Elementary Fermions: Strings, Planck Constant, Preons and Hypergluons

Using real fields instead of complex ones, it is suggested here that the fermions are pairs of coupled strings with an internal tension. The interaction between the two coupled strings is due to an exchange mechanism which is proportional to Planck’s constant. This may be the result of two massless bosons (hypergluons) coupled by a preon (prequark) exchange. It also gives a physical explanation to the origin of the Planck constant, and origin of spin.

Stringy Phenomenology with Preon Models

We compare, following Pati, global symmetries, our topological supersymmetric preon model with the heterotic E8 × E8 string theory. We include Pati’s supergravity based preon model in this work and compare the preon interactions of his model to ours. Based on preon-string symmetry comparison and preon phenomenological results, we conclude that the fundamental particles are likely preons rather than standard model particles. .

Towards 6D Little String Theory of Particles

A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.

Detachable string magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy for the noninvasive diagnosis of esophageal diseases:A prospective,blind clinical study

BACKGROUND Traditional esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGD),an invasive examination method,can cause discomfort and pain in patients.In contrast,magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy(MCE),a noninvasive method,is being applied for the detection of stomach and small intestinal diseases,but its application in treating esophageal diseases is not widespread.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of detachable string MCE(ds-MCE)for the diagnosis of esophageal diseases.METHODS Fifty patients who had been diagnosed with esophageal diseases were pros-pectively recruited for this clinical study and underwent ds-MCE and conven-tional EGD.The primary endpoints included the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and diagnostic accuracy of ds-MCE for patients with esophageal diseases.The secondary endpoints consisted of visualizing the esophageal and dentate lines,as well as the subjects'tolerance of the procedure.RESULTS Using EGD as the gold standard,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and diagnostic accuracy of ds-MCE for esophageal disease detection were 85.71%,86.21%,81.82%,89.29%,and 86%,respectively.ds-MCE was more comfortable and convenient than EGD was,with 80%of patients feeling that ds-MCE examination was very comfortable or comfortable and 50%of patients believing that detachable string v examination was very convenient.CONCLUSION This study revealed that ds-MCE has the same diagnostic effects as traditional EGD for esophageal diseases and is more comfortable and convenient than EGD,providing a novel noninvasive method for treating esophageal diseases.

Dynamic Response of Two-Degree-of-Freedom Riserless Drill String for Vortex-Induced Vibration Suppression and Enhancement

The mechanical behavior,dynamic evolution,and flow-field distribution of a two-degree-of-freedom riserless drill string were simulated numerically by using FLUENT fluid simulation software with the user-defined function embedded.The rotation angular velocities before and after the critical rotation angular velocity were used as independent variables,and the reduced velocity range was 3-14.Fluid-structure coupling was realized based on the dynamic overset grid and the SST k-ωturbulence model.Results reveal that the dynamic response of the riserless drill string was considerably affected by rotation and flow velocity,which are coupled with each other.The cross-flow average dimensionless displacement increased with the rotation angular velocity,and rotation considerably enhanced the in-line maximum average dimensionless displacement.However,the cross-flow amplitude caused by vortex-induced vibration was suppressed when the rotation angular velocity reached a certain value.The in-line and cross-flow frequencies were the same,thereby causing the trajectory to deviate from the standard'figure-eight'shape and become a closed circle shape.The vortex did not fall behind the cylinder at low reduced velocity with high-rotation angular velocity,and the structure of the near-wake vortex remained U-shaped.The wake of the cylinder was deflected along the cross-flow direction,thereby leading to vibration asymmetry and resulting in increased vibration instability and disordered vibration trajectories,especially at high-rotation angular velocities.

Numerical Analysis of Dynamical Effects Associated with a Plugging String in a Horizontal Well

The finite element method has been applied to simulate the dynamics of a water plugging string in a complex horizontal well of a low-permeability oilfield.The force associated with the pipe string and the packer has been determined under the sucking action of the oil well pump.Such analysis has been conducted for a real drilling well,taking into account the process of lifting,lowering,unblocking and water plugging.Comparison between field measured data and simulation data indicates that the model is reliable and accurate.The packer creep effect under different pressure differences has also been investigated in the framework of the same model.

Energy Cost Minimization Using String Matching Algorithm in Geo-Distributed Data Centers

Data centers are being distributed worldwide by cloud service providers(CSPs)to save energy costs through efficient workload alloca-tion strategies.Many CSPs are challenged by the significant rise in user demands due to their extensive energy consumption during workload pro-cessing.Numerous research studies have examined distinct operating cost mitigation techniques for geo-distributed data centers(DCs).However,oper-ating cost savings during workload processing,which also considers string-matching techniques in geo-distributed DCs,remains unexplored.In this research,we propose a novel string matching-based geographical load balanc-ing(SMGLB)technique to mitigate the operating cost of the geo-distributed DC.The primary goal of this study is to use a string-matching algorithm(i.e.,Boyer Moore)to compare the contents of incoming workloads to those of documents that have already been processed in a data center.A successful match prevents the global load balancer from sending the user’s request to a data center for processing and displaying the results of the previously processed workload to the user to save energy.On the contrary,if no match can be discovered,the global load balancer will allocate the incoming workload to a specific DC for processing considering variable energy prices,the number of active servers,on-site green energy,and traces of incoming workload.The results of numerical evaluations show that the SMGLB can minimize the operating expenses of the geo-distributed data centers more than the existing workload distribution techniques.

