Influence of the nonlinear propagation effect on the optical signal-to-noise ratio of 400G optical fiber communication systems

The influence of the nonlinear propagation effect on three 400 Gb/s/ch （400G） optical fiber communication systems with typical modulation formats, dual-carrier 16-quadrature amplitude modulation （16QAM）, single-carrier 16QAM （single-16QAM）, and four-carrier quadrature phase-shift keying, are investigated. The received optical signal-to-noise ratio （OSNR）, affected by the nonlinear interference noise together with the amplified spontaneous emission noise, are compared with three 400G systems and a standard 100 Gb/s/ch system by numerical simulations. Both single channel and multichannel cases are considered. Single-16QAM is found to have the best OSNR among those modulation formats.

Digital coherent detection research on Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry with simplex pulse codes

The digital coherent detection technique has been investigated without any frequency-scanning device in the Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry （BOTDR）, where the simplex pulse codes are applied in the sensing system. The time domain signal of every code sequence is collected by the data acquisition card （DAQ）. A shift-averaging technique is applied in the frequency domain for the reason that the local oscillator （LO） in the coherent detection is fix-frequency deviated from the primary source. With the 31-bit simplex code, the signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） has 3.5-dB enhancement with the same single pulse traces, accordant with the theoretical analysis. The frequency fluctuation for simplex codes is 14.01 MHz less than that for a single pulse as to 4-m spatial resolution. The results are believed to be beneficial for the BOTDR performance improvement.

Capacity Scaling Limits and New Advancements in Optical Transmission Systems

Optical transmission technologies have gone through several generations of development.Spectral efficiency has significant ly improved,and industry has begun to search for an answer to a basic question：What are the fundamental linear and nonlin ear signal channel limitations of the Shannon theory when there is no compensation in an optical fiber transmission system？Next-generation technologies should exceed the 100G transmis sion capability of coherent systems in order to approach the Shannon limit.Spectral efficiency first needs to be improved be fore overall transmission capability can be improved.The means to improve spectral efficiency include more complex modulation formats and channel encoding/decoding algorithms,prefiltering with multisymbol detection,optical OFDM and Ny quist WDM multicarrier technologies,and nonlinearity compen sation.With further optimization,these technologies will most likely be incorporated into beyond-100G optical transport sys tems to meet bandwidth demand.

基于轻量化RF算法的高阶QAM信号OSNR估计方法

针对光信噪比(OSNR)估计复杂度高、计算量大的问题,提出了一种基于轻量化随机森林(RF)算法的高阶正交幅度调制(QAM)信号OSNR估计方法。该方法通过将不同OSNR的高阶QAM信号映射为不同的星座图数据集,并利用这些数据集来训练RF模型,从而实现OSNR的快速估计。仿真结果表明:采用基于轻量化RF算法估计64QAM和128QAM信号的OSNR,在系统OSNR真实值为5~30 d B时,2种调制格式的OSNR估计准确率均接近100%;64QAM信号OSNR估计值的平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.08 d B,128QAM的MAE为0.12 d B,比基于长短期记忆(LSTM)算法的信号OSNR估计结果更准确。

Simulation Analysis of Balance Detection Technique in Coherent Optical Receiver

This paper introduces the working principle of the balanced heterodyne detection system, establishes the corresponding mathematical model, deduces the signal to noise ratio (SNR) formula of the balanced heterodyne detection. By comparing balance heterodyne detection with general coherent detection with MATLAB numerical simulation, the superiority of balance heterodyne detection system is proved theoretically. Finally, the simulation models of ordinary heterodyne detection, balance detection and double balance detection system are built by OptiSystem. The simulation results are consistent with the conclusions derived from the mathematical analysis, which provides a new method for the research of weak laser detection technology.

带内OSNR的超高速光传输链路色散在线监测

对现有光传输链路性能监控技术进行了比较,提出了一种基于带内光信噪比、快速灵活的光性能在线监测方法,并进行了建模分析,搭建了色散在线监测系统。对系统性能的主要技术指标进行测试分析的结果表明,该方法进行超高速光传输链路色散在线监测时,与链路数据速率及调制格式均无关,有效实现了传输链路色散在线监测功能。

基于广义回归神经网络的色散和OSNR监测

基于异步延时采样结合神经网络的方法,提出一种利用广义回归神经网络(GRNN)对光信噪比(OSNR)和色散(CD)的监测方法,主要在40 Gbit/s 16QAM通信系统以及非线性信道环境中,通过异步采样方法提取特征量,用GRNN实现OSNR、CD的监测。GRNN方法不仅可以实现OSNR、CD的监测,与其他神经网络方法相比还具有参数少、算法效率高、易于优化的特点。

