The impacts of different 03 concentration on the biomass and yield of rice were studied by using OTC-1 open-top chambers. Experimental treatments included the activated charcoal-filtered air. (CFA), 50 nl/L (CF50), 10...The impacts of different 03 concentration on the biomass and yield of rice were studied by using OTC-1 open-top chambers. Experimental treatments included the activated charcoal-filtered air. (CFA), 50 nl/L (CF50), 100 nl/L ( CF100) and 200 nl/L (CF200) concentrations of O-3. The O-3 treatments significantly decreased the total biomass per plant. The. elevated O-3 exposure resulted in a more decrease in the root growth than in the shoot growth. Assessments of yield characteristics at the final harvest revealed an O-3-induced decrease in the number of grains per plant, resulting from fewer ears per plant, fewer grains per ear and more unfilled grains per ear. The 1000 grain dry weight and the harvest index (HI) were not changed significantly under 50 nl/L or 100 nl/L O-3 exposure, but reduced by 17.0% and 4.8% by 200nl/L O-3 treatment, respectively. Compared to the CFA treatment, CF50, CF100 and CF200 treatments caused a 8.2%, 26.1%, 49.1% decrease of the grain yield per plant, and a 14.2%, 31.7%, 51.7% decrease of the total biomass per plant, respectively. Linear regression showed that the 7h - daily mean O-3 concentration exposure for 3 months ( July-September) and AOT40 ( cunulative exposure accumulation over threshold 40 nl/L) were well correlated with the relative grain yield. A yield loss of 10% was estimated to be at 46.9 nl/L O-3 for 7h-daily mean O-3 concentration exposure or at 12930nl/(L(.)h) O-3 for AOT40.展开更多
Passive-warming, open-top chambers(OTCs) are widely applied for studying the effects of future climate warming on coastal wetlands. In this study, a set of six OTCs were established at a Phragmites wetland located in ...Passive-warming, open-top chambers(OTCs) are widely applied for studying the effects of future climate warming on coastal wetlands. In this study, a set of six OTCs were established at a Phragmites wetland located in the Yellow River Delta of Dongying City, China. With data collected through online transmission and in-situ sensors, the attributes and patterns of realized OTCs warming are demonstrated.The authors also quantified the preliminary influence of experimental chamber warming on plant traits.OTCs produced an elevated average air temperature of 0.8°C(relative to controls) during the growing season(June to October) of 2018, and soil temperatures actually decreased by 0.54°C at a depth of 5 cm and 0.46°C at a depth of 30 cm in the OTCs. Variations in diel patterns of warming depend greatly on the heat sources of incoming radiation in the daytime versus soil heat flux at night. Warming effects were often larger during instantaneous analyses and influenced OTCs air temperatures from-2.5°C to 8.3°C dependent on various meteorological conditions at any given time, ranging from cooling influences from vertical heat exchange and vegetation to radiation-associated warming. Night-time temperature depressions in the OTCs were due to the low turbulence inside OTCs and changes in surface soilatmosphere heat transfer. Plant shoot density, basal diameter, and biomass of Phragmites decreased by23.2%, 6.3%, and 34.0%, respectively, under experimental warming versus controls, and plant height increased by 4.3%, reflecting less carbon allocation to stem structures as plants in the OTCs experienced simultaneous wind buffering. While these passive-warming OTCs created the desired warming effects both to the atmosphere and soils, pest damages on the plant leaves and lodging within the OTCs were extensive and serious, creating the need to consider control options for these chambers and the replicated OTCs studies underway in other Chinese Phragmites marshes(Panjin and Yancheng).展开更多
在开顶式气室(open top chamber,OTC)内,检测了旋转布气法的气体交换效能和对O3分布的均匀性及稳定性,研究了O3体积分数升高对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)光合速率、生物量和产量的原位影响.经实验检测,旋转布气法能使O3在OTC内分布比较均匀...在开顶式气室(open top chamber,OTC)内,检测了旋转布气法的气体交换效能和对O3分布的均匀性及稳定性,研究了O3体积分数升高对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)光合速率、生物量和产量的原位影响.经实验检测,旋转布气法能使O3在OTC内分布比较均匀、稳定,满足OTC内布气要求,使气室内外最大温差为1.87℃;同时实验还表明O3体积分数的升高减少了水稻叶片光合速率、抑制了生物量的累积和降低了水稻的产量.在O3体积分数为1×10-7和2×10-7暴露下,水稻叶片光合速率分别比对照降低38.6%和53.9%,地上生物量累积速率分别降低8.8%和32.3%,产量分别降低10.1%和53.1%.结果表明,该旋转布气方法性能稳定,可广泛用于大气特定成分变化对近地层生态系统的原位影响研究.展开更多
