Ordered Charge Distribution in Superconductor Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O

The layered charges were calculated by means of constructing the complete structure of Tl Ba Ca Cu O superconductor. The weak link between Cu O and Ba O, or between Cu O and Tl O or Ba O or Tl O layers is explained with the aid of the charge of limited layer unit calculated from the values of ions obtained, in addition to the possibility of forming charges fluctuation, which depends on the π coordination covalent bond on Cu O plane and O Tl O structure. The possible chemical tight bonding orbitals are in accordance with those of other superconductors obtained by quantum theoretical method, which occur at Cu 3d (x 2-y 2) and O 2p x,y . The valence band composed of Cu 3d and O 2p orbital energy levels is obviously an energy band of conduction. The ordered charge on layers is the main reason that raises T c of superconductors. The difference of electronic structure of ab plane and c axis leads to the anisotropy properties.

Metal-to-insulator transitions in 3d-band correlated oxides containing Fe compositions

Metal-to-insulator transitions (MITs),which are achieved in 3d-band correlated transitional metal oxides,trigger abrupt variations in electrical,optical,and/or magnetic properties beyond those of conventional semiconductors.Among such material families,iron(Fe:3d^(6)4s^(2))-containing oxides pique interest owing to their widely tunable MIT properties,which are associated with the various valence states of Fe.Their potential electronic applications also show promise,given the large abundance of Fe on Earth.Representative MIT properties triggered by critical temperature (TMIT) were reported for ReFe_(2)O_(4)(Fe^(2.5+)),ReBaFe_(2)O_(5)(Fe^(2.5+)),Fe_(3)O_(4)(Fe^(2.67+)),Re_(1/3)Sr_(2/3)FeO_(3)(Fe^(3.67+)),Re Cu_(3)Fe_(4)O_(12)(Fe^(3.75+)),and Ca_(1-x)Sr_(x)FeO_(3)(Fe^(4+))(where Re represents rare-earth elements).The common feature of MITs of these Fe-containing oxides is that they are usually accompanied by charge ordering transitions or disproportionation associated with the valence states of Fe.Herein,we review the material family of Fe-containing MIT oxides,their MIT functionalities,and their respective mechanisms.From the perspective of potentially correlated electronic applications,the tunability of the TMITand its resultant resistive change in Fe-containing oxides are summarized and further compared with those of other materials exhibiting MIT functionality.In particular,we highlight the abrupt MIT and wide tunability of TMITof Fe-containing quadruple perovskites,such as Re Cu3Fe4O12.However,their effective material synthesis still needs to be further explored to cater to potential applications.

Ultrasonic Study on Charge Ordering in Nd0.5Ca0.5Mn1-xAlxO3(x=0,0.03)

The ultrasonic, magnetic and transport properties of Nd0.5Ca0.5Mn1-xAlxO3 （x=0, 0.03） were studied from 15 to 300 K. The temperature dependencies of resistivity and magnetization show that Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 undergoes a charge ordering transition at TCO-257 K. An obvious softening of the longitudinal sound velocity above TCO and a dramatic stiffening below Too accompanied by an attenuation peak were observed. These features imply a strong electron phonom interaction via the Jahn-Teller effect iu the sample, Another broad attenuation peak was observed at around Tp-80 K. This anomaly is attributed to the phase separtion between the antiferromagnetic （AFM） and paramagnetic （PM） phases and gives a direct evidence for spin-phonon coupling in the compound. For the x=0.03 sample, both the minimum of sound velocity and attenuation peaks shift to a lower temperature. The results indicate that the charge ordering and CE-type AFM state in Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 are both partially suppressed by replacing Mn with A1.

Destruction of charge ordering phase in La_(0.4)Ca_(0.6)MnO_3 induced by low Cr doping

Polycrystalline samples of La0.4Cao.6Mn1-xCrxO3 （x = 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06） were prepared by the solid state reaction method. The influence of Cr3＋ substitution for Mn3＋ on the magnetic property and charge ordering phase of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 was studied through the measurements of X-ray diffraction （XRD）, magnetization-temperature （M-T） curves and electron spin resonance （ESR） spectra. The experimental results indicate that the mother＇s body of La0.4Ca0.6MnO3 has very complicated magnetic structure, exhibits charge ordering phase at 258 K, and shows long-range strongly correlated charge ordering-antiferromagnetism （CO-AFM） phase from 175 to 50 K. Spin glass state appears when the temperature decreases to about 41 K. When the Cr substitution amount is x = 0.06, the charge ordering phase of the mother＇s body is de-stroyed, because the Cr3＋ substitution for Mn3＋ destroys the spin order of CE-type antiferromagnetism, and thus leads to the melting of charge ordering. It is verified experimentally that the strong coupling between charge order and spin order exists in the charge order system of CE-type antiferromagnetism.

