Arabic Optical Character Recognition:A Review

This study aims to review the latest contributions in Arabic Optical Character Recognition(OCR)during the last decade,which helps interested researchers know the existing techniques and extend or adapt them accordingly.The study describes the characteristics of the Arabic language,different types of OCR systems,different stages of the Arabic OCR system,the researcher’s contributions in each step,and the evaluationmetrics for OCR.The study reviews the existing datasets for the Arabic OCR and their characteristics.Additionally,this study implemented some preprocessing and segmentation stages of Arabic OCR.The study compares the performance of the existing methods in terms of recognition accuracy.In addition to researchers’OCRmethods,commercial and open-source systems are used in the comparison.The Arabic language is morphologically rich and written cursive with dots and diacritics above and under the characters.Most of the existing approaches in the literature were evaluated on isolated characters or isolated words under a controlled environment,and few approaches were tested on pagelevel scripts.Some comparative studies show that the accuracy of the existing Arabic OCR commercial systems is low,under 75%for printed text,and further improvement is needed.Moreover,most of the current approaches are offline OCR systems,and there is no remarkable contribution to online OCR systems.

Review of Optical Character Recognition for Power System Image Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Optical Character Recognition(OCR)refers to a technology that uses image processing technology and character recognition algorithms to identify characters on an image.This paper is a deep study on the recognition effect of OCR based on Artificial Intelligence(AI)algorithms,in which the different AI algorithms for OCR analysis are classified and reviewed.Firstly,the mechanisms and characteristics of artificial neural network-based OCR are summarized.Secondly,this paper explores machine learning-based OCR,and draws the conclusion that the algorithms available for this form of OCR are still in their infancy,with low generalization and fixed recognition errors,albeit with better recognition effect and higher recognition accuracy.Finally,this paper explores several of the latest algorithms such as deep learning and pattern recognition algorithms.This paper concludes that OCR requires algorithms with higher recognition accuracy.

Optical Character Recognition Functionality Introduction in Mobile Application for Car Diary

The purpose of the paper is to develop a mobile Android application--＂Car Log＂ that gives to users the ability to track all the costs for a vehicle and the ability to add fuel cost data by taking a photo of the cash receipt from the respective gas station where the charging was performed. OCR （optical character recognition） is the conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text. Once we have the text machine-encoded we can further use it in machine processes, like translation, or extracted, meaning text-to-speech transformed, helping people in simple everyday tasks. Users of the application will be able to enter other completely different costs grouped into categories and other charges. Car Log application quickly and easily can visualize, edit and add different costs for a ear. It also supports the ability to add multiple profiles, by entering data for all ears in a single family, for example, or a small business. The test results are positive thus we intend to further develop a cloud ready application.

Optimised CNN Architectures for Handwritten Arabic Character Recognition

Handwritten character recognition is considered challenging compared with machine-printed characters due to the different human writing styles.Arabic is morphologically rich,and its characters have a high similarity.The Arabic language includes 28 characters.Each character has up to four shapes according to its location in the word(at the beginning,middle,end,and isolated).This paper proposed 12 CNN architectures for recognizing handwritten Arabic characters.The proposed architectures were derived from the popular CNN architectures,such as VGG,ResNet,and Inception,to make them applicable to recognizing character-size images.The experimental results on three well-known datasets showed that the proposed architectures significantly enhanced the recognition rate compared to the baseline models.The experiments showed that data augmentation improved the models’accuracies on all tested datasets.The proposed model outperformed most of the existing approaches.The best achieved results were 93.05%,98.30%,and 96.88%on the HIJJA,AHCD,and AIA9K datasets.

Instance Segmentation of Characters Recognized in Palmyrene Aramaic Inscriptions

This study presents a single-class and multi-class instance segmentation approach applied to ancient Palmyrene inscriptions,employing two state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms,namely YOLOv8 and Roboflow 3.0.The goal is to contribute to the preservation and understanding of historical texts,showcasing the potential of modern deep learning methods in archaeological research.Our research culminates in several key findings and scientific contributions.We comprehensively compare the performance of YOLOv8 and Roboflow 3.0 in the context of Palmyrene character segmentation—this comparative analysis mainly focuses on the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm in this context.We also created and annotated an extensive dataset of Palmyrene inscriptions,a crucial resource for further research in the field.The dataset serves for training and evaluating the segmentation models.We employ comparative evaluation metrics to quantitatively assess the segmentation results,ensuring the reliability and reproducibility of our findings and we present custom visualization tools for predicted segmentation masks.Our study advances the state of the art in semi-automatic reading of Palmyrene inscriptions and establishes a benchmark for future research.The availability of the Palmyrene dataset and the insights into algorithm performance contribute to the broader understanding of historical text analysis.

