Effects of water level fluctuation on sedimentary characteristics and reservoir architecture of a lake, river dominated delta

The hydrodynamic conditions present in a river delta's formation are a highly important factor in the variation between its sedimentary regulation and characteristics. In the case of the lacustrine basin river-dominated delta, water level fluctuations and fluviation, are both important controlling factors of the sedimentary characteristics and reservoir architecture. To discuss the effects of water level fluctuation on sediment characteristics and reservoir architecture of this delta, the Fangniugou section in the east of the Songliao Basin was selected for study. Based on an outcrop investigation of the lacustrine basin river-dominated delta, combining with an analysis of the major and trace chemical elements in the sediments to determine the relative water depth, through architecture bounding surfaces and lithofacies division, sedimentary microfacies recognition and architectural element research, this work illustrated the effects of water level fluctuation on the reservoir architecture and established sedimentary models for the lacustrine basin river-dominated delta under various water level conditions. The results show that there are 8 lithofacies in the Fangniugou section. The fan delta front, which is the main object of this study, develops four sedimentary microfacies that include the underwater distributary channel, river mouth bar, sheet sand and interdistributary bay. The effects of water level fluctuation on different orders geographic architecture elements are respectively reflected in the vertical combination of the composite sand bodies, the plane combination of the single sand bodies, the particle size changes in the vertical of hyperplasia in the single sand body, the coset and lamina. In the case of the sand body development of the petroliferous basin, varying water level conditions and research locations resulted in significant variation in the distribution and combination of the sand bodies in the lacustrine basin.

Deformation and failure mechanism of Yanjiao rock slope influenced by rainfall and water level fluctuation of the Xiluodu hydropower station reservoir

With the construction of the Xiluodu hydropower station on the Jinsha River,the reservoir impoundment began in 2013 and the water level fluctuates annually between 540 m and 600 m above sea level.The Yanjiao rock slope which is located on the left bank of the Jinsha River 75 km upstream of the Xiluodu dam site,began to deform in 2014.The potential failure of the slope not only threatens Yanjiao town but also affects the safe operation of the Xiluodu reservoir.This paper is to find the factors influencing the Yanjiao slope deformation through field investigation,geotechnical reconnaissance,and monitoring.Results show that the Yanjiao slope can be divided into a bank collapse area(BCA)and a strong deformation area(SDA)based on the crack distribution characteristics of the slope.The rear area of the slope has been experiencing persistent deformation with a maximum cumulative displacement(GPS monitoring point G4)of 505 mm and 399 mm in the horizontal and vertical directions,respectively.The potential failure surface of the slope is formed 36 m below the surface based on the borehole inclinometer.The bank collapses of the Yanjiao slope are directly caused by the reservoir impoundment while the deformation area of the slope is affected by the combination of the rainfall and reservoir water level fluctuation.Based on mechanism of the Yanjiao slope,prestressed anchor combined with the surface drainage and slope unloading are recommended to prevent potential deformation.

Pre-stack-texture-based reservoir characteristics and seismic facies analysis

Seismic texture attributes are closely related to seismic facies and reservoir characteristics and are thus widely used in seismic data interpretation.However,information is mislaid in the stacking process when traditional texture attributes are extracted from poststack data,which is detrimental to complex reservoir description.In this study,pre-stack texture attributes are introduced,these attributes can not only capable of precisely depicting the lateral continuity of waveforms between different reflection points but also reflect amplitude versus offset,anisotropy,and heterogeneity in the medium.Due to its strong ability to represent stratigraphies,a pre-stack-data-based seismic facies analysis method is proposed using the selforganizing map algorithm.This method is tested on wide azimuth seismic data from China,and the advantages of pre-stack texture attributes in the description of stratum lateral changes are verified,in addition to the method＇s ability to reveal anisotropy and heterogeneity characteristics.The pre-stack texture classification results effectively distinguish different seismic reflection patterns,thereby providing reliable evidence for use in seismic facies analysis.

CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE ALTERNATING-DIRECTION METHOD ANDANALYSIS FOR NUMERICAL RESERVOIR SIMULATION

Petroleum science has made remarkable progress in organic geochemistry and in the research into the theories of petroleum origin, its transport and accumulation. In estimating the oil-gas resources of a basin, the knowledge of its evolutionary history and especially the numerical computation of fluid flow and the history of its changes under heat is vital. The mathematical model call be described as a coupled system of nonlinear partial differentical equations with initial-boundary value problems. This thesis, from actual conditions such as the effect of fluid compressibility and the characteristic of large-scal science-engineering computalion. puts forward a kind of characteristic finite difference alternating-direction scheme. Optimal order estimates in L-2 norm are derived for the error in the approximate solutions.

