Performance Evaluation of Four Commercial Optical Particle Counters

The performances of four optical particles counters, Aerosol Spectrometer (Grimm 1.108), Enviro Check (Grimm 1.107), DustMonit and ParticleScan, were evaluated in laboratory tests employing monodisperse aerosol particles. The study focused on how commercial instruments perform during routine measurements respect to OPC scientific understanding, because it is important for users of such instruments to be aware of their limitations. Measurements were performed using aerosol generated by a Monodisperse Aerosol Generator (MAGE), which produced carnauba wax particles of diameter (1.00 ± 0.08) μm and (1.40 ± 0.15) μm, and monodisperse Polystyrene Latex (PSL) aerosol with nominal diameter of 1.0mm. The results show comparable total particle number concentrations for all the counters, when the count of the first size channel (0.3 - 0.4 μm) for the 1.108 Grimm counter was left out. In the said channel the Grimm counter 1.108 always showed much higher particle counts than those inferred from the tested aerosols. The overcount was proved by the fact that the aerosol sampled in each test on a Nuclepore filter showed no particles in the 0.3 - 0.4 μm range when examined under Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). The presence of an artefact produced by the counter was assumed as a likely explanation. For all the counters, the Count Median Diameters (CMDs) of aerosol size distributions, were far below the expected value for the aerosol used. The nearest CMD values to the expected ones were shown by the Grimm 1.107 counter.

Dust particles in free troposphere over Chinese desert region revealed from balloon borne measurements under calm weather conditions

The Taklamakan Desert in China is one of the major source regions for Asian dust particles.All balloon-borne measurements in this report were carried out in Dunhuang,in the Taklamakan Desert,during calm weather conditions.The aerosol number concentration,size distribution,mass concentration,and horizontal mass flux due to westerly wind were investigated.The measurements were performed on 17 August 2001,17 October 2001,11 January 2002,and 30 April 2002.Five channels(0.3,0.5,0.8,1.2,and 3.6μm in diameter)were used in the Optical Particle Counter for particle measurements.The aerosol number concentration in the winter season(11 January 2002)at 3–5 km was very high.Variation of free-tropospheric aerosols on 30 April 2002 was noticeable.A super-micron range was noticeable in the size distribution of all the measurements.Many variations in temperature and aerosol concentration were found at these inversion points.High values of estimated mass concentration of aerosols were frequently observed in the atmosphere near the ground(i.e.,1–2 km);and interestingly,relatively high concentrations were frequently detected above 2 km from the surface.Wind patterns observed using ERA-Interim data at 500 and 850 hPa showed that westerly winds dominated in the Taklamakan Desert during the observation period.The average horizontal mass flux of background Asian dust due to westerly wind was observed to fall within the range of 58.5–1219 tons km?2 d?1.Vertical profiles of aerosol number concentrations showed that significant transport of aerosols dominated in the westerly region(i.e.,4–7 km).

A model for aerosol mass concentration using an optical particle counter

A model for measuring aerosol mass concentration by an optical particle counter is presented using the conception of the average mass. In this model, to understand the meaning of the pulse height distribution of particles which is used to inverse mass concentration, the relationship among intensity distribution in the optical sensing volume, particle shape, and the pulse height distribution is discussed. To solve the instability of the equivalent factor, a novel two-step calibration method is proposed. The experimental results demonstrate that mass concentrations calculated by the model are in good agreement with those measured by a norm-referenced instrument. For samples of soot and air, the slopes of fitting lines of data points are 0.9582 and 0.9220, and the correlation coefficients are 0.9991 and 0.9965, respectively.

雾滴谱仪的标准粒子计数校准测量与反演

为了提高国产雾滴谱仪的雾滴粒子粒径测量准确性,采用标准粒子进行雾滴谱的散射响应测试,并用最小均方算法对实际测量的雾滴谱的散射响应信号进行了反演,通过理论分析与实验验证,取得了最小均方算法在不同标准粒子响应信号下的粒径反演数据。结果表明,最小均方算法对标准粒子分布的反演能够减小粒径的分布误差,使不同尺寸的粒子得到准确区分,尺寸区分精度可以达到1μm。该研究为雾滴谱仪的精度提升提供了参考。

Determining the relationship between chemical composition and size, shape and effective density of airborne fine particles through concurrent use of inertial and optical based measurements

