Distributed fiber optic sensors for tunnel monitoring:A state-of-the-art review

Distributed fiber optic sensors(DFOSs)possess the capability to measure strain and temperature variations over long distances,demonstrating outstanding potential for monitoring underground infrastructure.This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the DFOS applications for monitoring and assessing the deformation behavior of typical tunnel infrastructure,including bored tunnels,conventional tunnels,as well as immersed and cut-and-cover tunnels.DFOS systems based on Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering principles are both considered.When implementing DFOS monitoring,the fiber optic cable can be primarily installed along transverse and longitudinal directions to(1)measure distributed strains by continuously adhering the fiber to the structure’s surface or embedding it in the lining,or(2)measure point displacements by spot-anchoring it on the lining surface.There are four critical aspects of DFOS monitoring,including proper selection of the sensing fiber,selection of the measuring principle for the specific application,design of an effective sensor layout,and establishment of robust field sensor instrumentation.These four issues are comprehensively discussed,and practical suggestions are provided for the implementation of DFOS in tunnel infrastructure monitoring.

A study of retinal parameters measured by optical coherence tomography in patients with multiple sclerosis

AIM: To investigate the difference of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular fovea thickness/volume between multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and healthy normal individuals using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and assess its association with visual field parameters. METHODS: Thirty consecutive MS patients and 28 healthy controls were recruited in this prospective study. Comprehensive standardized ophthalmic examinations included visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, intraocular pressure, gonioscopy, visual field, and RNFL thickness and macular fovea thickness/volume detection using Humphrey OCT. Mean values for the thickness of the peripapillary RNFL and macular volume were calculated. Associations between visual field parameters and RNFL thickness/macular volume were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: The RNFL thicknesses in each quadrant, the average macular thickness, and the average macular volume in MS patients were all less than those in healthy controls, with statistically significant differences. The RNFL thickness and macular fovea thickness/volume were greater in eyes without optic neuritis than in eyes with optic neuritis. The average visual field parameters had positive correlations with the RNFL thickness and negative correlations with macular parameters in MS patients. CONCLUSION: OCT measurements can effectively identify the nerve changes of MS patients, which provide more data for the diagnosis of MS.

The Influences of an Embedded Structure Fiber-Optic Radiation Dosimeter in Different SSD and Beam Field Size

With a rapidly increasing demand and widespread use of radiotherapy treatment, the subject area of in-vivo real time dose rate dosimeters has become a significant area of study. An embedded structure fiber-optic radiation dosimeter has proved to be a promising candidate to fulfil this role because of its high SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and excellent light conversion efficiency. In this paper, the properties of this kind of dosimeter with respect to different SSD (Source to Surface Distance) and beam field size in a clinical Linac are studied. The characteristics of the dosimeter were evaluated by the sensor’s output intensity response in these conditions.

Capacity and Flexibility Improvement of Traffic Aggregation for Fixed 5G:Key Enabling Technologies,Challenges and Trends

As the emergence of various highbandwidth services and the requirements to support 5G/Wi-Fi 6 wireless networks,the next generation fixed networks,i.e.F5G,are expected to be realized in the 5G era.F5G is endowed with new characteristics,including ultra-high bandwidth,all-optical connections and optimal service experience.With the prospect of optical-to-everywhere,optical technologies are used for mobile front-haul,mid-haul,and back-haul.Optical access networks would play an important role in F5G to support radio access network and fixed access network.Low-latency PON is a key for cost effective-haul traffic aggregation.In terms of signal transmission,intensity modulation directdetection(IM-DD)is a promising scheme due to its simple architecture.The fundamental challenge associated with direct-detection is the disappearance of the transmitted signal’s phase.In access network,the flexibility and low latency are the two key factors affecting service experience.In this article,we review the evolution of PONs and the challenges of current PONs in detail.We analyze key enabling digital signal processing(DSP)techniques,including detection linearization for direct-detection and simplified coherent detection,adaptive equalizers,digital filer enabled flexible access network and low-latency inter-ONU communications.Finally,we discuss the developing trends of future optical access networks.

