Hybrid Gene Selection Methods for High-Dimensional Lung Cancer Data Using Improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm

Lung cancer is among the most frequent cancers in the world,with over one million deaths per year.Classification is required for lung cancer diagnosis and therapy to be effective,accurate,and reliable.Gene expression microarrays have made it possible to find genetic biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prediction in a high-throughput manner.Machine Learning(ML)has been widely used to diagnose and classify lung cancer where the performance of ML methods is evaluated to identify the appropriate technique.Identifying and selecting the gene expression patterns can help in lung cancer diagnoses and classification.Normally,microarrays include several genes and may cause confusion or false prediction.Therefore,the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm(AOA)is used to identify the optimal gene subset to reduce the number of selected genes.Which can allow the classifiers to yield the best performance for lung cancer classification.In addition,we proposed a modified version of AOA which can work effectively on the high dimensional dataset.In the modified AOA,the features are ranked by their weights and are used to initialize the AOA population.The exploitation process of AOA is then enhanced by developing a local search algorithm based on two neighborhood strategies.Finally,the efficiency of the proposed methods was evaluated on gene expression datasets related to Lung cancer using stratified 4-fold cross-validation.The method’s efficacy in selecting the optimal gene subset is underscored by its ability to maintain feature proportions between 10%to 25%.Moreover,the approach significantly enhances lung cancer prediction accuracy.For instance,Lung_Harvard1 achieved an accuracy of 97.5%,Lung_Harvard2 and Lung_Michigan datasets both achieved 100%,Lung_Adenocarcinoma obtained an accuracy of 88.2%,and Lung_Ontario achieved an accuracy of 87.5%.In conclusion,the results indicate the potential promise of the proposed modified AOA approach in classifying microarray cancer data.

Enhanced Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Guided by a Local Search for the Feature Selection Problem

High-dimensional datasets present significant challenges for classification tasks.Dimensionality reduction,a crucial aspect of data preprocessing,has gained substantial attention due to its ability to improve classification per-formance.However,identifying the optimal features within high-dimensional datasets remains a computationally demanding task,necessitating the use of efficient algorithms.This paper introduces the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm(AOA),a novel approach for finding the optimal feature subset.AOA is specifically modified to address feature selection problems based on a transfer function.Additionally,two enhancements are incorporated into the AOA algorithm to overcome limitations such as limited precision,slow convergence,and susceptibility to local optima.The first enhancement proposes a new method for selecting solutions to be improved during the search process.This method effectively improves the original algorithm’s accuracy and convergence speed.The second enhancement introduces a local search with neighborhood strategies(AOA_NBH)during the AOA exploitation phase.AOA_NBH explores the vast search space,aiding the algorithm in escaping local optima.Our results demonstrate that incorporating neighborhood methods enhances the output and achieves significant improvement over state-of-the-art methods.

Improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with Multi-Strategy Fusion Mechanism and Its Application in Engineering Design

This article addresses the issues of falling into local optima and insufficient exploration capability in the Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), proposing an improved Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm with a multi-strategy mechanism (BSFAOA). This algorithm introduces three strategies within the standard AOA framework: an adaptive balance factor SMOA based on sine functions, a search strategy combining Spiral Search and Brownian Motion, and a hybrid perturbation strategy based on Whale Fall Mechanism and Polynomial Differential Learning. The BSFAOA algorithm is analyzed in depth on the well-known 23 benchmark functions, CEC2019 test functions, and four real optimization problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the BSFAOA algorithm can better balance the exploration and exploitation capabilities, significantly enhancing the stability, convergence mode, and search efficiency of the AOA algorithm.

Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-Hop Routing Protocol

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)has evolved into a key technology for ubiquitous living and the domain of interest has remained active in research owing to its extensive range of applications.In spite of this,it is challenging to design energy-efficient WSN.The routing approaches are leveraged to reduce the utilization of energy and prolonging the lifespan of network.In order to solve the restricted energy problem,it is essential to reduce the energy utilization of data,transmitted from the routing protocol and improve network development.In this background,the current study proposes a novel Differential Evolution with Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm Enabled Multi-hop Routing Protocol(DEAOA-MHRP)for WSN.The aim of the proposed DEAOA-MHRP model is select the optimal routes to reach the destination in WSN.To accomplish this,DEAOA-MHRP model initially integrates the concepts of Different Evolution(DE)and Arithmetic Optimization Algorithms(AOA)to improve convergence rate and solution quality.Besides,the inclusion of DE in traditional AOA helps in overcoming local optima problems.In addition,the proposed DEAOA-MRP technique derives a fitness function comprising two input variables such as residual energy and distance.In order to ensure the energy efficient performance of DEAOA-MHRP model,a detailed comparative study was conducted and the results established its superior performance over recent approaches.

NEW DEMODULATION TECHNOLOGY OF OPTIMIZING ENERGY OPERATOR AND APPLICATION TO GEAR FAULT DIAGNOSIS

Although many methods have been applied to diagnose the gear thult currently, the sensitivity of them is not very good. In order to make the diagnosis methods have more excellent integrated ability in such aspects as precision, sensitivity, reliability and compact algorithm, and so on, and enlightened by the energy operator separation algorithm （EOSA）, a new demodulation method which is optimizing energy operator separation algorithm （OEOSA） is presented. In the algorithm, the non-linear differential operator is utilized to its differential equation： Choosing the unit impulse response length of filter and fixing the weighting coefficient for inportant points. The method has been applied in diagnosing tooth broden and fatiguing crack of gear faults successfully. It provides demodulation analysis of machine signal with a new approach.

Dual degree branched type-2 fuzzy controller optimized with a hybrid algorithm for frequency regulation in a triple-area power system integrated with renewable sources

The uncertainties associated with multi-area power systems comprising both thermal and distributed renewable generation(DRG)sources such as solar and wind necessitate the use of an efficient load frequency control(LFC)technique.Therefore,a hybrid version of two metaheuristic algorithms(arithmetic optimization and African vulture’s optimization algorithm)is developed.It is called the‘arithmetic optimized African vulture’s optimization algorithm(AOAVOA)’.This algorithm is used to tune a novel type-2 fuzzy-based proportional–derivative branched with dual degree-of-freedom proportional–integral–derivative controller for the LFC of a three-area hybrid deregulated power system.Thermal,electric vehicle(EV),and DRG sources(including a solar panel and a wind turbine system)are con-nected in area-1.Area-2 involves thermal and gas-generating units(GUs),while thermal and geothermal units are linked in area-3.Practical restrictions such as thermo-boiler dynamics,thermal-governor dead-band,and genera-tion rate constraints are also considered.The proposed LFC method is compared to other controllers and optimizers to demonstrate its superiority in rejecting step and random load disturbances.By functioning as energy storage ele-ments,EVs and DRG units can enhance dynamic responses during peak demand.As a result,the effect of the afore-mentioned units on dynamic reactions is also investigated.To validate its effectiveness,the closed-loop system is subjected to robust stability analysis and is compared to various existing control schemes from the literature.It is determined that the suggested AOAVOA improves fitness by 40.20%over the arithmetic optimizer(AO),while fre-quency regulation is improved by 4.55%over an AO-tuned type-2 fuzzy-based branched controller.

Representation and Organization for Spatial Data in LBS

Aiming at the special demand on SVG_based representation and organization for spatial data in location based services（LBS）, the research is made in this article on the conversion method from multiple formats to SVG format, and a harris_corner detector method is proposed and verified to evaluate the conversion result. Based on the above, an optimized compression arithmetic is proposed, which integrated the characteristic of code simplification and GZIP compression. The test shows that the techniques on conversion and compression are feasible, which means that SVG_based representation is suited for spatial data in LBS and the improved compression arithmetic is prior to the former.