完美音浪——法拉利12CILINDRI SPIDER

近日,法拉利12Cilindri Spider在迈阿密海滩上的一场独家活动上亮相。作为一款设计理念承袭自20世纪50与60年代法拉利Gran Turismo敞篷车的新款车型,该车将公路赛车无与伦比的性能、12缸发动机声浪以及长途驾驶舒适性结合在一起,并在设计上打破了法拉利双座berlinetta Spider跑车一贯的肌肉感,采用了一种更加未来主义、建立在纯粹形式基础上的设计语言。

Preliminary Studies on the Zoogeographic Divisions of Chinese Ground Spiders(Araneae:Gnaphosidae)

This paper aims to carry out the preliminary study on the zoogeographic distributions of 166 species within Gnaphosidae by clustering method,and analyze and compare the similarities of 15 subregions in seven zoogeographic regions in China.The results suggested that the division of Northern China was coincident with the distribution pattern of Chinese ground spiders,but there was subregion recombination between the other regions.There was aggregation between Da Hinggan Mountains subregion in the Northeast,east plain subregion in Mengxin area and west hungriness subregion,between Tianshan mountainous subregion in Mengxin area,Qiangtang altiplano subregion and the southwest mountainous region subregion in Southwest,and between east hill plain subregion in central China,west mountainous region altiplano subregion,Min and Guang coastal subregion in south of China and south Dian mountainous region subregion.The other two subregions in the Northeast formed a region.Qinghai and south Xizang subregion in Qinghai-Xizang Region formed a branch independently.

Effects of Droplet Distribution on Insecticide Toxicity to Asian Corn Borers(Ostrinia furnaealis) and Spiders(Xysticus ephippiatus)

Distribution of horizontal boom produced droplets downwards into maize canopies at flowering period and its effects on the efficacies of emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole against the second generation of Asian corn borer （ACB） larvae and their toxicity to spiders were studied. When insecticides were sprayed downwards into the maize canopies, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves led to great variations of droplet coverage and density within the canopies. Consequently, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate against ACB larvae were decreased because of randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves. But field investigation showed that lambda-cyhalothrin was extremely toxic to hunting spiders, Xysticus ephippiatus, and not suitable to IPM programs in regulation of the second generation of ACB. Therefore, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves decreased lambda-cyhalothrin＇s efficacy against ACB larvae, but did little to decrease its toxicity to X. ephippiatus. Amamectin benzoate can reduce the populations of X. ephippiatus by 58.1-61.4%, but the populations can recover at the end of the experiment. Chlorantraniliprole was relatively safe to X. ephippiatus. It only reduced the populations of X. ephippiatus by 22.3-33.0%, and the populations can totally recover 9 d after application.

A Mechanical Model for the Adhesion of Spiders to Nominally Flat Surfaces

In dry attachment systems of spiders and geckos, van der Waals forces mediate attraction between substrate and animal tarsus. In particular, the scopula of Evarcha arcuata spiders allows for reversible attachment and easy detachment to a broad range of surfaces. Hence, reproducing the scopula's roughness compatibility while maintaining anti-bunching features and dirt particle repellence behavior is a central task for a biomimetic transfer to an engineered model. In the present work we model the scopula of E. arcuata from a mechano-elastic point of view analyzing the influence of its hierarchical structure on the attachment behavior. By considering biological data of the gecko and spider, and the simulation results, the adhesive capabilities of the two animals are compared and important confirmations and new directives in order to reproduce the overall structure are found. Moreover, a possible suggestion of how the spider detaches in an easy and fast manner is proposed and supported by the results.

Predatory Efficacy of Cotton Inhabiting Spiders on Bemisiatabaci, Amrascadevastans Thripstabaci and Helicoverpa armigera in Laboratory Conditions

Distinction of predator＇s diet and prey choice preference is a hot topic of current investigations. Spider being generalist predator and cosmopoliter in nature acts as biological control agent in many agro-ecosystems. In the current study, predatory efficacy of five spiders （Pardosa birmanica, Cyclosa insulana, Thomisus projectus, Plexippus paykulli and Lycosa terrestris） inhabiting the cotton fieldevaluated in the laboratory conditions maintained at （27＋2）℃ temperature, 65%-5% relative humidity and 12 ： 12 h of light and dark photoperiod. Four key cotton pests＇ viz. Bemisiatabaci, Amrascaderastans Thripstabaci and Helicoverpa armigera were utilized in the choice and no-choice predatory studies. The findings of current investigation revealed that each predatory spider utilized at least one pest species. Predation rate was found higher in the no-choice predation because of unavailability of substitutes feeding source. The investigation also indicated each predatory spider killed more pests than consumed. The findings of this study support the predatory role of spiders in controlling the cotton major pests.