Visual field defects and retinal nerve fiber layer damage in buried optic disc drusen: a new insight

AIM: To assess the association between buried optic disc drusen(BODD) location using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography(SD-OCT) and the location of associated visual field defects(VFD) using the Garway-Heath mapping.METHODS: This monocentric retrospective crosssectional study was led at the authors’ institution. Adult patients diagnosed with BODD who had complete records with a reliable Humphrey? 24-2 visual field, macular, and papillary OCT were enrolled. Fisher’s exact test was used to measure the association between BODD location and VFD distribution according to Garway-Heath’s mapping.RESULTS: Totally 20 eyes of 15 patients were included(60% females). The median age(interquartile range) was 63(43)y and the median best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) was-0.08(0.08) log MAR. BODD were mostly located in zones A, E, and F. The minimal rim width(MRW) was globally preserved. The retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL) was predominantly altered in zones D, E, and F. There was a significant correlation between BODD location and that of RNFL alterations in zones D(P=0.03) and E(P=0.025);Moreover, the presence of BODD in the E zone was significantly related to damaged RNFL in the neighbouring sectors D and F(P=0.012;P=0.02 respectively). Sixty-three percent(12/19) of visual fields were abnormal and there was a significant match(Phi=0.7, P=0.009) between drusen location and VFD only in zone D.CONCLUSION: BODD do not only affect young patients and can be more harmful than usually expected, as we found VFD in 63% of cases. There is a correspondence between BODD location, RNFL damage, and VFD distributions. The presence of BODD induces the overestimation of MRW,thereby disrupting its sensitivity as an early indicator of ganglion fibers damage.

Changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma after deep sclerectomy

AIM： To assess changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer （RNFL） thickness and visual field （VF） in patients with glaucoma after reduction of intraocular pressure （IOP）. METHODS： Thirty-five consecutive patients with bilat-eral high tension glaucoma were included in the study. Thirty-five eyes underwent monocular deep sclerectomy （surgery group） and the medically treated fellow eyes served as controls （control group）. Quantitative analyses of the peripapillary RNFL thickness by optical coherence tomography （OCT） and global VF indices by automated perimetry were performed before surgery and six months after surgery in both eyes. The changes in RNFL thickness overall and by quadrant were evalu-ated and studied with respect to age, best-corrected visual acuity （BCVA）, preoperative global VF indices, postoperative IOP changes, and postoperative changes in global VF indices. Changes observed in RNFL thickness and VF indices were compared between eyes after surgery and fellow eyes. RESULTS： Six months after surgery, the overall IOP decreased from a baseline mean of 24.5 ± 3.2 mmHg to 11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg （P 〈 0.001） at the time of OCT testing. A signifcant increase in the overall mean RNFL thickness was observed after surgery （P 〈 0.001）. The preoperative VF mean deviation was significantly cor-related with a postoperative increase in the RNFL thick-ness （P 〈 0.075）. No correlation was found between RNFL thickness changes and age, BCVA, or changes in the global VF indices. There was no significant difference between eyes with an IOP reduction of more than 50% and those with a reduction in IOP less than 30% （ P = 0.312）.CONCLUSION： A signifcant increase in the peripapil-lary RNFL thickness was associated with IOP reduction by glaucoma filtration surgery as measured by OCT.

冻融条件下路基温度场和湿度场分布式感知试验

搭建土体冻融多物理场感知室内试验装置,布设传统点式传感器和分布式光纤,对土体冻融过程中路基温度场、湿度场和变形情况开展试验监测,探究单端冻结、双端融化条件下土体温度场和湿度场的分布式感知特征,验证主动加热分布式光纤技术的监测效果。试验结果表明,-15℃单端冻结条件下,土体冻结过程按降温速率分为快速冷却、逐步降温、稳定平衡三阶段,冻结锋面逐渐下移,最大冻深约占土柱高度的35%。孔隙水受冻胀迁移力影响向冻结锋面移动,引起冻融前后土体湿度场重分布,并导致土体冻胀变形,变形量为土体最大冻深的7.8%~10.9%。分布式光纤可准确得到冻融过程中土体温度场、湿度场变化特征,识别土体内冻结区域范围,温度、湿度监测拟合优度R2分别达0.98和0.94。