Geological characteristics and co-exploration and co-production methods of Upper Permian Longtan coal measure gas in Yangmeishu Syncline, Western Guizhou Province, China

Coal measure gas(also known as coal-bearing unconventional gas)is the key field and development direction of unconventional natural gas in recent years.The exploration and evaluation of coal measure gas(coalbed methane,coal shale gas and coal measure tight sandstone gas)from single coalbed methane has greatly expanded the field and space of resource evaluation,which is of positive significance for realizing the comprehensive utilization of coal resources,maximizing the benefits and promoting the innovation of oil and gas geological theory and technological advances in exploration and development.For the first time,in Yangmeishu Syncline of Western Guizhou Province,the public welfare coalbed methane geological survey project of China Geological Survey has been carried out a systematic geological survey of coal measure gas for the Upper Permian Longtan Formation,identified the geological conditions of coal measure gas and found high quality resources.The total geological resource quantity of coalbed methane and coal shale gas is 51.423×109 m3 and the geological resource abundance is up to 566×106 m3/km2.In this area,the coal measures are characterized by many layers of minable coal seams,large total thickness,thin to the medium thickness of the single layer,good gas-bearing property of coal seams and coal measure mudstone and sandstone,good reservoir physical property and high-pressure coefficient.According to the principle of combination of high quality and similarity of key parameters of the coal reservoir,the most favorable intervals are No.5-2,No.7 and No.13-2 coal seam in Well YMC1.And the pilot tests are carried out on coal seams and roof silty mudstone,such as staged perforation,increasing hydraulic fracturing scale and"three gas"production.The high and stable industrial gas flow with a daily gas output of more than 4000 m3 has been obtained,which has realized the breakthrough in the geological survey of coal measure gas in Southwest China.Based on the above investigation results,the geological characteristics of coal measure gas in the multi-thin-coal-seam-developed area and the coexploration and co-production methods,such as the optimization method of favorable intervals,the highefficiency fracturing and reservoir reconstruction method of coal measures,and the"three gas"drainage and production system,are systematically summarized in this paper.It will provide a reference for efficient exploration and development of coal measure gas in similar geological conditions in China.

Electrical responses and classification of complex waterflooded layers in carbonate reservoirs: A case study of Zananor Oilfield, Kazakhstan

Experiments of electrical responses of waterflooded layers were carried out on porous,fractured,porous-fractured and composite cores taken from carbonate reservoirs in the Zananor Oilfield,Kazakhstan to find out the effects of injected water salinity on electrical responses of carbonate reservoirs.On the basis of the experimental results and the mathematical model of calculating oil-water relative permeability of porous reservoirs by resistivity and the relative permeability model of two-phase flow in fractured reservoirs,the classification standards of water-flooded layers suitable for carbonate reservoirs with complex pore structure were established.The results show that the salinity of injected water is the main factor affecting the resistivity of carbonate reservoir.When low salinity water(fresh water)is injected,the relationship curve between resistivity and water saturation is U-shaped.When high salinity water(salt water)is injected,the curve is L-shaped.The classification criteria of water-flooded layers for carbonate reservoirs are as follows:(1)In porous reservoirs,the water cut(fw)is less than or equal to 5%in oil layers,5%–20%in weak water-flooded layers,20%–50%in moderately water-flooded layers,and greater than 50%in strong water-flooded layers.(2)For fractured,porous-fractured and composite reservoirs,the oil layers,weakly water-flooded layers,moderately water-flooded layers,and severely water-flooded layers have a water content of less than or equal to 5%,5%and 10%,10%to 50%,and larger than 50%respectively.