Mechanical Analysis of a Multi-Test String in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Deep Wells

The mechanical behavior of the test string in deep wells is generally relatively complex as a result of the high temperature and high pressure,severe dogleg and buckling effects,which in some circumstances can even lead to string failure.Traditional computational methods for the analysis of these behaviors are often inaccurate.For this reason,here a more accurate mechanical model of the test string is introduced by considering variables such as temperature,pressure,wellbore trajectory,and buckling,as well as combining them with the deformation and string constraint conditions brought in by changes in temperature and pressure during the tripping,setting,and test operations.The model is validated by applying it to a specific high-pressure gas well(located in Northeast Sichuan).

Passability test and simulation of sand control string with natural gas hydrates completion in large curvature hole

To meet the requirements of marine natural gas hydrate exploitation,it is necessary to improve the penetration of completion sand control string in the large curvature borehole.In this study,large curvature test wells were selected to carry out the running test of sand control string with pre-packed screen.Meanwhile,the running simulation was performed by using the Landmark software.The results show that the sand control packer and screen can be run smoothly in the wellbore with a dogleg angle of more than 20°/30 m and keep the structure stable.Additionally,the comprehensive friction coefficient is 0.4,under which and the simulation shows that the sand control string for hydrate exploitation can be run smoothly.These findings have important guiding significance for running the completion sand control string in natural gas hydrate exploitation.

万米深井上部大尺寸井眼钻柱动力学特性研究

油气勘探已向更深、更复杂的超深层的万米勘探新领域推进,但上部大尺寸井眼给万米深井的钻井提出了巨大挑战:岩石硬和返速低导致钻速慢,大尺寸井眼内剧烈振动导致钻具裂纹多发,钻压小则钻速慢,钻压稍大则下部振动快速加剧从而导致大尺寸钻具使用寿命远低于预期。为此,在对比研究了深地川科1井(以下简称SDCK-1井)和毗邻8000 m超深井上部井段钻柱振动问题基础上,基于全井钻柱系统动力学模型和数值仿真方法,针对性研究了大尺寸井眼中的钻柱动力学特性。研究结果表明:①井眼尺寸越大,钻头和下部钻具的振动越剧烈,SDCK-1井二开大尺寸井眼与邻井中等尺寸井眼相比(井深500 m处),其钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别增加了48.0%和41.5%,比SDCK-1井三开中等尺寸3000 m井深的钻头及下部钻具振动强度均值分别高了29.0%和2.9%;②相同井眼尺寸和岩石特性情况下,下部钻具组合比钻柱整体长度对钻头振动的影响更大,优化下部钻具组合能够明显改善钻头振动,保护钻头,同时还可以提高钻头破岩能量利用效率实现钻井提速;③在大尺寸井眼中钻头破岩激励向上传播,横向振动衰减慢于轴向振动衰减,大尺寸钻头扭矩更大且钻压和扭矩波动更加明显,因此从保护下部钻具的角度出发,大尺寸井眼钻具组合对抑制横振更加有效;④大尺寸井眼中下部钻具弯矩和弯矩波动更大,现场频繁出现的钻具裂纹除受控于整体振动强度较大以外,交变弯矩是裂纹发生的重要原因。结论认为,该研究成果揭示了超深井大尺寸井眼中钻柱的动力学特性,指出了应着重控制横振和交变弯矩,该认识可以为超深井上部大尺寸井眼钻井提供技术指导。

考虑“筒中筒”耦合作用的深水隔水管柱与钻柱碰摩运动规律

深水钻井时,旋转钻柱与海洋环境力作用下发生振动的隔水管柱易发生接触,造成钻柱与隔水管柱的碰撞或者摩擦。为了解隔水管柱与钻柱间的运动状态,减轻两者间碰摩,保证作业安全性,提出了一种模拟深水隔水管柱-钻柱组成的“筒中筒”耦合系统模型,通过分析二者间的位移与接触力,实现海洋深水钻井作业时隔水管柱与钻柱的耦合动力学模拟的建立。模拟结果表明,考虑隔水管柱与钻柱接触的情况下,海流作用和涡激作用对钻柱的动力学特征具有较大影响;海流速度增加,隔水管柱弯曲程度变大,隔水管柱的振动特征会限制钻柱运动;井口转速增加对钻柱的涡动特征影响小,但会增大钻柱与隔水管柱内壁的接触力,增大钻柱与隔水管柱的失效风险。该理论为海洋深水钻井摩阻分析提供了新的借鉴。