Biomass is an important component of global carbon cycling and is vulnerable to climate change. Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses of aboveground biomass and phenology to warming, while studies of r...Biomass is an important component of global carbon cycling and is vulnerable to climate change. Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses of aboveground biomass and phenology to warming, while studies of root architecture and of root biomass allocation between coarse and fine roots have been scarcely reported in grassland ecosystems. We conducted an open-top-chamber warming experiment to investigate the effect of potential warming on root biomass and root allocation in alpine steppe on the north Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that Stipa purpurea had significantly higher total root length, root surface area and tips than Carex moocroftii. However,there were no differences in total root volume, mean diameter and forks for the two species. Warming significantly increased total root biomass(27.60%), root biomass at 0–10 cm depth(27.84%) and coarse root biomass(diameter > 0.20 mm, 57.68%) in the growing season(August). However, warming had no significant influence on root biomass in the non-growing season(April). Root biomass showed clear seasonalvariations: total root biomass, root biomass at 0–10 cm depth and coarse root biomass significantly increased in the growing season. The increase in total root biomass was due to the enhancement of root biomass at 0–10 cm depth, to which the increase of coarse root biomass made a great contribution. This research is of significance for understanding biomass allocation, carbon cycling and biological adaptability in alpine grassland ecosystems under future climate change.展开更多
In this study,effects of elevated air temperatures on thermal and hydrologic process of the shallow soil in the active layer were investigated. Open-top chambers(OTCs)were utilized to increase air temperatures 1-2℃ i...In this study,effects of elevated air temperatures on thermal and hydrologic process of the shallow soil in the active layer were investigated. Open-top chambers(OTCs)were utilized to increase air temperatures 1-2℃ in OTC-1 and 3-5℃ in OTC-2 in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau.Results show that the annual air temperatures under OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 1.21℃ and 3.62℃ higher than the Control,respectively.The entirely-frozen period of shallow soil in the active layer was shortened and the fully thawed period was prolonged with temperature increase.The maximum penetration depth and duration of the negative isotherm during the entirely-frozen period decreased, and soil freezing was retarded in the local scope of the soil profile when temperature increased.Meanwhile, the positive isotherm during the fully-thawed period increased,and the soil thawing was accelerated.Soil moisture under different manipulations decreased with the temperature increase at the same depth. During the early freezing period and the early fully- thawed period,the maximum soil moisture under the Control manipulation was at 0.2 m deep,whereas under OTC-1 and OTC-2 manipulations,the maximum soil moisture were at 0.4-0.5 m deep. These results indicate that elevated temperatures led to a decrease of the moisture in the surface soil.The coupled relationship between soil temperature and moisture was significantly affected by the temperature increase.During the freezing and thawing processes, the soil temperature and moisture under different manipulations fit the regression model given by the equationθV=a/{1+exp[b(TS+c)]}+d.展开更多
文摘The impacts of different 03 concentration on the biomass and yield of rice were studied by using OTC-1 open-top chambers. Experimental treatments included the activated charcoal-filtered air. (CFA), 50 nl/L (CF50), 100 nl/L ( CF100) and 200 nl/L (CF200) concentrations of O-3. The O-3 treatments significantly decreased the total biomass per plant. The. elevated O-3 exposure resulted in a more decrease in the root growth than in the shoot growth. Assessments of yield characteristics at the final harvest revealed an O-3-induced decrease in the number of grains per plant, resulting from fewer ears per plant, fewer grains per ear and more unfilled grains per ear. The 1000 grain dry weight and the harvest index (HI) were not changed significantly under 50 nl/L or 100 nl/L O-3 exposure, but reduced by 17.0% and 4.8% by 200nl/L O-3 treatment, respectively. Compared to the CFA treatment, CF50, CF100 and CF200 treatments caused a 8.2%, 26.1%, 49.1% decrease of the grain yield per plant, and a 14.2%, 31.7%, 51.7% decrease of the total biomass per plant, respectively. Linear regression showed that the 7h - daily mean O-3 concentration exposure for 3 months ( July-September) and AOT40 ( cunulative exposure accumulation over threshold 40 nl/L) were well correlated with the relative grain yield. A yield loss of 10% was estimated to be at 46.9 nl/L O-3 for 7h-daily mean O-3 concentration exposure or at 12930nl/(L(.)h) O-3 for AOT40.