Paradigm for Determining the Optimal Ultradeep and Superthick Saline Aquifer for High-TDS Mine Water Geological Storage

Saline aquifers are the most popular waste and CO_(2)injection and storage reservoirs worldwide.This project proposes that several optimal injection positions should be investigated as hydraulic pressure-focused positions,in order to relieve the high demands of pump performance.The comprehensive indices(F_(i))representing the injectivity of different burial depths were obtained by using information entropy,based on the mercury injection experimental data of 13 rock samples.The results demonstrated that the burial depths of No.4,No.1 and No.2 in the Liujiagou Formation were the most suitable positions for hydraulic focused injection,which means the upper 30 m thickness could be regarded as the hydraulic focused range in the saline aquifer with an average thickness of 400 m.In addition,some laboratory experiments and in situ tests were carried out for the purpose of certifying and analyzing results,including SEM,XRD,brittleness index and logging.The results suggested that the rock samples at the No.4,No.1 and No.2 burial depth ranges have loose microstructure,weak cementation,as well as dual pores and fractures.The lithology is mainly quartz and feldspar,but the clay mineral content is high(10%-25%),which is positive for dissolution.The lithology is suitable for hydraulic fracturing to form extended cracks and micro-fissures during high-TDS(total dissolved solids)mine water injection,because of the high brittleness index.Finally,a theoretical and technical framework for high-TDS mine water injection was established,based on operating pilot engineering.Some theoretical defects and drawbacks learned from the field practices were summarized and solutions proposed.The research in this study could provide guidance and a paradigm for the inexpensive treatment of high-TDS mine water by injection and storage.

The order structure of fuzzy numbers based on the level characteristics and its application to optimization problems

Ranking and comparing fuzzy numbers is an important part in many fuzzy optimization problems such as intelligent control and manufacturing system production line scheduling with uncertainty environments. In this paper, based on the level characteristic function and α-average of level cut sets of fuzzy number, we establish the IMα-metric method for measuring fuzzy number as a whole, and introduce the concept of IDα-difFerence that describes the reliability of IMα-metric value. Further, the basic properties and the separability of IMα-metric and IDα-difference are discussed. Finally, we give a mathematical model to solve fuzzy optimization problems by means of IMα-metric.

大语言模型赋能场景生成和双层优化的多农业园区供电-灌溉-蓄水耦合运行

传统农灌负荷的使用具有集中性和无序性,显著加剧电力系统的供需不平衡与运行成本。为提升农业园区运行的经济性和光伏资源的消纳能力,通过刻画农灌负荷特性,结合作物生长用能需求,提出一种基于大语言模型(largelanguagemodel,LLM)场景生成和双层优化的多农业园区优化调度模型。该模型利用LLM时序分析能力进行光伏短期发电功率预测,然后通过LLM知识推理能力构建农业用水知识图谱,知识图谱中丰富的语义关系辅助LLM推理和预测,生成更符合实际情况的农业供电-灌溉-蓄水场景。双层优化调度模型在生成场景基础上,以园区经济运行为优化目标,对多农业园区供电-灌溉-蓄水进行耦合优化调度。最后,通过仿真验证,本文所提出的方法显著提升了农业园区电力系统运行稳定性,并有效降低了系统运行成本。

考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度

针对如何表征枯水期季节性特征、优化分期消落水位来指导水库群消落调度的科学问题,提出了考虑生态流量约束的梯级水库分期消落水位多目标优化调度模型。以金沙江中下游6座水库与三峡水库为研究对象,综合运用多种数理统计方法划分流域枯水期;采用逐月滑动计算法推求梯级水库分期消落水位;以生态和发电效益最大为目标函数,利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法求解调度模型,得到不同来水情景下梯级水库枯水期消落调度方案。研究结果表明:不同来水情景下,相较于常规调度方案,选定的优化调度方案可增加梯级水库发电量30.20亿~52.27亿kW·h(增加2.3%~5.0%)和供水量83.15亿~87.14亿m3(增加5.8%~7.4%),并提高河道生态流量保证率2.6%~22.9%。研究成果可为协调梯级水库生态和发电调度提供技术支撑。

不确定来水条件下龙羊峡水库年末水位优化

以黄河上游多年调节水库龙羊峡及下游刘家峡水库为研究对象,考虑来水不确定性影响,建立梯级水库群多目标随机优化模型,并基于理想点法(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,TOPSIS)决策方法,求解当年发电量与年末水位Pareto方案集中最佳方案,探讨来水频率及起调水位对年末水位和发电量的影响,验证年末期望水位保证多年调节水库发电效益的可靠性。结果表明:在不确定来水条件下,龙羊峡水库年末期望水位与龙羊峡水库、刘家峡水库年期望发电量之间存在竞争关系;龙羊峡水库来水频率越低、起调水位越高时,龙羊峡水库年末水位越高,龙羊峡水库、刘家峡水库发电量越大;基于提出的年末水位优化方法可大幅缩减龙羊峡水库现行调度方式下年末水位范围,且保障发电效益的可靠性在98%以上。