Predator perception of detritus and eggsac decorations spun by orb-web spiders Cyclosa octotuberculata:Do they function to camouflage the spiders?

Camouflage is one of the most widespread and powerful strategies that animals use to make detection/recognition more difficult. Many orb-web spiders of the genus Cyclosa add prey remains, plant debris, moults, and/or eggsacs to their webs called web decorations. Web decorations resembling spider body colour pattern have been considered to camouflage the spider from predators. While this camouflage is obvious from a human＇s perspective, it has rarely been investigated from a predator＇s perspective. In this study, we tested the visibility of web decorations by calculating chromatic and achromatic contrasts of detritus and eggsae decorations built by Cyclosa octotubereulata, against four different backgrounds viewed by both bird （e.g., blue tits） and hymenopteran （e.g. wasps） predators. We showed that both juvenile and adult spiders on webs with detritus or egg-sac deco- rations were undetectable by both hymenopteran and bird predators over short and long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with detritus or eggsacs by C octotuberculata may camouflage the spiders from both hymenopteran and bird predators in their common habitats [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 379-387, 2010].

Comparative transcriptomics highlights convergent evolution of energy metabolic pathways in group-living spiders

Although widely thought to be aggressive, solitary,and potentially cannibalistic, some spider species have evolved group-living behaviors. The distinct transition provides the framework to uncover groupliving evolution. Here, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic study and examined patterns of molecular evolution in two independently evolved group-living spiders and twelve solitary species. We report that positively selected genes among groupliving spider lineages are significantly enriched in nutrient metabolism and autophagy pathways. We also show that nutrient-related genes of group-living spiders convergently experience amino acid substitutions and accelerated relative evolutionary rates. These results indicate adaptive convergence of nutrient metabolism that may ensure energy supply in group-living spiders. The decelerated evolutionary rate of autophagy-related genes in group-living lineages is consistent with an increased constraint on energy homeostasis as would be required in a group-living environment. Together, the results show that energy metabolic pathways play an important role in the transition to group-living in spiders.

Investigation on Species of Spiders in Tea Plantations in Enshi Region of China

The spider resources in tea plantations in Enshi region have been investigated and 51 species of spiders belonging to 22 families have been identified in the paper. The dominant species are clarified and their directory and distribution status are also listed in the paper.

Species Investigation and Population Dynamic of Spiders in Tea Gardens in Northern Guangxi

A systematic investigation on spiders in a tea garden of Guilin Institute of Tea Sciences was conducted. The results showed that totally 687 specimens were collected, belonging to 34 species, 27genera, 14 families, 2 suborders, and a new record species Trochosa suiningensis in Guangxi was found. Spider is a ma- jor developing natural enemy group of insect pests in tea garden, with features of wide distribution, large quantity, long duration, strong predatory and stress resist- ance, which has strong predation on adults and nymphs of Empoasca vitis and young larvae of Ectropis oblique. The population of spiders in tea garden significantly increases after middle June, and reaches the peak in July and August every year.

The Predatory Function of Three Spiders to Two Insect Pests in Rice Within a Multi-species Co-existence System

The prey-seeking behavior of three spiders (X1-Pirata subpiraticus, X2-Clubiona japonicola and X3-Tetragnatha japonica) for brown plant hopper (X4-Nilaparvata lugens) and rice spittle bug (X5-Cal-litettix versicolor) was investigated, as well as how interference between and within species occurred, by using a quadratic regression rotational composite design. Six predation models derived from the analysis of interactions among and within predators and preys were developed. The total predatory capacity of spiders on rice insect pests after coexistence for one day can be expressed as follows: Y3 = 32.795 + 2.25X1 + 1.083X2 + 0.5X3 + 10.167X4 + 3.167X5 - 1.67X12 - 2.42X22 - 3.295X32 - 0.045X42 + 0.455X52 - 3.125X1X2 + 0.375X1X3 -0.625X1X4 - 0.375X1X5 + 0.375X2X3 - 0.875X2X4 + 0.125X2X5 + 0.375X3X4 - 0.375X3X5 + 0.125X4X5. The principal efficiency analysis using this model indicated that increases in insect pest density significantly increased predation by predators; this was much greater than the effect of any single predator. X4 had a greater effect than X5; however, X4 and X5 demonstrated little interspecific interference and even promoted each other and increased predation rates as the densities of the two pests increased. Among the three predators, an increase in the density of X, had the greatest effect on the increase in predation, X3 had the second, X2 the third greatest effect. As predator density increased inter- and intra-species interference occurred, which were largely related to the size, activity, niche breadth, niche overlap and searching efficiency of the predators. X2 produced the greatest interference between different individuals and between any other predator species. X3 had the second greatest, which reduced predation levels at high predator densities. Because of these factors, the highest predation rate was obtained at a prey density of 120 per 4 rice-hills. The optimal proportion of the three predators in the multi-predator prey system was X1: X2: X3 = 5.6:1.3:4.1.