This study presents the development of a medium flow, multiple slit based PM2.5 （particle aerodynamic diameter 〈2.5 μm） inertial impactor. Its performance was compared with that of a light scattering based optical particle sizer in a field study and in controlled lab based experiments using polydisperse dolomite powder as test aerosol. The impactor＇s optimum nozzle configuration had a cutoff size of 2.51 μm （aero- dynamic diameter） at an operating flow rate of 215 L/rain with a pressure drop of 0.35 kPa across the impactor stage. Because the apparent particle density of an ambient aerosol depends on the physical properties and the chemical composition of the particles, the PM2.5 mass concentration was measured with an optical particle sizer and an inertial impactor over a weekday and a weekend day in a field study during which the effective particle shape factor and density were in tandem modified in order to com- pare the results from the two sampling techniques. The correlation of the two instrument results tended towards 1：1 with increasing values of shape factor （irregular shaped） and effective particle density. This observation was supported through chemical investigations of the collected mass, which showed a higher percentage contribution from elements which are mostly of crustal nature （namely, Ca, Fe, and Mg）.

双散射角光学粒子计数器的研制

为了实现同时测量气溶胶粒子的谱分布和折射率,研制了一种新的双角度光学粒子计数器(D-OPC),该计数器采用60°和110°双散射角系统对气溶胶谱分布进行测量。利用Mie散射理论定义敏感函数,选取两个最佳的散射角,使其既对折射率敏感又不线性相关。然后,利用气溶胶折射率对两个散射角系统敏感性的差异来反演气溶胶折射率。最后,利用该仪器对大气气溶胶谱分布以及折射率进行实际测量。与TSI公司黑炭仪和浊度计测量的吸收系数和散射系数对比表明,双散射角光学粒子计数器测量气溶胶折射率和谱分布结果合理,测量误差<20%,可以满足同时测量气溶胶粒子谱分布和折射率的需要。

LED光源光学粒子计数器的研制

为了提高光学粒子计数器的测量性能,克服白炽灯和激光作光源带来的缺点,研制了一台光学粒子计数器。基于Mie散射原理测量粒子的粒径,以发光强度高、发光波长宽的LED为光源,具有白炽灯和激光作光源无法达到的使用寿命长和响应曲线单调的优点。与浊度计测量结果对比表明:该仪器的测量误差在15%以内,测量结果合理。由于该仪器光源使用寿命是白炽灯的60倍,可以根据需要对测量粒径任意分道,所以该仪器适用于测量和研究大气气溶胶粒子谱分布。

北京地区夏冬季气溶胶变化特征分析

北京市夏季平均可吸入颗粒物质量浓度(ρ(PM10))和气溶胶粒子数密度的平均日变化呈现明显的双峰结构,冬季除12:30—15:00相对较小外,其余时间都很大;夏季大气能见度的平均日变化呈单峰结构,而冬季呈双峰结构;夏季平均PM10和气溶胶粒子数密度通常比冬季的小;北京市夏季平均大气能见度比冬季的小,主要原因在于夏季空气相对湿度大,半径大于1 25μm的大粒子数密度较大,夏冬季0:00—9:00各时刻的平均能见度存在较大差别,其余时间的差别不大。

用光学粒子计数器测颗粒物质量浓度和能见度

2001年夏季和冬季,在北京市大兴区榆垡镇,利用光学粒子计数器、能见度仪和颗粒物质量监测器对近地面大气气溶胶粒子数密度、大气能见度、颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0)等进行了联合观测实验,取得了大量相关资料。本文通过对不同尺寸大气气溶胶粒子的数密度与颗粒物质量浓度及大气能见度的多元线性回归分析,给出了利用粒子数密度计算PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0和大气能见度的经验计算公式。

北京地区夏冬季气溶胶不同参数的相关性分析

通过对北京市夏冬季不同尺寸大气气溶胶粒子数密度与颗粒物质量浓度及大气能见度的相关性分析,给出了利用粒子数密度计算颗粒物(PM10,PM2.5和PM1.0)质量浓度和大气能见度的经验计算公式。

激光尘埃粒子计数器传感器性能优化设计

为了提高激光尘埃粒子计数器的分辨率和计数效率,对国产传感器设计进行了性能优化。以半导体激光器作为传感器光源,采用带有"清洁空气保护靴"的采样装置替代原有的采样装置,间接改善了光敏区的光强均匀度,同时对气路紊流也起到了抑制作用。散射光收集系统为球面反射镜,其对粒子散射光的收集角范围从30°~150°。并对该光学传感器的性能进行了测量。结果表明:该系统除具有离散度小、分辨率高的优点外,同时还能有效的降低标定成本和标定时间。

高计数效率28.3 L/min尘埃粒子计数光电传感器

研制成功28.3 L/min激光尘埃粒子计数器的核心部件——光学传感器,该传感器采用直角散射光收集形式,以半导体激光器作为光源,同时采用高灵敏度光电倍增管作为光电探测器,大数值孔径的球面反射镜为散射光收集系统,其对粒子散射光的收集角范围为30°~150°,用聚苯乙烯标准粒子实测了该光学传感器的性能并与国内外同类传感器对比。结果表明：该传感器具有很高的信噪比、计数效率和尺寸分辨能力。