梯级水库运行期设计洪水及水位联合优化调控变革与启示

我国水资源时空分布不均,年际、年内变差大,洪涝和干旱并存,流域防洪与兴利需求并重。随着大规模水库群建成投运,流域下垫面条件及产汇流机制明显变异,水库及引调水工程运行等人类活动对设计洪水影响显著,梯级水库群运行管理中如何分析和应用设计洪水成为亟待解决的新问题,水库群联合优化调控、水资源高效利用的现实要求十分迫切,已列入中国科学技术协会2023年十大产业技术问题。经过多年探索实践,我国在梯级水库运行期设计洪水及水位联合优化调控方面已取得一定研究进展和成果,但仍存在对暴雨洪水季节性变化规律认识不足、梯级水库群系统中各水库运行相互影响考虑不足、现代水文气象实时预报信息运用不足等问题,亟须系统开展运行期设计洪水及水位联合优化调控体系研究,实现风险可控条件下水资源高效利用,保障防洪安全、供水安全、能源安全、生态安全,推进新阶段经济社会高质量发展。

单水平井SAGD开发效果分析及工艺参数优化

单水平井蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)技术有望提高薄层特稠油油藏开发效果,但开发效果受储层特性、工艺参数等影响大。采用CMG软件进行薄层特稠油油藏单水平井SAGD开发的数值模拟研究,明确油藏特性对单水平井SAGD开发效果的影响规律,并以哈浅22块油藏参数为基础,优化吞吐预热轮次、SAGD射孔注汽长度、注汽速度等工艺参数。结果表明:单水平井SAGD可实现薄层特稠油油藏的有效开发,最终采收率达21%,但开采油汽比仅约为0.082;在渗透率不小于2530×10^(-3)μm^(2),孔隙度不小于30.3%,含油饱和度不小于65%时,单水平井SAGD能达到较好的应用效果;优选最佳的单水平井SAGD蒸汽吞吐预热轮次为8次,趾端注汽长度为100 m,注汽速度为100 m^(3)/d。

计及网荷侧热惯性特征下用户动态响应的电热联合系统优化运行

针对冬季多能源耦合下的热电联产机组(combined heat and power,CHP)电功率调节能力受限于热功率输出,引起电-热联合系统灵活性不足的问题。该文提出了在网侧与负荷侧异质能流的惯性特征下计及用户温度动态响应以及动态反馈特性的联合优化运行方法。首先,从建立CHP可行域与运行点的分布特性出发,分析了可再生能源并网后CHP机组运行灵活性不足原因,并给出了不可运行点重新回归CHP运行域优化的措施。其次,构建了传输侧惯性、负荷侧惯性影响下用户温度动态响应的多时间耦合特征双层模型,上层目标为热电异构能源系统总成本最低,下层目标为用能总效用最低。最后,引入了机会约束规划来刻画可再生能源的不确定性,通过算例结果表明,该文所提出方法在保证大量CHP运行点重新收束情况下,实现了可再生能源消纳与用户用能体验的兼顾。

鲁西北平原砂岩热储地热地质特征及成因模式

为了分析鲁西北平原砂岩热储地热地质特征及成因模式,笔者采用资料收集和实验测试相结合的方法对热储层、地温场、水化学和水位动态变化特征进行研究。结果表明,鲁西北平原砂岩热储类型为新近纪馆陶组和古近纪东营组热储,热储层顶板埋深及地层厚度最大值区域均位于聊城临邑县。热储地温梯度普遍低于3.4℃/100 m,但平原县凸起区地温梯度大于4.0℃/100 m。地热水化学类型以Cl-Na型为主,表现出Na+、K+及Cl-富集的特点。地热水温度为54.4~85.9℃,聊城市临清地区热储温度较高。砂岩热储地热水与深层地下水之间水力联系较小,地热水位变化主要受人工采灌的影响。

Algae functional group characteristics in reservoirs and lakes with different trophic levels in northwestern semi-humid and semi-arid regions in China