基金jointly funded by the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for the Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)(2022QNLM 040003-3)the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFE0109600)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (U22A20558, 41240022, 41876057, 40872167, 41602143)China Geological Survey (1212010611402, GZH201200503, and DD20160144)by in-kind support from the Land Carbon ProgramLand Change Science R&D Program of the United States Geological Survey。
文摘Passive-warming, open-top chambers(OTCs) are widely applied for studying the effects of future climate warming on coastal wetlands. In this study, a set of six OTCs were established at a Phragmites wetland located in the Yellow River Delta of Dongying City, China. With data collected through online transmission and in-situ sensors, the attributes and patterns of realized OTCs warming are demonstrated.The authors also quantified the preliminary influence of experimental chamber warming on plant traits.OTCs produced an elevated average air temperature of 0.8°C(relative to controls) during the growing season(June to October) of 2018, and soil temperatures actually decreased by 0.54°C at a depth of 5 cm and 0.46°C at a depth of 30 cm in the OTCs. Variations in diel patterns of warming depend greatly on the heat sources of incoming radiation in the daytime versus soil heat flux at night. Warming effects were often larger during instantaneous analyses and influenced OTCs air temperatures from-2.5°C to 8.3°C dependent on various meteorological conditions at any given time, ranging from cooling influences from vertical heat exchange and vegetation to radiation-associated warming. Night-time temperature depressions in the OTCs were due to the low turbulence inside OTCs and changes in surface soilatmosphere heat transfer. Plant shoot density, basal diameter, and biomass of Phragmites decreased by23.2%, 6.3%, and 34.0%, respectively, under experimental warming versus controls, and plant height increased by 4.3%, reflecting less carbon allocation to stem structures as plants in the OTCs experienced simultaneous wind buffering. While these passive-warming OTCs created the desired warming effects both to the atmosphere and soils, pest damages on the plant leaves and lodging within the OTCs were extensive and serious, creating the need to consider control options for these chambers and the replicated OTCs studies underway in other Chinese Phragmites marshes(Panjin and Yancheng).
文摘在开顶式气室(open top chamber,OTC)内,检测了旋转布气法的气体交换效能和对O3分布的均匀性及稳定性,研究了O3体积分数升高对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)光合速率、生物量和产量的原位影响.经实验检测,旋转布气法能使O3在OTC内分布比较均匀、稳定,满足OTC内布气要求,使气室内外最大温差为1.87℃;同时实验还表明O3体积分数的升高减少了水稻叶片光合速率、抑制了生物量的累积和降低了水稻的产量.在O3体积分数为1×10-7和2×10-7暴露下,水稻叶片光合速率分别比对照降低38.6%和53.9%,地上生物量累积速率分别降低8.8%和32.3%,产量分别降低10.1%和53.1%.结果表明,该旋转布气方法性能稳定,可广泛用于大气特定成分变化对近地层生态系统的原位影响研究.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571205)the Strategic Pilot Science and Technology Projects of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDB03030505, XDA05050506)
文摘Biomass is an important component of global carbon cycling and is vulnerable to climate change. Previous studies have mainly focused on the responses of aboveground biomass and phenology to warming, while studies of root architecture and of root biomass allocation between coarse and fine roots have been scarcely reported in grassland ecosystems. We conducted an open-top-chamber warming experiment to investigate the effect of potential warming on root biomass and root allocation in alpine steppe on the north Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that Stipa purpurea had significantly higher total root length, root surface area and tips than Carex moocroftii. However,there were no differences in total root volume, mean diameter and forks for the two species. Warming significantly increased total root biomass(27.60%), root biomass at 0–10 cm depth(27.84%) and coarse root biomass(diameter > 0.20 mm, 57.68%) in the growing season(August). However, warming had no significant influence on root biomass in the non-growing season(April). Root biomass showed clear seasonalvariations: total root biomass, root biomass at 0–10 cm depth and coarse root biomass significantly increased in the growing season. The increase in total root biomass was due to the enhancement of root biomass at 0–10 cm depth, to which the increase of coarse root biomass made a great contribution. This research is of significance for understanding biomass allocation, carbon cycling and biological adaptability in alpine grassland ecosystems under future climate change.
基金founded by The National Science Foundation of China(No.40730634 andNo.40925002)
文摘In this study,effects of elevated air temperatures on thermal and hydrologic process of the shallow soil in the active layer were investigated. Open-top chambers(OTCs)were utilized to increase air temperatures 1-2℃ in OTC-1 and 3-5℃ in OTC-2 in the alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau.Results show that the annual air temperatures under OTC-1 and OTC-2 were 1.21℃ and 3.62℃ higher than the Control,respectively.The entirely-frozen period of shallow soil in the active layer was shortened and the fully thawed period was prolonged with temperature increase.The maximum penetration depth and duration of the negative isotherm during the entirely-frozen period decreased, and soil freezing was retarded in the local scope of the soil profile when temperature increased.Meanwhile, the positive isotherm during the fully-thawed period increased,and the soil thawing was accelerated.Soil moisture under different manipulations decreased with the temperature increase at the same depth. During the early freezing period and the early fully- thawed period,the maximum soil moisture under the Control manipulation was at 0.2 m deep,whereas under OTC-1 and OTC-2 manipulations,the maximum soil moisture were at 0.4-0.5 m deep. These results indicate that elevated temperatures led to a decrease of the moisture in the surface soil.The coupled relationship between soil temperature and moisture was significantly affected by the temperature increase.During the freezing and thawing processes, the soil temperature and moisture under different manipulations fit the regression model given by the equationθV=a/{1+exp[b(TS+c)]}+d.