Diversity and Distribution of Spiders in Southwestern Nigeria

The study of diversity and distribution of spiders was carried out at Obafemi Awolowo University, Southwestern Nigeria, in wet and dry seasons between October 2012 and April 2014. Spiders were collected from five different sampling sites in the study area: cultivated land, open field, hill area, house dwelling and aquatic habitat. We found 1824 individuals belonging to 19 different spider families in the study area. 9 families of spiders were present in the hill habitat;12 families of spiders were present in the open field habitat;6 families of spiders were present in house habitat;9 families of spider were present in aquatic habitat. All the 19 families of spiders were present in cultivated habitat. Therefore, cultivated habitat hosted the largest number of spider families in the area of study while house dwellers hosted the least number of spider families. Spiders are evenly distributed among the five habitats in this study and the fifth habitat, teaching and research farm representing cultivated area has the highest distribution of spider species. All the species recorded in Southwestern Nigeria were found in this habitat. In conclusion, 19 different spider families are recorded in Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, during this study. These have enriched the collection of spider in Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, Southwestern Nigeria.

Mitochondrial phylogenomics provides insights into the phylogeny and evolution of spiders(Arthropoda:Araneae)

Spiders are among the most varied terrestrial predators,with highly diverse morphology,ecology,and behavior.Morphological and molecular data have greatly contributed to advances in the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of spiders.Here,we performed comprehensive mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis on 78 mitochondrial genomes(mitogenomes)representing 29 families;of these,23 species from eight families were newly generated.Mesothelae retained the same gene arrangement as the arthropod ancestor(Limulus polyphemus),while Opisthothelae showed extensive rearrangement,with 12 rearrangement types in transfer RNAs(tRNAs)and control region.Most spider tRNAs were extremely truncated and lacked typical dihydrouridine or TΨC arms,showing high tRNA structural diversity;in particular,trnS1 exhibited anticodon diversity across the phylogeny.The evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes were potentially associated with gene rearrangement or truncated tRNAs.Both mitogenomic sequences and rearrangements possessed phylogenetic characteristics,providing a robust backbone for spider phylogeny,as previously reported.The monophyly of suborder,infraorder,retrolateral tibial apophysis clade,and families(except for Pisauridae)was separately supported,and high-level relationships were resolved as(Mesothelae,(Mygalomorphae,(Entelegynae,(Synspermiata,Hypochilidae)))).The phylogenetic positions of several families were also resolved(e.g.,Eresidae,Oecobiidae and Titanoecidae).Two reconstructions of ancestral web type obtained almost identical results,indicating that the common ancestor of spiders likely foraged using a silk-lined burrow.This study,the largest mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis of spiders to date,highlights the usefulness of mitogenomic data not only for providing efficient phylogenetic signals for spider phylogeny,but also for characterizing trait diversification in spider evolution.

An Improved Jump Spider Optimization for Network Traffic Identification Feature Selection

The massive influx of traffic on the Internet has made the composition of web traffic increasingly complex.Traditional port-based or protocol-based network traffic identification methods are no longer suitable for today’s complex and changing networks.Recently,machine learning has beenwidely applied to network traffic recognition.Still,high-dimensional features and redundant data in network traffic can lead to slow convergence problems and low identification accuracy of network traffic recognition algorithms.Taking advantage of the faster optimizationseeking capability of the jumping spider optimization algorithm(JSOA),this paper proposes a jumping spider optimization algorithmthat incorporates the harris hawk optimization(HHO)and small hole imaging(HHJSOA).We use it in network traffic identification feature selection.First,the method incorporates the HHO escape energy factor and the hard siege strategy to forma newsearch strategy for HHJSOA.This location update strategy enhances the search range of the optimal solution of HHJSOA.We use small hole imaging to update the inferior individual.Next,the feature selection problem is coded to propose a jumping spiders individual coding scheme.Multiple iterations of the HHJSOA algorithmfind the optimal individual used as the selected feature for KNN classification.Finally,we validate the classification accuracy and performance of the HHJSOA algorithm using the UNSW-NB15 dataset and KDD99 dataset.Experimental results show that compared with other algorithms for the UNSW-NB15 dataset,the improvement is at least 0.0705,0.00147,and 1 on the accuracy,fitness value,and the number of features.In addition,compared with other feature selectionmethods for the same datasets,the proposed algorithmhas faster convergence,better merit-seeking,and robustness.Therefore,HHJSOAcan improve the classification accuracy and solve the problem that the network traffic recognition algorithm needs to be faster to converge and easily fall into local optimum due to high-dimensional features.