保偏光纤制备及其参数测试原理

为了研制工作波长为1310 nm的保偏光纤,采用改进的化学气相沉积工艺制备了保偏光纤预制捧和应力棒,经加工、拼接、清洗、拉丝工艺后,得到几何尺寸精确的高质量保偏光纤;同时搭建了高效测试系统,采用折射近场法、远场扫描法、视频灰度技术(传输近场),分别测量了预制棒的折射率分布和几何尺寸,保偏光纤模场直径、数值孔径、几何尺寸等关键参数。结果表明,此标准化测试系统操作流程简单、结果精确;模场直径为6.26μm,数值孔径为0.23,包涂直径80μm/135μm/165μm(精度±0.7μm);终检测试合格的光纤成品随机抽样16.25%,高低温老化实验后拍长、串音变化小。所研制的保偏光纤性能稳定,几何尺寸精确、结构均匀、损耗低,具有优良保偏性能,已广泛应用于实际生产中。

谐振式光纤陀螺谐振腔传输模型仿真方法

谐振式光纤陀螺(RFOG)是一种以光纤环形谐振腔为核心敏感器件的惯性传感器。为提高仿真效率和适用性,提出了一种谐振式光纤陀螺快速运算仿真方法,搭建了谐振式光纤陀螺信号处理和闭环控制模型,其中模拟谐振腔多圈干涉耦合采用多核并行运算,包含光场叠加和传递函数两种形式。仿真结果表明所提方法仿真效率较高,平均在16s左右完成仿真,相比于原始模型的锁频程序运行效率提升了57.6%。同时两种仿真形式均适用于精度范围0.0001~1(°)/√h的谐振光纤陀螺仿真,有效适应不同仿真参数的测试要求。其中传递函数形式相较于光场叠加形式仿真效率提升了5.4倍,在±600(°)/s动态范围内标度因数非线性度降低了17%,而光场叠加形式的零偏不稳定性减小到0.652(°)/h,易于观察偏振波动误差特性。

边坡全维度监测技术与模型试验研究

中国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,其中滑坡常年位于各类地质灾害首位,因此对滑坡灾害进行深层次的研究至关重要。边坡工程常常会受到人类工程活动与自然地质作用叠加效应的影响,从而增加了对边坡变形失稳机理的科学认知难度。为精准掌握边坡状态信息与变形失稳过程,可通过建立全维度的监测体系以实现边坡状态信息的动态解译与表征,据此获得更加精准、可靠、直观的边坡稳定性评价依据。文章围绕边坡破坏模式及典型边坡监测技术,在厘清边坡变形演化过程的基础上,对边坡“天—空—地—体”一体化监测技术体系进行了全面分析;概述性总结了基于DFOS的边坡监测技术,重点阐述了基于DFOS的边坡多源多场监测研究思路与实施路径;系统性梳理了基于典型监测技术与DFOS技术的边坡物理模型试验研究过程与结果,以期为开展边坡加固方案设计与防灾减灾控灾提供重要的参考依据。

GMPC材料表面粘贴FBG磁场传感技术

针对目前电力系统中磁场测量需求,以及光纤自身具有绝缘、抗电磁干扰优势,将其与巨磁致伸缩复合材料结合,实现磁场的检测。其中,采用有限元分析方法,建立磁场环境下的材料仿真模型,实现材料的定性分析。另外,根据仿真分析结果,研制不同浓度比的巨磁致伸缩复合材料,并将材料表面粘贴光纤光栅,实现磁场检测。所提出的光纤磁场传感技术实现了低电磁干扰磁探测、提高探测效率、降低稀土合金消耗。