基于管柱动力学的特深井通井组合刚度评价方法与应用

我国特深井钻井正处于快速发展阶段,受井眼尺寸大和深度深的影响,钻井过程中极易出现微井斜、扩径缩径和井壁台阶等,导致套管下入困难,因此通井钻具组合评价尤为重要。目前,现场使用的评价方法常忽略了管柱下入过程中与井壁的碰撞和变形,导致通井效果时好时坏。为了辅助现场施工,文章基于全井管柱动力学模型和HHT-α数值计算方法提出了一种能够模拟管柱下入的动态过程的通井钻具组合的评价方法,该方法考虑了实测井眼轨迹、井眼扩大率和下入阻力等要素。通过某特深井三开下套管前的钻具组合进行实例计算分析,表明井眼扩大率和套管串下入阻力对通井能力和套管下入影响较大,当井眼扩大率较小且套管串下入阻力较大时,需要使用刚度较大的多扶正器通井钻具组合。本方法可以实现实测井况条件下比较精准的刚度对比模拟,也成功指导了案例井?486 mm套管的安全下入。

井下管柱熔融切割工具研制

现阶段井下管柱恶性遇卡处置效率低、处置时间长,甚至会诱发井眼附加伤害,成为制约井下作业效率及安全的主要因素。为此,研制出一种基于高温熔融的金属管柱快速切割解卡作业工具。将工具下放至目标深度后,利用锚定机构实现工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,采用电激发特制的高能铝热药柱;铝热药剂急速反应释放极量、超高温的等离子火焰;火焰由特殊设计的喷射机构引导喷射,沿径向高速喷出对管柱实施径向熔切。开展液态环境中ø127 mm加重钻杆熔切试验,验证工具井下作业的可行性。研究结果表明:锚定机构能顺利完成工具与被切割管柱的相对固定,药剂能被顺利激发,喷射机构能引导火焰高速喷射实施径向熔切。该工具可对不同厚度的管柱实施熔切作业,管柱熔切深度与装药量相关,10 kg装药量下,切割用时8 s,切割平均深度达21 mm。该工具及其技术可为井下遇卡管柱高效、安全解卡提供新的解决方案。

基于变异的正则表达式反例测试串生成算法

正则表达式在计算机科学的许多领域具有广泛应用.然而,由于正则表达式语法比较复杂,并且允许使用大量元字符,导致开发人员在定义和使用时容易出错.测试是保证正则表达式语义正确性的实用和有效手段,常用的方法是根据被测表达式生成一些字符串,并检查它们是否符合预期.现有的测试数据生成大多只关注正例串,而研究表明,实际开发中存在的错误大部分在于定义的语言比预期语言小,这类错误只能通过反例串才能发现.研究基于变异的正则表达式反例测试串生成.首先通过变异向被测表达式中注入缺陷得到一组变异体,然后在被测表达式所定义语言的补集中选取反例字符串揭示相应变异体所模拟的错误.为了能够模拟复杂缺陷类型,以及避免出现变异体特化而无法获得反例串的问题,引入二阶变异机制.同时采取冗余变异体消除、变异算子选择等优化技术对变异体进行约简,从而控制最终生成的测试集规模.实验结果表明,与已有工具相比,所提算法生成的反例测试串规模适中,并且具有较强的揭示错误能力.

多因素影响下射孔段管柱振动力学分析

聚能射孔爆轰产生的冲击载荷作用于井下射孔段管柱系统,导致管柱发生屈曲断裂等事故。结合管柱自重、射孔液阻尼、地层围压和爆炸冲击载荷的影响,建立射孔冲击载荷下油管—射孔枪动力学模型,得到射孔段管柱纵向振动微分方程。应用有限元软件,对射孔段管柱进行显示动力学响应分析,并将模拟结果同理论数值解进行对比验证。结果显示,应力波由管柱底端向上传播,管柱等效应力和轴向位移均呈现周期性变化,且逐渐衰减。分析不同油管长度、外径、壁厚和单发装药量对管柱动态响应的影响。基于数值模拟结果,利用MATLAB软件进行多元非线性回归,拟合得到射孔段管柱应力峰值经验公式,并与现场试验数据进行对比,验证公式可靠性。

Power-V诱导的钻柱黏滑振动特征分析

黏滑是石油钻井过程中影响钻井效率和井下钻柱安全的一种振动形式.垂直钻井系统Power-V在提供有效控斜力的同时,还会诱导钻柱黏滑振动.通过研究垂直钻井系统Power-V与井壁的接触作用及钻头与地层的相互作用模型,基于钻柱动力学有限元方法,深入分析Power-V的作用机理,研究其对扭转振动的影响,指出Power-V和井壁间的相互作用会导致钻柱与井壁的摩阻显著增加,进而引起摩阻扭矩的增大,诱导井下黏滑振动.实测振动数据证实,Power-V与井壁间的相互作用是引起钻柱黏滑振动的关键因素.这对于揭示黏滑振动的成因和更好地发挥Power-V的作用具有重要意义.