Research on charge ordering and magnetic properties in La_(0.3)Ca_(0.7)Mn_(1-x)W_xO_3 system

The perovskite manganite sample La0.3Ca0.7Mn1-xWxO3 （x = 0.08, 0.12） was prepared by the solid-state reaction method. The effect of W doping on the Mn site to La0.3Ca0.7MnO3 charge ordering phase and the changing process of magnetic properties were studied through the measurement of the M-T curve, M-H curves, and ESR curves of the sample. The results showed that when x = 0.08, the charge ordering （CO） phase exists in the system, the transition temperature Tco= 275 K, and the system exhibits PM when T 〉 275 K. The system transforms from spin-disordering paramagnetism to spin-ordering antiferromagnetism in the charge ordering state with the temperature decreasing from 275 K to 230 K. The long-range antiferromagnetism forms and AFM/CO states coexist between 230 K and 5 K. There is a little ferromagnetic component in the AFM/CO background in a low temperature range. When x = 0.12, the CO phase in the system has almost melted completely. There is a little remnant of the CO phase below 150 K. The system exhibits paramagnetism when T 〉 150 K and transforms from paramagnetism to ferromagnetism when T〈 150 K.

Effect of Lattice Distortion on Charge Order in Manganites at Doping x=0.5

In the present paper, we continue our investigation on the antiferromagneticorigin of the charge order observed in the halt-doped manganese. By introducing aSu-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) type of perturbation interaction to the double-exchange Hamiltonian, wecalculate again its ground-state phase diagram at Glling x = 0.5 by the unrestricted real-spaceHartree-Fock approximation method. We find that, as the SSH electron-phonon interaction increases,the charge order parameter decreases to zero rapidly but the CE-type antiferromagnetic order becomesmore stable. In other words, the charge order is much more fragile than the CE-type or theNeel-type antiferromagnetic orders under the electron-phonon perturbation. These results support theproposed theory in the recent publications that the charge order in these systems is induced by theantiferromagnetic correlations.

Collapse of charge ordering in Bi_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)MnO_3 by cation disorder: a magnetic and structural investigation

The structure, transport, and magnetic properties of LaxBi0.5.xSr0.5MnO3 （LBSMO） （x=0.1 and 0.4） were studied through X-ray diffraction, magnetization, and electron spin resonance （ESR） measurements. The structural analysis showed that the LBSMO crystallized in an orthorhombic perovskite structure with Pbnm space group for x=-0.1 and Imma space group for x=0.4 and the highly polarizable 6s^2 lone pair of Bi^3＋ was the ttming factor for the structural variations. Magnetic studies revealed that the replacement of Bi ions by La ions resulted in the collapse high temperature charge ordering state of BSMO and it order Ferro Magnetically （FM） with Tc around 355 and 330 K for x=0.1 and 0.4, respectively. Both ESR, temperature and field dependant magnetization suggested that there was a coexistence of FM and the paramagnetic phases well below Tc and the FM and CO-AFM phases below 250 K of LBSMO.

A-site ordered quadruple perovskite oxides AA＇_3B_4O_(12)

The A-site ordered perovskite oxides with chemical formula AA＇3B4O（12）display many intriguing physical properties due to the introduction of transition metals at both A and B sites. Here, research on the recently discovered intermetallic charge transfer occurring between A-site Cu and B-site Fe ions in La Cu3Fe4O（12） and its analogues is reviewed, along with work on the magnetoelectric multiferroicity observed in La Mn3Cr4O（12） with cubic perovskite structure. The Cu–Fe intermetallic charge transfer（LaCu3（3＋）Fe4（3＋）O（12）→ LaCu3（2＋）Fe4（3.75＋）O（12）） leads to a first-order isostructural phase transition accompanied by drastic variations in magnetism and electrical transport properties. The La Mn3Cr4O（12） is a novel spindriven multiferroic system with strong magnetoelectric coupling effects. The compound is the first example of cubic perovskite multiferroics to be found. It opens up a new arena for studying unexpected multiferroic mechanisms.

Effect of charge order transition on tunneling resistance in Pr_(0.6)Ca_(0.4)MnO_3/Nb-doped SrTiO_3 heterojunction

An oxide p-n heterojunction composed of Pro.6Ca0.4MnO3 film, with a charge order （CO） transition, and lwt% Nb- doped SrTiO3 substrate is fabricated, and the transport properties of the interface are experimentally studied. The rectifying behavior of the junction, well described by the Newman equation, is observed, indicating that tunneling is the dominant process by which the carriers pass through the interface. Above and below the CO transition temperature, satisfactory linear dependencies of junction resistance on temperature are observed, but the slopes of the two resistance-temperature relations are different. The CO process is believed to be relevant to this difference.