PMD对偏振分光OSNR监测方法的影响

偏振模色散(PMD)引起的传输信号去偏是造成偏振分光法监测光信噪比(OSNR)准确性下降的主要因素。研究了偏振模色散对信号和放大的自发辐射(ASE)噪声功率测量的影响,推导得出了误差计算公式并通过仿真实验得到验证。理论分析和仿真实验结果均表明:测量误差随着PMD的增大而增大,当差分群时延(DGD)为80 ps时,误差达4.5 dB;测量误差还随着系统传输速率和信道自身光信噪比的提高而变大。

Denoising Letter Images from Scanned Invoices Using Stacked Autoencoders

Invoice document digitization is crucial for efficient management in industries.The scanned invoice image is often noisy due to various reasons.This affects the OCR(optical character recognition)detection accuracy.In this paper,letter data obtained from images of invoices are denoised using a modified autoencoder based deep learning method.A stacked denoising autoencoder(SDAE)is implemented with two hidden layers each in encoder network and decoder network.In order to capture the most salient features of training samples,a undercomplete autoencoder is designed with non-linear encoder and decoder function.This autoencoder is regularized for denoising application using a combined loss function which considers both mean square error and binary cross entropy.A dataset consisting of 59,119 letter images,which contains both English alphabets(upper and lower case)and numbers(0 to 9)is prepared from many scanned invoices images and windows true type(.ttf)files,are used for training the neural network.Performance is analyzed in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio(PSNR),Structural Similarity Index(SSIM)and Universal Image Quality Index(UQI)and compared with other filtering techniques like Nonlocal Means filter,Anisotropic diffusion filter,Gaussian filters and Mean filters.Denoising performance of proposed SDAE is compared with existing SDAE with single loss function in terms of SNR and PSNR values.Results show the superior performance of proposed SDAE method.

基于注意力机制的OSNR计算方法

光信噪比(OSNR)计算是光网络健康评估和性能预测的关键指标,但是传统计算方法在精确度与鲁棒性方面面临很大挑战。在循环神经网络的基础上,提出基于注意力机制的OSNR计算方法,该方法通过直接捕捉时序输入与OSNR之间的逻辑关系,提高OSNR的计算精度。针对不同入纤功率、传输距离和解调方式,设计了多种类型的实验,结果表明提出的方法能够将OSNR计算误差降低至0.36 dB以下。

基于偏振实现OSNR和PMD的同时监测

在介绍偏振度(DOP)监测方法工作原理,分析偏振模色散(PMD)导致传输信号去偏问题的基础上,提出了一种采用扰偏器和偏振分束器实现光信噪比(OSNR)和PMD同时监测的方案。波分复用传输信号经扰偏器扰偏后解复用分离出待测信道信号,偏振分束器将待测信号分成偏振正交的两个支路,然后通过检测两支路信号功率之间的关系得到信道的OSNR和PMD值,系统中使用了电放大器,以提高监测灵敏度。

A Novel Method to Monitor OSNR Using a Mach Zehnder Interferometer

A novel method to monitor optical signal to noise ratio using a Mach Zehnder interferometer is introduced. The OSNR meter is composed of two 3dB couplers, one phase tuner and one power meter which are of low cost. The experiments show that the error of our novel method is less than 0.5dB and the dynamic range is from 10dB to 25dB. They also show that the method works well under different cases of bit rates.

基于开放海缆通信系统的海缆登陆站优化研究

国际互联网带宽的快速增长推动了海底光缆及海缆登陆站的加速建设需求。分析了我国内地海缆登陆站的当前布局及其在未来需求的不足,并结合开放海缆通信系统的发展趋势,研究了将海缆传输终端设备从传统的海缆登陆站转移到核心机房的技术和经济可行性。最后,在此基础上提出了海缆登陆站优化部署的建议。

基于φ-OTDR的车辆振动信号检测方法

针对相位敏感光时域反射计(Phase Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometer,φ-OTDR)系统在车辆振动信号检测中信号信噪比低且检测准确率受频率影响的问题,提出了一种引导边缘滤波检测(Guided Edge Filter,GEF)方法。GEF方法在减少噪声影响的同时保留并提取出有效的振动位置信息。使用PZT分别产生不同频率的振动信号,将GEF方法与直接振幅差分法进行实验对比。结果表明,使用GEF方法得到的平均信噪比相较于直接振幅差分法提高了3.26 dB。使用公路上行驶车辆的振动信号进行测试,结果表明,使用GEF方法得到的信噪比最高为3.98 dB,比直接振幅差分法提高了2.65 dB。

基于双探测器的光源相对强度噪声抑制方案

针对传统和现有光路抑制方案在常温条件下表现良好但在全温度范围内性能却难以保证的问题,提出了一种基于双探测器的光源相对强度噪声(RIN)抑制方案。该方案通过双探测器分别检测经不同路径的光信号,并在电路中将这2路信号同步后相减,以消除RIN,从而提高光纤陀螺的精度。同时,还探究了不同调制深度对陀螺输出的影响及未来对该方案的改进思路。实验结果表明:在调制深度为3π/4并且配合双探测器的RIN抑制措施的情况下,该方案能有效提高光纤陀螺的精度,并满足全温条件下的使用要求。