In order to study the differences in algae species and their biomass in water bodies in a region, three reservoirs and two lakes at the center of Guanzhong Plain were chosen to identify algae functional groups, measure biomass, and assess water quality, from January2013 to December 2014. The water bodies represented different trophic levels： one oligotrophic, three mesotrophic, and one eutrophic. Based on the Reynolds’ functional groups, they had 10 groups in common—B, P, D, X1, M, MP, F, S1, J, and G, but the algae biomasses and proportions were different. In the oligotrophic reservoir, functional group B reached a peak biomass of 576 × 104 L-1, which accounted for 31.27%. In the eutrophic lake,functional group D reached a peak biomass of 3227 × 104 L-1, which accounted for only13.38%. When samples collected from other water bodies with similar trophic levels were compared, we found differences in the algae species functional groups. The potential reasons for the differences in algae functional group characteristics in the different water bodies in the region were water temperature and nutritional states.

反推水库入库流量的优化修正方法研究

针对直接反推入库流量过程中的“锯齿形”不合理问题,基于监测水位值不能准确反映水库实际蓄水量这一主要原因,提出一种反推水库入库流量过程的优化修正方法。通过设定允许的水位修正幅度,以入库流量变幅最小为目标,建立优化修正模型,采用混合整数规划方法求解。以三峡水库出库流量数据为例,对直接反推的入库流量分别采用五点三次平滑方法、七点滑动平滑方法和优化修正方法进行平滑处理,通过平滑度和水位偏差两个指标比较这3种方法的优劣。算例分析表明,优化修正方法在保证平滑度的同时,对水位的修正幅度更小,更尊重水位监测事实,有很好的实际应用价值。

山西省汾河水库防洪调度优化模型在天气预报洪水中的应用

针对气象预报的汾河水库入库洪水过程,对汾河水库开展防洪调度优化设计,有利于延长汾河水库防洪预案实施时间,有效减轻防洪压力。采用汾河水库防洪调度优化模型,将蓝色、黄色、橙色、红色预警级暴雨导致的汾河水库入库洪水过程进行了防洪调度优化,与原调度结果相比较,调度优化方案分别将区域蓝色、黄色、橙色和红色预警级暴雨导致的汾河水库入库洪水的下泄流量峰值分别削减了170.0 m~3/s、50.0 m~3/s、50.0 m~3/s和155.8 m~3/s,当遭遇红色预警暴雨导致的入库洪水时,汾河水库大坝安全风险由原调度方案的一级风险降低至二级。汾河水库防洪调度优化方案可有效减缓天气预报洪水情形下水库及下游的防洪压力。

松南盆地情字外前缘砂页交互储层可压性评价

松南盆地情字外前缘砂页交互储层资源储量丰富,但储层孔渗较低,资源禀赋差,在采取改造措施前需要对其进行有效的可压性评价。通过对该区的岩心进行X射线衍射、三轴应力压缩等实验,以脆性系数、水平地应力差异系数、断裂韧性以及脆性矿物含量四种影响因素为基础,采用层次分析法确定各因素所占权重,构建了与储层具有较好匹配程度的可压性指数计算模型,综合波速各向异性分析、应力敏感性评价等实验结果,对储层的可压性进行综合评价。结果显示,情字外前缘砂页交互储层可压性指数计算结果为0.28,可压性中等,但水平层理及天然裂缝较为发育,目标层整体具有较大的改造潜力。应用该方法对H2-1井开展可压性评价,并根据评价结果对压裂方案进行优化,优化后微地震解释有效改造体积491.2×10^(4)m^(3)、平均日产油9 m^(3),应用效果显著,研究成果可为压裂施工技术路线的确定提供理论支撑。

多沙河流水库淤积形态与库容分布耦合设计

针对多沙河流水库运行过程中由于入库含沙量较高,库区往往会发生严重泥沙淤积而侵占水库有效库容,造成水库使用年限降低、损害水库综合效益发挥等问题,为保障多沙河流水库库容充足和长效运行,通过分析水库拦沙期和正常运用期内库区泥沙冲淤变化规律,发现多沙河流水库库区存在高滩深槽、高滩中槽、高滩高槽3种泥沙淤积形态,提出了多沙河流水库淤积形态与库容分布耦合设计方法和“深槽调沙、中槽兴利、高槽调洪”的库容分布模式,以及以高滩高槽淤积形态为下边界的防洪高水位、校核洪水位、移民水位等特征水位设计新方法。