Support Vector Machine Based Handwritten Hindi Character Recognition and Summarization

In today’s digital era,the text may be in form of images.This research aims to deal with the problem by recognizing such text and utilizing the support vector machine(SVM).A lot of work has been done on the English language for handwritten character recognition but very less work on the under-resourced Hindi language.A method is developed for identifying Hindi language characters that use morphology,edge detection,histograms of oriented gradients(HOG),and SVM classes for summary creation.SVM rank employs the summary to extract essential phrases based on paragraph position,phrase position,numerical data,inverted comma,sentence length,and keywords features.The primary goal of the SVM optimization function is to reduce the number of features by eliminating unnecessary and redundant features.The second goal is to maintain or improve the classification system’s performance.The experiment included news articles from various genres,such as Bollywood,politics,and sports.The proposed method’s accuracy for Hindi character recognition is 96.97%,which is good compared with baseline approaches,and system-generated summaries are compared to human summaries.The evaluated results show a precision of 72%at a compression ratio of 50%and a precision of 60%at a compression ratio of 25%,in comparison to state-of-the-art methods,this is a decent result.

Baseline Isolated Printed Text Image Database for Pashto Script Recognition

The optical character recognition for the right to left and cursive languages such as Arabic is challenging and received little attention from researchers in the past compared to the other Latin languages.Moreover,the absence of a standard publicly available dataset for several low-resource lan-guages,including the Pashto language remained a hurdle in the advancement of language processing.Realizing that,a clean dataset is the fundamental and core requirement of character recognition,this research begins with dataset generation and aims at a system capable of complete language understanding.Keeping in view the complete and full autonomous recognition of the cursive Pashto script.The first achievement of this research is a clean and standard dataset for the isolated characters of the Pashto script.In this paper,a database of isolated Pashto characters for forty four alphabets using various font styles has been introduced.In order to overcome the font style shortage,the graphical software Inkscape has been used to generate sufficient image data samples for each character.The dataset has been pre-processed and reduced in dimensions to 32×32 pixels,and further converted into the binary format with a black background and white text so that it resembles the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology(MNIST)database.The benchmark database is publicly available for further research on the standard GitHub and Kaggle database servers both in pixel and Comma Separated Values(CSV)formats.

CHARACTER DETECTION AND RECOGNITION SYSTEM OF BEER BOTTLES

An optical imaging system and a configuration characteristic algorithm are presented to reduce the difficulties in extracting intact characters image with weak contrast, in recognizing characters on fast moving beer bottles. The system consists of a hardware subsystem, including a rotating device, CCD, 16 mm focus lens, a frame grabber card, a penetrating lighting and a computer, and a software subsystem. The software subsystem performs pretreatment, character segmentation and character recognition. In the pretreatment, the original image is filtered with preset threshold to remove isolated spots. Then the horizontal projection and the vertical projection are used respectively to retrieve the character segmentation. Subsequently, the configuration characteristic algorithm is applied to recognize the characters. The experimental results demonstrate that this system can recognize the characters on beer bottles accurately and effectively; the algorithm is proven fast, stable and robust, making it suitable in the industrial environment.

A Development of a Knowledge Management System for Water Situation Reports in Thailand

The development of a knowledge management system for the National Hydro Data Center of Thailand was described in this paper. The system was created after the major flood event in 2011 to improve water resource management. It addresses the need for easy access to water situation reports, which are crucial for informed decision-making on water usage, allocation, and reservoir management. The system utilizes Optical Character Recognition technique to convert scanned water situation reports into searchable text. It applied FastText and ElasticSearch for advanced search functionalities. FastText identified the documents related to the search query, even with typos or misspelled words. ElasticSearch allows for efficient searching of text data based on relevance. The system also integrates Google Search for additional information access. Therefore, this knowledge management system provides an efficient way to access and analyze water situation data in Thailand.

Automated Extraction and Analysis of CBC Test from Scanned Images

Health care is an important part of human life and is a right for everyone. One of the most basic human rights is to receive health care whenever they need it. However, this is simply not an option for everyone due to the social conditions in which some communities live and not everyone has access to it. This paper aims to serve as a reference point and guide for users who are interested in monitoring their health, particularly their blood analysis to be aware of their health condition in an easy way. This study introduces an algorithmic approach for extracting and analyzing Complete Blood Count (CBC) parameters from scanned images. The algorithm employs Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology to process images containing tabular data, specifically targeting CBC parameter tables. Upon image processing, the algorithm extracts data and identifies CBC parameters and their corresponding values. It evaluates the status (High, Low, or Normal) of each parameter and subsequently presents evaluations, and any potential diagnoses. The primary objective is to automate the extraction and evaluation of CBC parameters, aiding healthcare professionals in swiftly assessing blood analysis results. The algorithmic framework aims to streamline the interpretation of CBC tests, potentially improving efficiency and accuracy in clinical diagnostics.