Charge Ordering and Antiferromagnetic Transition in La_(0.67-x)Pr_xCa_(0.33)MnO_3 (x=0～0.67) Polycrystalline

Polycrystalline samples of La0.67-xPrxCa0.33MnO3(x=0～0.67) were synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction revealed that the samples were all of single phase with an orthorhombic distorted perovskite structure. The magnetization depended on temperature measured in FC (field cooling) and ZFC (zero field cooling). It revealed that the compounds mainly underwent a ferromagnetic transition (TC) when the less Pr doped (x<0.4). With increasing doping content (x>0.5), the ferromagnetic transition disappeared and the antiferromagnetic transition (TN) was dominant. Charge ordering (TCO) also emerged when x>0.36. The transition temperatures TN and TCO would change with the Pr doping content. The phase separation could be used to explain these characters occurred in these polycrystalline samples.

Tuning charge and orbital ordering in DyNiO_(3) by biaxial strain

The first-principles calculations were used to explore the tunable electronic structure in DyNiO_(3)(DNO)under the effects of the biaxial compressive and tensile strains.We explored how the biaxial strain tunes the orbital hybridization and influences the charge and orbital ordering states.We found that breathing mode and Jahn–Teller distortion play a primary role in charge ordering state and orbital ordering state,respectively.Additionally,the calculated results revealed that the biaxial strain has the ability to manipulate the phase competition between the two states.A phase transition point has been found under tensile train.If the biaxial train is larger than the point,the system favors orbital ordering state.If the strain is smaller than the point,the system is in charge ordering state favorably.

Charge ordering modulations in a Bi_(0.4)Ca_(0.6)MnO_3 film with a thickness of 110 nm

The low temperature sample stage in a transmission electron microscope is used to investigate the charge ordering behaviours in a Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3 film with a thickness of 110 nm at 103 K. Six different types of superlattice structures are observed using the selected-area electron diffraction （SAED） technique, while three of them match well with the modulation stripes in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） images. It is found that the modulation periodicity and direction are completely different in the region close to the Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3/SrTiO3 interface from those in the region a little further from the Bi0.4Ca0.6MnO3/SrTiO3 interface, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Based on the experimental results, structural models are proposed for these localized modulated structures.

Magnetic Properties of Perovskite Manganite La_ (0.3)Ca_ (0.7)Mn_ (0.96)W_ (0.04)O_3 in Charge Ordering Phase

The sample La_ 0.3Ca_ 0.7Mn_ 0.96W_ 0.04O_3 was prepared by the solid-state method. Magnetic properties of La_ 0.3Ca_ 0.7Mn_ 0.96W_ 0.04O_3 was studied through the measurement of M-T curve, M-H curves and ESR curves of the sample. The results show that: charge ordering (CO) phase forms at 265 K; the system exhibits paramagnetism when T>265 K; it exhibits long-range anti-ferromagnetism (there is a little FM component in AFM background) and the coexistence of a little FM phase and AFM/CO phase forms when T<225 K; the system transforms from paramagnetism to antiferromagnetism in charge-ordering state with temperature decreasing from 265 to 225 K. The width of ESR spectrum line of the sample La_ 0.3Ca_ 0.7Mn_ 0.96W_ 0.04O_3 was measured, and the value of the line width of paramagnetic resonance ΔH_ PP increases with temperature decreasing, which indicates that ferromagnetic connection of the sample strengthens with temperature decreasing.

R-site cation randomness effect in the A-site ordered Y_(0.5)La_(0.5)BaMn_2O_6 compound

The R/Ba-ordered and R-site mixed compound Y0.5La0.5BaMn2O6 is synthesized, in which （Y, La） and Ba are regularly arranged, while Y and La randomly occupy the R-site. Y0.5La0.5BaMn2O6 has a tetragonal unit cell with a space group of P4/mmm. A structural transition between tetragonal and orthorhombic is observed at about 325 K by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）. Thermal magnetic measurement shows the occurrence of an antiferromagnetic transition at the temperature TN～190 K. Anomalies in magnetization, resistivity and lattice parameters observed around 340 K indicate a charge/orbital order transition accompanying the structural phase transition. The R-site randomness effect is discussed to interpret the different properties of Y0.5La0.5BaMn2O6 between NdBaMn2O6 and SmBaMn2O6.

