Atomically Dispersed Ruthenium Catalysts with Open Hollow Structure for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries

Lithium–oxygen battery with ultrahigh theoretical energy density is considered a highly competitive next-generation energy storage device,but its practical application is severely hindered by issues such as difficult decomposition of discharge products at present.Here,we have developed N-doped carbon anchored atomically dispersed Ru sites cathode catalyst with open hollow structure(h-RuNC)for Lithium–oxygen battery.On one hand,the abundance of atomically dispersed Ru sites can effectively catalyze the formation and decomposition of discharge products,thereby greatly enhancing the redox kinetics.On the other hand,the open hollow structure not only enhances the mass activity of atomically dispersed Ru sites but also improves the diffusion efficiency of catalytic molecules.Therefore,the excellent activity from atomically dispersed Ru sites and the enhanced diffusion from open hollow structure respectively improve the redox kinetics and cycling stability,ultimately achieving a high-performance lithium–oxygen battery.

STUDY ON HIGH ACID LEACHING REACTIVE CALCINED KAOLIN

Leaching experiments on metakaolin show that the final Al extraction ratio reached in a batch reaction is strikingly influenced by the inferior pore structure geometry of the metakaolin pellets. By calcining kaolin particles adhered in low humidity state, a variety of metakaolin pellet, inside which a large openings structure developed, has been prepared. The structure remarkably benefits leachant ion transference, so, the variety has high acid leaching reactivity, even coarse as the pellets are, its aluminum extracted ratio still has a linear relationship with leaching time, and the leaching kinetics is maintained zero order up to a significant conversion degree. A revised Pellet-Particle Model has been developed to interpret the structure influence on Al extraction ratio. (Author abstract) 4 Refs.

Aerodynamic unstable critical wind velocity for three-dimensionalopen cable-membrane structures

The aerodynamic unstable critical wind velocity for three-dimensional open cable-membrane structures is investigated. The geometric nonlinearity is introduced into the dynamic equilibrium equations of structures. The disturbances on the structural surface caused by the air flow are simulated by a vortex layer with infinite thickness in the structures. The unsteady Bernoulli equation and the circulation theorem are applied in order to express the aerodynamic pressure as the function of the vortex density. The vortex density is then obtained with the vortex lattice method considering the coupling boundary condition. From the analytical expressions of the unstable critical wind velocities, numerical results and some useful conclusions are obtained. It is found that the initial curvature of open cable-membrane structures has clear influence on the critical wind velocities of the structures.

Behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls with various opening locations: experiments and macro model

Two experimental tests of three-storied reinforced concrete structural walls having large openings were performed.Based on an original macro model,a multiple modified macro-model was proposed to develop a simple method to design a reinforced concrete structural wall with large openings and various opening locations.The interaction between reinforcement ties and concrete struts formed along the perimeter of openings was neglected in the original model.However,the strut-and-tie node was proposed to take account of such interaction in the proposed model.The predicted behavior of two specimens using such a proposed model was compared with the experimental results.It is shown that the behavior of structural walls with large openings could be modeled well using the proposed model.Moreover,the study indicates that the proposed model is applicable even in cases of multi-story structural walls having large openings and various opening locations.

Galactic kinematics and structure defined by open clusters

On the basis of recently published astrophysical parameters of the open clusters, we have selected 301 clusters with measurements of their kinematical parameters to trace the local structure and kinematics of the Galactic disk. The present sample covers a range of over 3.0 kpc from the Sun and gives significant estimates of the disk structure and kinematical parameters of the Galaxy. We derive the disk scale height, vertical displacement of the Sun to the Galactic plane, solar motion with respect to the local standard of rest, circular speed of the Galactic rotation, Galactocentric distance from the Sun, etc. We found that the average scale height of the disk defined by the open clusters is Zh = 58 ± 4pc, with a vertical displacement of the Sun below the Galactic plane of z0 -= - 16±4 pc. Clusters with ages older than 50 Myr are less concentrated in the average plane （Zh=67 ±6pc） than the younger clusters （Zh = 51±5pc）. Using the approximation of axisymmetric circular rotation, we have derived the distance to the Galactic center from the Sun R0 = 8.03 ±0.70 kpc, which is in excellent agreement with the best estimate of the Galactocentric distance. From a kinematical analysis, we found an agedependent rotation of the Galaxy. The older clusters exhibit a lower velocity of vorticity, but have the same shear as the younger clusters. The mean rotation velocity of the Galaxy was obtained as 235 ± 10 km s-1.

