columnar-equiaxed transition and anaxial columnar dendrite growth of Al-15%Cu alloy by synchrotron radiography

Directional solidification of Al-15% （mass fraction） Cu alloy was investigated by in situ and real time radiography which was performed by Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility （SSRF）. The imaging results reveal that columnar to equiaxed transition （CET） is provoked by external thermal disturbance. The detaching and floating of fragments of dendrite arms are the prelude of the transition when the solute boundary layer in front of the solid-liquid interface is thin. And the dendrite triangular tip is the fracture sensitive zone. When the conditions are suitable, new dendrites can sprout and grow up. This kind of dendrite has no obvious stem and is named anaxial columnar dendrites.

图像融合技术在Computed Radiography影像中的应用研究

将图像融合技术应用于CR(ComputedRadiography)技术中 ,有效改善影像的信噪比 (signal-to -noiseratio)。运用双IP(ImagePlate)技术采集人体体模影像后 ,在变换域进行图像配准。建立融合图像的数学模型 ,基于此模型对配准完成的源图像实施不同权重的加权计算得到融合图像。结果 融合图像信噪比源图像可提高 30 %左右。结论 将图像融合技术应用于CR技术可有效改善影像质量 ,有助于提高诊断的准确性。

Contrast sensitivity in 14 MeV fast neutron radiography

Fast neutron radiography(FNR) is an effective non-destructive testing technique.Due to the scattering effect and low detection efficiency,the detection limit of FNR under certain conditions cannot be determined.In order to obtain the minimum detectable thickness by FNR,we studied the contrast sensitivity of FNR lead samples,both theoretically and experimentally.We then clarified the relationship between pixel value and irradiation time,and sample materials and thickness.Our experiment,using a4-cm-thick lead sample,verified our theoretical expression of FNR contrast sensitivity.

Digital radiography of crush thoracic trauma in the Sichuan earthquake

AIM:To investigate the features of crush thoracic trauma in Sichuan earthquake victims using chest digital radiography(CDR).METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 772 CDR of 417 females and 355 males who had suffered crush thoracic trauma in the Sichuan earthquake.Patient age ranged from 0.5 to 103 years.CDR was performed between May 12,2008 and June 7,2008.We looked for injury to the thoracic cage,pulmonary parenchyma and the pleura.obtained in 349 patients,the remaining 423 patients underwent only AP CDR.Thoracic cage fractures,pulmonary contusion and pleural injuries were noted in 331(42.9%;95% CI:39.4%-46.4%),67 and 135 patients,respectively.Of the 256 patients with rib fractures,the mean number of fractured ribs per patient was 3.Rib fractures were mostly distributed from the 3rd through to the 8th ribs and the vast majority involved posterior and lateral locations along the rib.Rib fractures had a significant positive association with non-rib thoracic fractures,pulmonary contusion and pleural injuries(P < 0.001).The number of rib fractures and pulmonary contusions were significant factors associated with patient death.CONCLUSION:Earthquake-related crush thoracic trauma has the potential for multiple fractures.The high number of fractured ribs and pulmonary contusions were significant factors which needed appropriate medical treatment.

Comparison of conventional radiography and MDCT in suspected scaphoid fractures

AIM: To determine the diagnostic accuracy and radiation dose of conventional radiography and multidetector computed tomography(MDCT) in suspected scaphoid fractures.METHODS: One hundred twenty-four consecutive patients were enrolled in our study who had suffered from a wrist trauma and showed typical clinical symptoms suspicious of an acute scaphoid fracture. All patients had initially undergone conventional radiography. Subsequent MDCT was performed within 10 d because of persisting clinical symptoms. Using the MDCT data as the reference standard, a fourfold table was used to classify the test results. The effective dose and impaired energy were assessed in order to compare the radiation burden of the two techniques. The Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the two diagnostic modalities.RESULTS: Conventional radiography showed 34 acute fractures of the scaphoid in 124 patients(42.2%). Subsequent MDCT revealed a total of 42 scaphoid fractures. The sensitivity of conventional radiography for scaphoid fracture detection was 42.8% and its specificity was 80% resulting in an overall accuracy of 59.6%. Conventional radiography was significantly inferior to MDCT(P < 0.01) concerning scaphoidfracture detection. The mean effective dose of MDCT was 0.1 m Sv compared to 0.002 m Sv of conventional radiography.CONCLUSION: Conventional radiography is insufficient for accurate scaphoid fracture detection. Regarding the almost negligible effective dose, MDCT should serve as the first imaging modality in wrist trauma.

Resolution analysis of thermal neutron radiography based on accelerator-driven compact neutron source

Owing to the immobility of traditional reactors and spallation neutron sources,the demand for compact thermal neutron radiography(CTNR)based on accelerator neutron sources has rapidly increased in industrial applications.Recently,thermal neutron radiography experiments based on a D-T neutron generator performed by Hefei Institutes of Physical Science indicated a significant resolution deviation between the experimental results and the values calculated using the traditional resolution model.The experimental result was up to 23%lower than the calculated result,which hinders the achievement of the design goal of a compact neutron radiography system.A GEANT4 Monte Carlo code was developed to simulate the CTNR process,aiming to identify the key factors leading to resolution deviation.The effects of a low collimation ratio and high-energy neutrons were analyzed based on the neutron beam environment of the CTNR system.The results showed that the deviation was primarily caused by geometric distortion at low collimation ratios and radiation noise induced by highenergy neutrons.Additionally,the theoretical model was modified by considering the imaging position and radiation noise factors.The modified theoretical model was in good agreement with the experimental results,and the maximum deviation was reduced to 4.22%.This can be useful for the high-precision design of CTNR systems.

Imaging internal density structure of the Laoheishan volcanic cone with cosmic ray muon radiography

Muon radiography is a promising technique for imaging the internal density structures of targets such as tunnels,pyramids,and volcanoes up to a scale of a few hundred meters by measuring the flux attenuation of cosmic ray muons after they have traveled through these targets.In this study,we conducted experimental muon radiography of one of the volcanoes in the Wudalianchi area in Northeast China to image its internal density structure.The muon detector used in this study was composed of plastic scintillators and silicon photomultipliers.After approximately one and a half months of observing the crater and conduit of the Laoheishan volcano cone in Wudalianchi from September 23^(rd) to November 10^(th) 2019,more than 3 million muon tracks fulfilling the data selection criteria were collected.Based on the muon samples and high-resolution topography obtained through aerial photogrammetry using an unmanned aerial vehicle,a density image of the Laoheishan volcano cone was constructed.The results obtained in this experiment demonstrate the feasibility of using a radiography technique based on plastic scintillator detectors.To obtain the density distribution,we performed a detailed background analysis and found that low-energy charged particles dominated the background noise.Relatively higher densities were found near the surface of the volcanic cone,whereas relatively lower densities were found near the center of the volcanic cone.The experiment in this study is the first volcano muon tomography study performed in China.Our work provides an important reference for future research.