Libyan Licenses Plate Recognition Using Template Matching Method

License plate recognition (LPR) applies image processing and character recognition technology to identify vehicles by automatically reading their license plates. The work presented in this paper aims to create a computer vision system capable of taking real-time input image from a static camera and identifying the license plate from extracted image. This problem is examined in two stages: First the license plate region detection and extraction from background and plate segmentation to sub-images, and second the character recognition stage. The method used for the license plate region detection is based on the assumption that the license plate area is a high concentration of smaller details, making it a region of high intensity of edges. The Sobel filter and their vertical and horizontal projections are used to identify the plate region. The result of testing this stage was an accuracy of 67.5%. The final stage of the LPR system is optical character recognition (OCR). The method adopted for this stage is based on template matching using correlation. Testing the performance of OCR resulted in an overall recognition rate of 87.76%.

ERCS: An Efficient and Robust Card Recognition System for Camera-Based Image

Cards Recognition Systems,(CRSs)are representative computer vision-based applications.They have a broad range of usage scenarios.For example,they can be used to recognize images containing business cards,personal identification cards,and bank cards etc.Even though CRSs have been studied for many years,it is still difficult to recognize cards in camera-based images taken by ordinary devices,e.g.,mobile phones.Diversity of viewpoints and complex backgrounds in the images make the recognition task challenging.Existing systems employing traditional image processing schemes are not robust to varied environment,and are inefficient in dealing with natural images,e.g.,taken by mobile phones.To tackle the problem,we propose a novel framework for card recognition by employing a Convolutional Neutral Network(CNN)based approach.The system localizes the foreground of the image by utilizing a Fully Convolutional Network(FCN).With the help of the foreground map,the system localizes the corners of the card region and employs perspective transformation to alleviate the effects from distortion.Text lines in the card region are detected and recognized by utilizing CNN and Long Short Term Memory,(LSTM).To evaluate the proposed scheme,we collect a large dataset which contains 4,065 images in a variety of shooting scenarios.Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.Specifically,it is able to achieve an accuracy of 90.62%in the end-toend test,outperforming the state-of-the-art.

Visual News Ticker Surveillance Approach from Arabic Broadcast Streams

The news ticker is a common feature of many different news networks that display headlines and other information.News ticker recognition applications are highly valuable in e-business and news surveillance for media regulatory authorities.In this paper,we focus on the automatic Arabic Ticker Recognition system for the Al-Ekhbariya news channel.The primary emphasis of this research is on ticker recognition methods and storage schemes.To that end,the research is aimed at character-wise explicit segmentation using a semantic segmentation technique and words identification method.The proposed learning architecture considers the grouping of homogeneousshaped classes.This incorporates linguistic taxonomy in a unified manner to address the imbalance in data distribution which leads to individual biases.Furthermore,experiments with a novel ArabicNews Ticker(Al-ENT)dataset that provides accurate character-level and character components-level labeling to evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested approach.The proposed method attains 96.5%,outperforming the current state-of-the-art technique by 8.5%.The study reveals that our strategy improves the performance of lowrepresentation correlated character classes.

Vehicle Density Prediction in Low Quality Videos with Transformer Timeseries Prediction Model(TTPM)

Recent advancement in low-cost cameras has facilitated surveillance in various developing towns in India.The video obtained from such surveillance are of low quality.Still counting vehicles from such videos are necessity to avoid traf-fic congestion and allows drivers to plan their routes more precisely.On the other hand,detecting vehicles from such low quality videos are highly challenging with vision based methodologies.In this research a meticulous attempt is made to access low-quality videos to describe traffic in Salem town in India,which is mostly an un-attempted entity by most available sources.In this work profound Detection Transformer(DETR)model is used for object(vehicle)detection.Here vehicles are anticipated in a rush-hour traffic video using a set of loss functions that carry out bipartite coordinating among estimated and information acquired on real attributes.Every frame in the traffic footage has its date and time which is detected and retrieved using Tesseract Optical Character Recognition.The date and time extricated and perceived from the input image are incorporated with the length of the recognized objects acquired from the DETR model.This furnishes the vehicles report with timestamp.Transformer Timeseries Prediction Model(TTPM)is proposed to predict the density of the vehicle for future prediction,here the regular NLP layers have been removed and the encoding temporal layer has been modified.The proposed TTPM error rate outperforms the existing models with RMSE of 4.313 and MAE of 3.812.