基于光纤监测的段内多簇暂堵方案优化

为了实现段内簇间均匀改造,需要对优势进液簇进行暂堵。目前主要根据室内暂堵试验制定暂堵方案,但室内暂堵试验条件与实际压裂工况有一定差距,导致暂堵效果不理想。为给段内多簇压裂暂堵方案优化提供依据,优选新疆油田一口水平井(A井),针对5个压裂段设计了12套暂堵方案,利用管外光纤监测技术监测段内各射孔簇在暂堵前后进液量的变化,据此判断暂堵效果。A井实施12套暂堵方案后,未监测到簇间转向分流现象,说明暂堵无效。分析导致暂堵无效的原因为:暂堵球直径与孔眼直径不匹配;孔眼朝向具有随机性,高边孔眼难以封堵;为避免射孔刺断光纤,选用了圆形通孔的破裂盘,但对暂堵球封堵孔眼不利。为此,提出了暂堵方案改进措施:采用直径与孔眼直径相同的暂堵球封堵孔眼,并添加纤维和小粒径暂堵剂或采用绳结暂堵剂;进行定向射孔,射低边孔;采用锥形孔的破裂盘。

低NA大模场光纤高耦合效率模场适配器

为提高低数值孔径大模场光纤与单模光纤的耦合效率,并提高输出光束的光束质量,结合加热扩芯技术和大模场光纤拉锥技术实现二者的模场匹配。基于粒子扩散和绝热拉锥方程分别建立了热扩芯光纤和锥形大模场光纤的理论模型,并仿真了其模场分布和传输特性,优化了器件的结构及制备参数。采用数值孔径分别为0.06和0.05的商用和自制的锥形大模场光纤与无附加损耗的热扩芯光纤,制备得到两款模场适配器。分别对器件的插入损耗和光束质量因子进行了实验测试,基于数值孔径分别为0.06和0.05的大模场光纤的模场适配器的正向插入损耗分别为0.29 dB和0.23 dB,正反向损耗差值分别为0.19 dB和0.06 dB,输出光束的质量因子分别为1.26和1.15。仿真和实验结果表明,低数值孔径的大模场光纤对于高阶模式的抑制能力更强且受到纤芯偏移和角度偏移影响更小。基于数值孔径为0.05的大模场光纤的模场适配器具有更高的耦合效率和光束质量,在高功率光纤激光器中有广泛运用前景。

基于光纤环衰荡技术的锥形光纤磁场测量方法

针对目前光纤磁场传感器解调方法中存在的实用性差且造价昂贵的问题,提出了一种基于光纤环衰荡技术的锥形光纤磁场测量方法,实现了磁场的时间域解调。施加不同强度的磁场时,光在锥形光纤处引起的损耗不同,导致系统衰减时间不同。将系统衰减时间和磁场强度建立联系,实现了磁场测量。为降低传感单元温度和磁场之间的交叉敏感,设计了温度控制电路,将传感单元的温度设定在25.0℃。实验结果表明,该传感器在磁场强度2 mT~9 mT范围内时,磁场强度H和衰减时间τ具有R^(2)=0.98273的线性拟合度,计算得到该传感器的磁场灵敏度为-11.65μs/mT。与光纤磁场传感器的其他解调方式相比,采用光纤环衰荡技术的磁场测量方法,具有响应速度快、成本低、稳定性好的优点。

分布式复合缆光纤产出剖面测井工艺在海上油气田的应用

复合光纤测井技术是一种高精度、高可靠性、高分辨率的测井技术,在油气勘探和开发领域得到广泛应用。在现场实施过程中,复合光纤测井技术可以实时监测油气井储层温度、压力、应变等参数,及时发现异常情况,并采取相应措施,保障油气生产的稳定性和安全性。文章详细介绍了复合光纤测井技术的原理、方法和实现方式,与常规技术进行对比,分析了该技术在现场应用中的优点和局限性,并提出了未来研究的方向和建议。