APPLICATION OF SINTAP TO THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF X65 PIPELINE STEEL

The recently developed European flaw assessment procedure, structural integrity assessment procedure（SiNTAP） is applied to assessment for welded joints of the API 5L X65 pipeline steel with an assumed embedded flaw and surface flaw at the weld toe. As one of the basic input data, fracture toughness crack tip opening displacement （CTOD） tests are conducted at 0℃ and performed according to the requirements of the standard of BS7448. For the heat affected zone （HAZ） specimens, the microstructure observation is performed to insure that the tip of the crack is located in the coarse grain zone. The result explains the dispersity of the test values. In structural integrity assessment procedure-fracture assessment diagram（SINTAP FAD） method, the failure curves of welded joints at level 1 and 3 are derived from the tensile test results. The results of the assessment show that all assessment points are located within the failure lines of analysis level 1 and 3. So the welded joint of the pipeline is safe. This study laid the foundation of application of SINTAP to pipeline structure assessment.

Wave radiation and diffraction by a floating rectangular structure with an opening at its bottom in oblique seas

The radiation and the diffraction of linear waves by a rectangular structure with an opening at its bottom floating in oblique seas of finite depth are investigated. Analytical expressions for the radiated potentials and the diffracted potential are obtained by use of the method of separation of variables and the eigenfunction expansion method, with the unknown coefficients being determined by the boundary conditions and the matching requirement on the interface. The hydrodynamic coefficients and the wave excitation forces are verified using the symmetry properties of coupled hydrodynamic coefficients and one specific example investigated previously. By use of the present analytical-numerical solution, the influences of the angle of incidence, the width of the opening on the wave forces and the hydrodynamic coefficients are investigated. It is also found that in the oblique sea the external excitation frequency that can lead to the resonance of a rectangular tank depends on the wave direction and the wave number of the incident wave.

Room-temperature synthesis of layered open framework cathode for sodium-ion batteries

The synthesis of active electrode materials at room temperature is one of the effective strategies to reduce the fabrication cost of sodium ion batteries(SIBs).Herein,a layered material(Na_(2)[(VO)_(2)(HPO_(4))_(2)C_(2)O_(4)]·2H_(2)O,abbreviated as NVPC followingly)with open-framework structures has been successfully prepared at room temperature under ambient conditions and is evaluated as a cathode for SIBs.It is revealed that NVPC cathode can deliver a maximum reversible capacity of ca.70 mAh/g at 10 mA/g,and exhibit superior rate capability and cycling performance:at 50 mA/g,maximum reversible capacity ca.50 m Ah/g with capacity retention of 88.4%over 250 cycles corresponds to only 0.046%capacity decay per cycle;at 100 mA/g,a maximum reversible capacity of 35 mAh/g with capacity retention of60.9%over 500 cycles.This study demonstrates a practical example of a low-cost synthesis of the cathode materials for SIBs.At the same time,the systematic electrochemical research results also show promising prospects for long lifespan low-cost SIBs.

Prussian-blue materials:Revealing new opportunities for rechargeable batteries

The demand to increase energy density of rechargeable batteries for portable electronic devices and electric vehicles and to reduce the cost for grid-scale energy storage necessitates the exploration of new chemistries of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries.The open framework-structure of Prussian-blue materials has recently been demonstrated as a promising cathode host for a variety of monovalent and multivalent cations with the tunable working voltage and discharge capacities.Recent progress toward the application of Prussian-blue cathode materials for rechargeable batteries is reviewed,with special emphasis on charge-storage mechanisms of different insertion species,factors influencing electrochemical performances,and possible approaches to overcome their intrinsic limitations.

RESEARCH ON SOIL PRESSURE IN NINE CABINS OF OPENED BOTTOM ELLIPTICAL BARREL STRUCTURE USING PENETRATION OF NEGATIVE PRESSURE METHOD

An investigation is made on the soil pressure in a nine cabin opened bottom elliptical barrel structure. The calculation models using the penetration of negative pressure method have been developed. The first calculation model is is for the construction stage involving three zones, namely, passive, transitional, and active established for the soil pressure in cabins. The other calculation model is based on the use stage, with the two （passive and active） zones for the soil pressure in cabins. The height of zones and the theoretical analytical solutions of inner soil pressure are derived. The analytical formulas of the models are proved using the finite element method and experimental data, and the formulas are analyzed in the inner soil pressure in the same condition. The calculation models can be used for other multi-position structural design or construction.