智能移动终端涉密信息监测系统

网络高度发达的信息时代,防止涉密信息被泄露是一件非常重要的任务,尤其是对于政府、军队、公安等重点单位。传统的涉密信息监测系统往往是安装在主机等终端中,无法对于通过手机等智能移动终端偷拍涉密图片或者通过聊天软件上传涉密图片的行为无法进行有效的制止。针对这个问题,设计了一种将CTPN文本检测算法、光学字符识别技术(optical character recognition,OCR)与场景识别、图片传输监控相结合的智能移动终端涉密信息监测系统,可广泛应用于Android移动平台中。该系统通过全局扫描,实时相机监察,社交管控三防一体对失泄密行为进行监控监察,有效防止失泄密事故案件的发生。测试结果显示,该系统不仅可以准确识别涉密图片、监测涉密行为并且处理速度快、占用内存空间小,可以满足涉密单位的基本需求。

A sustainable development OCR system in CADAL application

This paper briefly introduces the main ideas of a sustainable development OCR system based on open architecture techniques and then describes the construction of an optical character recognition (OCR) center built on computer clusters, for the purpose of dynamically improving the recognition precision of the digitized texts of a million volumes of books produced by the China-US Million Books Digital Library (CADAL) Project. The practice of this center will provide helpful reference for other digital library projects.

Denoising Letter Images from Scanned Invoices Using Stacked Autoencoders

Invoice document digitization is crucial for efficient management in industries.The scanned invoice image is often noisy due to various reasons.This affects the OCR(optical character recognition)detection accuracy.In this paper,letter data obtained from images of invoices are denoised using a modified autoencoder based deep learning method.A stacked denoising autoencoder(SDAE)is implemented with two hidden layers each in encoder network and decoder network.In order to capture the most salient features of training samples,a undercomplete autoencoder is designed with non-linear encoder and decoder function.This autoencoder is regularized for denoising application using a combined loss function which considers both mean square error and binary cross entropy.A dataset consisting of 59,119 letter images,which contains both English alphabets(upper and lower case)and numbers(0 to 9)is prepared from many scanned invoices images and windows true type(.ttf)files,are used for training the neural network.Performance is analyzed in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Universal Image Quality Index(UQI)and compared with other filtering techniques like Nonlocal Means filter,Anisotropic diffusion filter,Gaussian filters and Mean filters.Denoising performance of proposed SDAE is compared with existing SDAE with single loss function in terms of SNR and PSNR values.Results show the superior performance of proposed SDAE method.

AI Cannot Understand Memes:Experiments with OCR and Facial Emotions

The increasing capabilities of Artificial Intelligence(AI),has led researchers and visionaries to think in the direction of machines outperforming humans by gaining intelligence equal to or greater than humans,which may not always have a positive impact on the society.AI gone rogue,and Technological Singularity are major concerns in academia as well as the industry.It is necessary to identify the limitations of machines and analyze their incompetence,which could draw a line between human and machine intelligence.Internet memes are an amalgam of pictures,videos,underlying messages,ideas,sentiments,humor,and experiences,hence the way an internet meme is perceived by a human may not be entirely how a machine comprehends it.In this paper,we present experimental evidence on how comprehending Internet Memes is a challenge for AI.We use a combination of Optical Character Recognition techniques like Tesseract,Pixel Link,and East Detector to extract text from the memes,and machine learning algorithms like Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks(RCNN),and Transfer Learning with pre-trained denseNet for assessing the textual and facial emotions combined.We evaluate the performance using Sensitivity and Specificity.Our results show that comprehending memes is indeed a challenging task,and hence a major limitation of AI.This research would be of utmost interest to researchers working in the areas of Artificial General Intelligence and Technological Singularity.

Study on the de-watermark algorithm based on grayscale text

When using the current popular text recognition algorithms such as optical character recognition(OCR)algorithm for text images,the presence of watermarks in text images interferes with algorithm recognition to the extent of fuzzy font,which is not conducive to the improvement of the recognition rate.In order to pursue fast and high recognition rate,watermark removal has become a critical problem to be solved.This work studies the watermarking algorithm based on morphological algorithm set and classic image algorithm in computer images.It can not only remove the watermark in a short time,but also keep the form and clarity of the text in the image.The algorithm also meets the requirements that the higher the clarity of image and text,the better the processing effect.It can process the Chinese characters with complex structure,complicated radicals or other characters well.In addition,the algorithm can basically process ordinary size images in 1 s,the efficiency is relatively high.

Research on the Early Warning System of Cold Chain Cargo Based on OCR Technology

This paper designs a set of semi-automatic intelligent cold chain cargo proximity warning system with wireless data transmission, lightweight Optical Character Recognition identification algorithm framework and electronic label automatic warning as the core technology for cold chain dairy Fast Moving Consumer Goods contractors. In terms of hardware, Pulse Frequency Modulation modulation and demodulation are used as the main technology to realize wireless transmission and reception of equipment, and digital electronic tags are added to warn the same batch of upcoming goods. In terms of software, based on Chinese-ocr algorithm, image preprocessing and recognition methods are studied, and an early warning system is designed. So as to realize semi-automatic early warning of cold chain logistics goods.