高填方引调水工程渗漏连续监测方法研究

针对高填方引调水工程提出适于工程结构破坏预警的方法。通过建立室内试验模型在强透水层砂砾石层与弱透水层黏土层之间增设不透水层,分层埋设加热电缆和分布式光纤得到不同工况下渗透破坏的监测数据,对比分析增设不透水层以后的渗透破坏试验结果、现象及渗透路径的变化,确定渗漏破坏与光纤监测数据之间的关联。采用分布式光纤可以测量得到堤基土体的温度场,根据温度的差异,可以判断得到堤基可能发生管涌且已经发生管涌的位置;不同程度的渗漏破坏,对应不同的温度场,渗流流量越大,温度场的差异越明显。

塑壳断路器可靠性试验电源的光纤校准技术研究

针对塑壳断路器可靠性试验电流的大幅值、短时、交直流混合等特点以及现场复杂工况对大电流标准传感器的严苛要求,提出了基于光纤电流传感技术的塑壳断路器可靠性试验电源现场校准方法。根据光纤电流传感器的闭环检测原理建立了系统的动态模型,分析了阶跃响应和频率响应特性,仿真结果表明:通过调节系统的前向增益及滑动滤波器阶数,传感器的上升时间优于9.09μs,-3 dB带宽可达39.91 kHz,证明了光纤电流传感器对塑壳断路器可靠性试验电流的跟踪响应能力。基于等安匝法对光纤电流传感器进行校准,评定了校准结果的不确定度,结果表明:在2.5~60 kA范围内,传感器的直流、工频电流测量准确度优于0.2%。对塑壳断路器可靠性试验电流进行了现场测试,为塑壳断路器可靠性试验电源的现场校准提供了一条技术途径。

基于机器视觉的光纤端帽缺陷检测系统设计

该文以某光纤通讯企业的光纤端帽检测设备为研究对象,结合机器视觉设计了一种光纤端帽缺陷检测系统。该文介绍了该设备的硬件系统的构成,分析了设备的检测流程。并根据光纤端帽的不同缺陷设计了对应的缺陷检测算法。以面对对象的C#为编程语言设计了视觉软件,并且详细介绍了软件系统的缺陷检测流程。最终通过定位实验和缺陷检测实验,验证了该系统能够正确以及精确地对光纤端帽进行定位和常见缺陷的检测,达到了企业的验收标准。

光加热光纤光栅阵列液位测量方法研究

安全可靠的液位测量是现代工业领域的重要技术需求之一,提出一种基于光加热光纤光栅阵列的液位测量方法,即利用泵浦光加热掺钴光纤,控制温度场,利用光栅阵列测量温度场分布,由于气液导热性能的差别,气液界面处温度突变,从而确定液位。实验中,将掺钴光纤与密集光栅阵列紧密固定在一起,将1.5 W的泵浦光输入衰减系数分别为0.71 dB/cm和0.28 dB/cm的掺钴光纤中,沿着光传播的方向,温度变化均呈指数函数衰减。液位测量的精度与范围由主要取决于泵浦光功率、掺钴光纤吸收系数,经对比最终选定0.28 dB/cm的掺钴光纤作为液位实验的加热光纤。实验测量了不同液位下的温度场分布,证明了利用测量温度分布来测量液位的可行性,液位变化范围0~88 mm以内的误差为2 mm。所提出的传感系统结构简单,成本低廉,在液位测量方面具有潜在的应用价值。

光纤磁场传感器研究现状及发展趋势

磁测量在矿产勘探、工业制造和国防等领域有广泛应用,因此,对促进科学、技术和社会发展具有重要的意义。目前,电学磁场传感器存在绝缘结构复杂、成本高、抗干扰能力差、难以数字化等缺点。相比之下,光纤磁场传感器具有绝缘性好、结构小巧、可数字化,具备强大的抗干扰能力以及高度可复用性。因此,光纤磁场传感器为解决这些问题提供了高度可行的方法。详细论述了基于磁致伸缩效应、法拉第效应和磁流体材料的光纤磁场传感器的工作原理、研究现状及存在的挑战,然后展望了光纤磁场传感器的未来发展方向和前景。