不同水质下光学偏振对距离选通成像目标识别距离的影响分析

水下光学成像技术对于海底资源勘测、海洋生态监测、水下搜索救援、水下考古等应用具有重要意义。相比传统水下摄像机,距离选通成像技术可以过滤选通切片外的后向散射噪声和环境背景噪声,实现高质量水下成像,但是在浑浊水体中仍然会受切片内后向散射噪声影响,导致成像距离缩短。对此,开展了光学偏振与距离选通成像结合的水下偏振选通成像技术研究,利用后向散射光良好的保偏性去除选通切片范围内的后向散射噪声,提升目标识别距离。通过理论仿真和实验研究,对比分析了不同水质下距离选通成像和偏振选通成像目标识别距离的差异。发现存在临界衰减系数c0:当水体衰减系数小于等于c0时,光学偏振对于提升距离选通成像工作距离无效果;当水体衰减系数大于c0时,偏振可提升距离选通成像工作距离。实验中还发现,目标反射率会影响临界衰减系数。该研究有利于不同水质下距离选通成像的优化应用。

基于卷积神经网络的光信噪比监测方法

光信噪比(OSNR)与光纤通信的传输性能息息相关,因此,OSNR监测是光性能监测技术中至关重要的一环,同时,传输链路中的色散会导致光信号脉冲展宽,使OSNR监测准确性下降。针对这一问题,设计了一种卷积神经网络模型,以异步延迟采样图(ADTP)作为网络输入特征,引入实例批量标准化模块,继承了神经网络不同深度下特征发散分布的优点,提高了神经网络对色散变化的适应性。实验结果表明,在10 Gb/s NRZ-OOK信号无色散干扰监测场景下,该模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)为0.2 dB,在色散变化的场景下,MAE最高降低了0.61 dB。

基于联合残差网络和Bottleneck Transformer的调制格式识别方法

针对未来光网络链路中的传输需求,提出一种基于联合残差网络(ResNet)和Bottleneck Transformer(BT)的调制格式识别(MFI)方法。该方法结合ResNet和BT对6种不同调制格式的信号进行识别,并应用OptiSystem和TensorFlow对其进行仿真。仿真结果表明:在较宽的光信噪比(OSNR)范围内,所提方法的准确率达到了99.72%,并且能够很好地应对传输损伤的影响;与其它深度学习方法相比,该方法性能显著提升。

Comparison of simultaneous signals obtained from a dual-field-of-view lidar and its application to noise reduction based on empirical mode decomposition

Although the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method is an effective tool for noise reduction in lidar signals, evaluating the effectiveness of the denoising method is difficult. A dual-field-of-view lidar for observing atmospheric aerosols is described. The backscattering signals obtained from two channels have different signal-to-noise ratios （SNRs）. The performance of noise reduction can be investigated by comparing the high SNR signal and the denoised low SNR signal without a simulation experiment. With this approach, the signal and noise are extracted to one intrinsic mode function （IMF） by the EMD- based denoising; thus, the threshold method is applied to the IMFs. Experimental results show that the improved threshold method can effectively perform noise reduction while preserving useful sudden-change information.

考虑HPSA的IRS辅助室内VLC系统光源优化

针对可见光通信(VLC)系统中接收平面光功率分布不均匀的问题,提出了一种基于混合粒子群算法(HPSA)的智能反射面(IRS)辅助室内VLC系统光源优化设计方案。以16个发光二极管(LED)的矩形和混合型布局为例,设置接收光功率方差为适应度函数,将所提出的HPSA与IRS技术相结合,对LED的位置布局、半功率角以及IRS的偏航角与滚转角进行优化。仿真对比了初始的(未经优化)、基于HPSA优化的室内VLC系统,以及基于HPSA优化的IRS辅助VLC系统的性能。结果表明,在考虑一次反射链路的情况下,与初始的VLC系统相比,采用HPSA优化的系统在两种光源布局下的接收光功率以及信噪比波动都明显降低;基于HPSA优化的IRS辅助室内VLC系统在矩形布局下对接收光功率波动的改善与基于HPSA优化的VLC系统效果相当,其在混合型布局下明显低于仅采用HPSA优化的VLC系统的光功率波动。3种可见光通信系统中,基于HPSA优化的IRS辅助VLC系统的平均接收光功率最大。此外,上述3种VLC系统采用混合型布局的平均均方时延拓展性能均优于矩形布局。研究工作对室内可见光通信系统光源分布研究具有一定参考价值。