A Check-List of the Spiders (Araneae) of the Bolshekhekhtsyrski Nature Reserve,Khabarovsk Province,the Russian Far East

326 species of spiders belonging to 26 families are recorded from the Bolshekhekhtsyrski State Nature Reserve,of them 70 are new records for the reserve and six are new to the fauna of Russia:Asperthorax borealis Ono et Saito,2001; Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa,1992; Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa,1992(earlier it was identified as C. argenteoalba Bosenberg et Strand,1906); Haplodrassus taepaikensis Paik,1992; Hypselistes fossilobus Fei et Zhu,1993; and Pachygnatha gaoi Zhu et al.,2003. The name Pronous minutus (S. Saito,1939) is synonymized with Pronoides brunneus Schenkel,1936. The male of H. taepaikensis is illustrated for the first time. Composition of the fauna is briefly discussed; 41% of the recorded species have their ranges confined to the SE Palaearctics. By its species diversity,the reserve's fauna is the second largest local fauna eastward of the Urals. An expected spider diversity of this reserve is likely to be over 400 species.

A Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm Combining Opposition-Based Learning and Orthogonal Experimental Design

As a new bionic algorithm,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO)has been widely used in various complex optimization problems in recent years.However,the new space exploration power of SMO is limited and the diversity of the population in SMO is not abundant.Thus,this paper focuses on how to reconstruct SMO to improve its performance,and a novel spider monkey optimization algorithm with opposition-based learning and orthogonal experimental design(SMO^(3))is developed.A position updatingmethod based on the historical optimal domain and particle swarmfor Local Leader Phase(LLP)andGlobal Leader Phase(GLP)is presented to improve the diversity of the population of SMO.Moreover,an opposition-based learning strategy based on self-extremum is proposed to avoid suffering from premature convergence and getting stuck at locally optimal values.Also,a local worst individual elimination method based on orthogonal experimental design is used for helping the SMO algorithm eliminate the poor individuals in time.Furthermore,an extended SMO^(3)named CSMO^(3)is investigated to deal with constrained optimization problems.The proposed algorithm is applied to both unconstrained and constrained functions which include the CEC2006 benchmark set and three engineering problems.Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than three well-known SMO algorithms and other evolutionary algorithms in unconstrained and constrained problems.

Multi-Strategy Boosted Spider Monkey Optimization Algorithm for Feature Selection

To solve the problem of slow convergence and easy to get into the local optimum of the spider monkey optimization algorithm,this paper presents a new algorithm based on multi-strategy(ISMO).First,the initial population is generated by a refracted opposition-based learning strategy to enhance diversity and ergodicity.Second,this paper introduces a non-linear adaptive dynamic weight factor to improve convergence efficiency.Then,using the crisscross strategy,using the horizontal crossover to enhance the global search and vertical crossover to keep the diversity of the population to avoid being trapped in the local optimum.At last,we adopt a Gauss-Cauchy mutation strategy to improve the stability of the algorithm by mutation of the optimal individuals.Therefore,the application of ISMO is validated by ten benchmark functions and feature selection.It is proved that the proposed method can resolve the problem of feature selection.

