Comparison of Gluteal Muscle Intramuscular Injection Sites of Japanese Healthy Subjects: Considerations for Optimal Insertion of Injection Needle Length

Long Acting Injectable (LAI) medications for patients with schizophrenia is commonly administered to relieve their symptoms. Through shared decision-making and clinical evidence-based, psychiatrists should systematically offer LAIs to all patients requiring long-term antipsychotic treatment as a first-line treatment. Gluteal intramuscular (IM) injection requires accurate insertion of needles into the specific muscle area, often the outer upper quadrant of the buttocks, in order to achieve the required blood concentration. The purposes of this study were to compare the “Distance from the Epidermis to the Under-Fascia (DEUF)” and “Distance from the Epidermis to the Iliac Bone (DEB)” of the buttocks IM injection sites at the dorsogluteal and ventrogluteal sites among healthy Japanese volunteer subjects, and to identify the optimal insertion injection needle length. The DEUF and DEB at the gluteal regions were measured by ultrasonography. Welch’s one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the DEUF and the DEB at the gluteal IM injection regions. There was no statistically significant difference observed between the right and left mean values of DEUF for Hochstetter and Clark’s point at the ventrogluteal sites, and the Four and Three-way split or Double Cross point at the dorsogluteal sites. However in the DEB, the Hochstetter’s point (P < 0.01) at ventrogluteal site on the right side, and Clark’s point (P < 0.05) were significantly shorter than the Double Cross point at dorsogluteal sites (F = 4.38). The left buttocks Hochstetter’s point was significantly shorter than the Double Cross point (F = 4.38, P < 0.01). These results, however, did not establish a statistically significant difference in the DEUF among injection sites. It was considered that the difference in the DEB depended on muscle volume and thickness in the gluteal injection sites.

Optimal Data Transmission in Backscatter Communication for Passive Sensing Systems

Computational Radio Frequency IDentification (CRFID) is a device that integrates passive sensing and computing applications,which is powered by electromagnetic waves and read by the off-the-shelf Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency IDentification (UHF RFID) readers.Traditional RFID only identifies the ID of the tag,and CRFID is different from traditional RFID.CRFID needs to transmit a large amount of sensing and computing data in the mobile sensing scene.However,the current Electronic Product Code,Class-1 Generation-2 (EPC C1G2)protocol mainly aims at the transmission of multi-tag and minor data.When a large amount of data need to be fed back,a more reliable communication mechanism must be used to ensure the efficiency of data exchange.The main strategy of this paper is to adjust the data frame length of the CRFID response dynamically to improve the efficiency and reliability of CRFID backscattering communication according to energy acquisition and channel complexity.This is done by constructing a dynamic data frame length model and optimizing the command set of the interface protocol.Then,according to the actual situation of the uplink,a dynamic data validation method is designed,which reduces the data transmission delay and the probability of retransmitting,and improves the throughput.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme is superior to the existing methods.Under different energy harvesting and channel conditions,the dynamic data frame length and verification method can approach the theoretical optimum.

Genetic Algorithm with Variable Length Chromosomes for Network Intrusion Detection

Genetic algorithm(GA) has received significant attention for the design and implementation of intrusion detection systems. In this paper, it is proposed to use variable length chromosomes(VLCs) in a GA-based network intrusion detection system.Fewer chromosomes with relevant features are used for rule generation. An effective fitness function is used to define the fitness of each rule. Each chromosome will have one or more rules in it. As each chromosome is a complete solution to the problem, fewer chromosomes are sufficient for effective intrusion detection. This reduces the computational time. The proposed approach is tested using Defense Advanced Research Project Agency(DARPA) 1998 data. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is efficient in network intrusion detection.

A Path Planning Method for Robotic Belt Surface Grinding

The flexible contact and machining with wide strip are two prominent advantages for the robotic belt grinding system, which can be widely used to improve the surface quality and machining efficiency while finishing the workpieces with sculptured surfaces. There lacks research on grinding path planning with the constraint of curvature. With complicated contact between the contact wheel and the workpiece, the grinding paths for robot can be obtained by the theory of contact kinematics. The grinding process must satisfy the universal demands of the belt grinding technologies, and the most important thing is to make the contact wheel conform to the local geometrical features on the contact area. For the local surfaces with small curvature, the curve length between the neighboring cutting locations becomes longer to ensure processing efficiency. Otherwise, for the local areas with large curvature, the curve length becomes shorter to ensure machining accuracy. A series of planes are created to intersect with the target surface to be ground, and the corresponding sectional profile curves are obtained. For each curve, the curve length between the neighboring cutting points is optimized by inserting a cutter location at the local area with large curvatures. A method of generating the grinding paths including curve length spacing optimization is set up. The validity is completely approved by the off-line simulation, and during the grinding experiments with the method, the quality of surface is improved. The path planning method provides a theoretical support for the smooth and accuracy path of robotic surface grinding.

Suppression of far-field blooming in high-power broad-area diode lasers by optimizing gain distribution

Far-field blooming, a serious far-field dependence on driving current, affects the stability of beam quality and applications of broad-area（BA） diode lasers. In this Letter, the lateral ridge waveguide（LRW） is introduced to BA lasers by a simple and cost-effective approach to control the far-field stability and beam divergence. The influences of LRW length on output power, near-and far-field, are investigated and it is found that the optimized LRW length is able to improve both the far-field blooming and output power. The mechanism behind this is analyzed and a 0.13°/A dependence of lateral divergence angle on the injection current is achieved.

Observation of wave-breaking-free square pulses in a fiber ring laser

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate the generation of square pulses without any wave-breaking in a fiber ring laser. A segment of nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber is used to increase the laser cavity length and to optimize the parameters of the laser cavity. In the experiment, the pulse width can be tuned in a wide range from13.5 to 119.5 ns without wave-breaking while the peak power remains almost constant. The maximum singlepulse energy is up to 65.58 n J at a pump power of 508 m W. Numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Numerical results also reveal the role of cavity length and nonlinearity in generating a square pulse without pulse breakup.