钻杆纵-扭耦合振动的试验研究

提出了一种新型的钻杆纵-扭耦合振动模拟测试系统。基于该系统设计了单因素试验,研究了驱动转速、进给速度、钻头直径、岩样强度和钻杆刚度对钻杆振动的影响规律,并通过正交试验探究了以上各因素对钻杆振动的影响程度。单因素试验结果表明,随着转速的增加,纵向振动幅值先减小后增大,但扭转振动幅值逐渐减小;随着进给速度的增大,纵向振动幅值逐渐减小,但扭转振动的幅值逐渐增大;转速增加导致扭矩和钻压下降,而进给速度增加导致扭矩和钻压上升;采用小直径钻头,低强度岩样,低刚度钻杆均有助于减小钻杆纵向振动幅值,但均导致扭转振动幅值增加。正交试验结果表明,转速对纵向振动的影响程度最大,进给速度对扭转振动的影响程度最大。试验结果与已有钻杆纵-扭耦合振动两自由度模型的数值仿真结果基本吻合。

琴徽数理的早期应用

汉代时七弦琴已定型,汉魏之际琴面即饰有13徽,间距不一的琴徽暗含立体属性与等分原理。琴徽虽出于汉魏之际,但其一弦上的等分数理渊源甚久,可上溯至商编铙与西周甬钟。“一弦均钟”可能是商周真实存在的、乐师为乐钟作音列设置的准器,也可能不以实物存在,而只是口传心授、隐藏于思维之中的虚拟数理。曾侯乙墓的五弦均钟与两周之际钮钟正鼓音列上的五声,表明两周之际既是五弦均钟应用时间的上限,又是“一弦均钟”应用时间的下限。由于先秦古琴形制尚未统一,钟琴两类乐器在数理应用上存在时间差。从一弦等分节点到商周钟铙四声,从五弦等分节点到东周编钟七声乃至旋宫,钟乐的辉煌始终依赖弦上节点与神瞽们数理认知的支撑。这展现出琴徽使用之前琴徽数理的早期应用和历史贡献。

钛合金/钢钻杆复合钻柱动力学特性分析与优化设计

钻井深度的持续增加使钻柱面临的载荷工况越来越严苛。钛合金具有密度小、屈服强度高和弹性模量低等特点,基于井口钻杆抗拉余量设计要求,设计3种钛合金/钢钻杆复合钻柱,即复合钻柱1(Φ101.6 mm钻杆段全段使用钛合金钻杆)、复合钻柱2(Φ101.6 mm钻杆上半段使用钛合金钻杆)和复合钻柱3(Φ101.6 mm钻杆下半段使用钛合金钻杆)。为了探究钛合金/钢钻杆复合钻柱(简称为复合钻柱)的动力学特性,基于Hamiton原理建立复合钻柱的动力学模型,并采用节点迭代法和Newmark-β法对模型进行求解,分析3种复合钻柱的涡动特征、动态应力和振动特性,并与常规钢钻柱进行比较。结果表明:钛合金钻杆的使用可有效减缓钻柱涡动速度、动态应力,其中复合钻柱3的涡动速度、动态应力最小;基于振动特征强度对钻井作业参数进行优化,形成复合钻柱3的钻井作业参数推荐图版并给出合理的施工参数范围。

钻柱的黏滑与高频扭转耦合振动测量与分析

钻井系统的自激扭转振动会导致钻头和地层之间的接触力或切削力相对速度出现下降特征。为减轻这种机制的影响,通过对三轴振动的时域、频域分析,研究了钻柱扭转振动特征。研究结果发现,低频的扭转振动会引发黏滑振动,黏滑振动频率为0.128 Hz,三轴振动和转速会出现周期性波动。钻柱发生高频扭转振动(HFTO)时,三轴加速度都出现了177.2 Hz的主频率。时域分析发现,切向加速度远大于轴向和法向加速度峰值,均方根值也较高,表明切向振动波动较大、能量高,说明此时井下正发生扭转振动。黏滑与HFTO发生耦合时,法向加速度会出现2个主频,即黏滑时的主频和HFTO的主频。高扭转频率会提高扭矩和机械转速导致钻具疲惫。研究结果对描述扭转振动的特征,判断钻井过程是否发生黏滑、HFTO和及时采取消除黏滑振动、缓解钻具疲惫技术措施具有指导作用。