云南番茄潜叶蛾捕食性天敌资源调查及其控害作用分子检测

云南省是番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)较早入侵的区域,为明确本地潜在自然天敌资源及其对番茄潜叶蛾的控制作用,采用田间调查、样本采集以及与室内分子检测相结合的技术方法,于7—10月对云南省10个地级州市主要番茄种植区的番茄潜叶蛾天敌资源进行调查,对采集的天敌种类进行DNA条形码鉴定,对其控害作用进行种特异性分子检测。结果表明,在番茄田共计采集到捕食性天敌36种,隶属2纲5目16科。进一步的分子检测结果显示,对番茄潜叶蛾具有控害作用的捕食性自然天敌19种,隶属2纲3目12科;其中,昆虫纲8种、蜘蛛纲11种;对番茄潜叶蛾控害作用阳性检出率为5.7%~100.0%。分布范围最为广泛的天敌为半翅目盲蝽科的烟盲蝽Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter,在8个州市有分布;其次为花蝽科的黑翅小花蝽Oirus agilis(Flor)和小花蝽Orius sp.以及瓢虫科的七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata L.,分别在5个、4个和5个州市有分布;再次为蜘蛛目狼蛛科的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata(Böesenberg et Strand),在3个州市有分布;而其余的14个物种仅在1个或2个州市有分布。番茄潜叶蛾天敌资源最为丰富的区域为昭通市,有8种天敌;其次为丽江市和玉溪市,分别有6种和5种天敌;再次昆明市和曲靖市,分别有4种和3种天敌;而大理州、文山市、红河州有2种天敌,楚雄市和普洱市只有1种天敌。综合评价分析结果显示,控害潜力最大的为烟盲蝽,其次为黑翅小花蝽;此外,七星瓢虫和拟环纹豹蛛也表现了较好的控害能力。番茄潜叶蛾在西南虽发生为害较为严重,但对该种害虫具有控制作用的天敌种类也比较多,为利用本地天敌防治番茄潜叶蛾提供了自然资源保障。

混合策略改进的粒子群算法

针对粒子群算法易陷入局部最优、收敛精度低、收敛速度慢等缺陷,提出了基于混合策略的改进粒子群算法。使用融合Circle映射与精英反向学习的策略初始化种群,提升初始种群的质量,同时加快收敛速度;在粒子速度更新方式中引入蜘蛛移动策略平衡算法的全局搜索与局部搜索;提出了基于自适应t分布的变异策略,增强算法全局搜索和跳出局部最优能力;对15个单峰和多峰函数进行仿真实验,与其他3种算法进行了对比分析,结果表明:所提出的改进算法具有很强的寻优能力与稳定性。

基于YOLOv3算法的智能采茶机关键技术研究

在复杂背景下精确识别茶叶嫩芽,是实现高端茶叶智能化采摘的关键技术之一。为实现高端茶叶机械化精准采摘,设计一台基于视觉的采茶样机,根据蛛式机械手采摘茶叶的路径规划,将机械手末端的移动坐标问题转换成静平台3个电机转角问题。针对YOLOv3算法进行改进,采用EfficientNet网络替代DarkNet-53网络进行特征提取,并利用目标函数GIOU优化损失函数。试验结果表明:改进的YOLOv3算法在茶叶嫩芽识别方面,其准确率达到86.53%,单张图像平均识别时间为53 ms,相比传统的YOLOv3算法,性能实现明显的提升,可以达到预期目标,满足机器采摘需求。

辽河流域稻蟹共作系统主要蜘蛛生态位

稻蟹共作是利用种间互利共生、食物链、生态位等理论,有效地将水稻生产和水产养殖相结合的稻田综合种养模式,对推动农业生态发展具有重要意义。蜘蛛是稻田重要的捕食性天敌,为探明稻蟹共作系统中主要蜘蛛生态位特征,在时间、空间维度上对常规稻田和稻蟹共作田中主要蜘蛛种类、数量进行调查,并采用生态位理论方法,系统地分析了主要蜘蛛生态位宽度和重叠特征,结果表明:(1)两处理稻田共调查蜘蛛892头,隶属于10科共30种,其中稻蟹田蜘蛛占比57.96%,比常规田多15.92%;狼蛛、皿蛛、肖蛸在两处理田中数量均居前列,其中,狼蛛数量最多,每调查点分别为(18.60±1.17)头(常规田)、(26.00±2.39)头(稻蟹田);两处理田中的逍遥蛛和漏斗蛛数量较少。(2)时间维度上,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛、跳蛛生态位宽度增加,肖蛸生态位宽度减小;空间维度上,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛、肖蛸生态位宽度增加,管巢蛛生态位宽度减小;时空二维角度,稻蟹共作系统中狼蛛、皿蛛生态位宽度增加,增幅分别为49.64%和47.49%,管巢蛛生态位宽度下降,降幅为25.04%。(3)稻蟹共作系统蜘蛛时空二维生态位重叠指数和相似性比例指数多数表现为增大或持平,仅管巢蛛与园蛛、肖蛸的指数下降。研究首次探讨分析了稻蟹共作系统主要蜘蛛生态位特征,稻蟹共作通过影响蜘蛛在稻田环境中的活动强度、分布格局与数量结构,不同程度地改变了蜘蛛时间、空间生态位及其重叠和相似性特征,当竞争加剧时,蜘蛛将增大对较多资源序列利用的程度,从而更好地发挥控虫能力。