测量质量浓度的光学粒子计数器的标定方法

为了实现光学粒子计数器系统实时精确地测量悬浮颗粒物的质量浓度,对该系统的标定方法进行了研究。首先采用高斯牛顿法进行非线性回归确定标定参数,但实验结果表明标定参数的稳定性较差。其次,通过对稳定性问题的详细分析,发现标定参数与颗粒物质量浓度的范围等因素有关,进而提出了分步标定法。最后,采用分步标定法对粒子计数器系统进行标定,并将其用于实际测量,测量的质量浓度值与实际值吻合较好,证实了分步标定法的有效性。

光电粒子计数器测量气溶胶折射指数虚部

本文分析了光电粒子计数器测量结果对气溶胶折射指数的敏感度,讨论了它测量的粒子谱分布与折射指数虚部n_i的相关关系。根据光电粒子计数器测量的粒子谱分布对n_i敏感的特点,利用光电粒子计数器和太阳辐射计同时测量的结果,可以确定气溶胶的n_i。实际测量的n_i值与积分片方法测量结果对比表明,这个方法是令人满意的。

白光尘埃粒子计数器光学系统的改进

本文分析了白光尘埃粒子计数器的光学系统存在的缺点，提出了照明系统和散射光收集系统的改进方案。实测结果表明，改进后的直角散射形式的白光尘埃粒子计数器光学系统更适合于对亚微米尘埃粒子的探测。

HEPA/ULPA过滤器效率检测仪器相关问题的探讨

HEPA/ULPA效率测试中气溶胶浓度的准确检测至关重要。本文对光度计(火焰光度计)、光学粒子计数器和凝结核粒子计数器三类常用的高效空气过滤器效率检测仪器的工作原理、简单构成分别进行了介绍,重点分析了其各自的特点以及在实际应用中存在的问题,通过论述指出:随着洁净技术的发展,光学粒子计数器和凝结核粒子计数器将是主流的高效空气过滤器效率检测仪器。

油液污染度测试技术与发展

阐述了油液污染度测试技术 ,介绍了油液污染度的分析方法 ,尤其指出了集颗粒、流量、流速、粘度、温度、激光及计算机技术于一身的自动颗粒计数器系统的应用 ,使得油液污染度测试技术获得了质的飞跃。新国际标准 ISO1 1 1 71的颁布实施 。

尘埃粒子计数信号幅度的对数正态分布

对尘埃粒子计数器计数信号幅度统计分布进行了研究,试验表明粒子光散射脉冲信号幅度分布并不具有严格的对称性.在光电传感器检测阈值附近,单径粒子脉冲信号幅度分布半宽度与信号幅度平均值相近时,与均匀划分电压通道对应的信号幅度服从对数正态分布.计算结果证明,在相对于平均值的离散度σ1的条件下,对数正态分布将趋近于正态分布.

国产光学粒子计数器的发展现状与展望

光学粒子计数器是用于测量洁净环境空气中粒子数量及尺寸的仪器，具有价格低廉、快速可靠、高灵敏度的特点，在需要超净间的行业有着重要的应用。本文简述光学粒子计数器的主要原理及设计的注意要点，讨论其重要性能参数，通过与国际高端同类产品比较，分析国产粒子计数器的不足并对下一步发展提供指导。

粒子计数器的一种新型光学传感器设计

针对已有光学粒子计数器传感器易受颗粒形状、折射率及光敏区位置的影响,设计了一种新型的光学粒子计数器的传感器。首先,利用旋转对称椭腔镜接受系统,扩大光接受的空间角,减小颗粒形状及折射率的影响,基于T矩阵理论,对不同折射率、不同形状及不同取向的非球形颗粒的接受光能量与粒度的关系的计算显示,本接受系统接受的光能量与粒径的关系单调性优良,可减小颗粒形状及折射率对测量的影响,提高仪器的精度及灵敏度。其次,利用非球面透镜与柱面透镜组合光学器件提高半导体激光束的光强均匀性,减小颗粒在光敏区位置不同带来的影响,Zemax光学设计软件的模拟计算显示,采用该光学组合器件后,光敏区光强的均匀性得到显著提升,光敏区位置造成的不利影响基本得到消除。然后,介绍了采用上述设计的传感器整体结构。最后,进行了实验验证,结果表明本传感器具有更佳的性能。此外,本传感器也具有简洁、便携、价廉的优点,应用价值较高。