Robustness of the unidirectional stripe order in the kagome superconductor CsV_(3)Sb_(5)

V-based kagome materials AV_(3)Sb_(5)(A=K,Rb,Cs)have attracted much attention due to their novel properties such as unconventional superconductivity,giant anomalous Hall effect,charge density wave(CDW)and pair density wave.Except for the 2a_(0)×2a_(0)CDW(charge density wave with in-plane 2×2 superlattice modulation)in AV_(3)Sb_(5),an additional 1×4(4a_(0))unidirectional stripe order has been observed at the Sb surface of Rb V3 Sb5 and CsV_(3)Sb_(5).However,the stability and electronic nature of the 4a_(0) stripe order remain controversial and unclear.Here,by using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy(STM/S),we systematically study the 4a_(0) stripe order on the Sb-terminated surface of CsV_(3)Sb_(5).We find that the 4a_(0) stripe order is visible in a large energy range.The STM images with positive and negative bias show contrast inversion,which is the hallmark for the Peierls-type CDW.In addition,below the critical temperature about 60 K,the 4a_(0)stripe order keeps unaffected against the topmost Cs atoms,point defects,step edges and magnetic field up to 8 T.Our results provide experimental evidences on the existence of unidirectional CDW in CsV_(3)Sb_(5).

Study on magnetism of Pr_(0.45)(Ca_(1-x)Sr_x)_(0.55) MnO_3 samples

The polycrystalline samples of Pro.45（Ca1-xSrx）0.55MnO3 （x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6） were prepared by solid-state reaction. Influence of Sr2＋ substitution for Ca2＋ at A site on magnetism was studied through the measurements of X-ray diffraction （XRD） spectrum, the magnetization-temperature （M-T） curves and electron spin resonance （ESR） curves. The results show that the magnetism strengthens and charge ordering weakens gradually with the increase of Sr2＋ substitution amount, respectively. The transition of paramagnetism（PM）-antiferromagnetism（AFM） occurs below the transition temperature of charge ordering （Tco）, and there is tittle ferromagnetic phase in the antiferromagnetic background at the lower temperature, which results in complex magnetic phases of the samples. Ferromagnetic clusters appear and grow larger with the increase of substitution amount./n addition, the reentrant spin-glass behavior appears at about 41 K. The magnetism phenomenon of the samples is mainly due to the competition between double exchange and Jahn-Teller coupling. The Jahn-Teller coupling becomes weak, and the double exchange wins the advantage in the competition with the increase of substitution amount, which leads to the magnetism variation of the system.

Multiferroics and magnetoelectric effects in charge ordered compounds

The coexistence of magnetic ordering and ferroelectricity, ing on the origin of ferroelectricity, multiferroic materials known as multiferroics, has drawn a lot of research effort. Depend can be classified into different groups. In this paper, we review re cent progress in the field of multiferroics induced by different forms of charge ordering. In addition to a general description of charge order and electronic ferroelectricity, we focus on two specific systems： （1） charge order with frustration in RFe2O4 （R=Lu, Yb） system; （2） charge ordered perovskite manganites of the type （R1-xCax）MnO3 （R=La, Pr）. The charge ordering can be tuned by external electric fields, which results in pronounced magnetoelectric effects and strong dielectric tunability. Other materials and possible candidates with charge order induced multiferroics are also briefly summarized.

Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Electron Doped Bi_xCa_(1-x)MnO_3(0

Measurements of crystal structures, electrical and magnetic properties for the electron doped BixCa1-xMnO3 （0〈x≤〈0.33） reveal the presence of a variety of notable changes in correlation with magnetic transitions and charge ordering. Samples with x〈0.2 in general show a clear ferromagnetic transitions around 130 K. On the other hand, samples with 0.2≤x≤0.33 show much more complex low-temperature magnetic properties perhaps due to the coupling between the magnetic states and orbital/charge ordering. Structural transformations and structural modulations in the x=0.25 and 0.33 samples have been observed by transmission electron microscopy.

Phase separation in Sr doped BiMnO_3

Phase separation in Sr doped BiMnO3 （Bil_xSrxMnO3, x = 0.4-0.6） was studied by means of temperature-dependent high-resolution neutron powder diffraction （NPD）, high resolution X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, and physical property measurements. All the experiments indicate that a phase separation occurs at the temperature coinciding with the reported charge ordering temperature （Tco） in the literature. Below the reported TCO, both the phases resulting from the phase separation crystallize in the orthorhombically distorted perovskite structure with space group Imma. At lower temperature, these two phases order in the CE-type antiferromagnetic structure and the A-type antiferromagnetic structure, respectively. However, a scrutiny of the high-resolution NPD and XRD data at different temperatures and the electron diffraction exper- iment at 300 K did not manifest any evidence of a long-range charge ordering （CO） in our investigated samples, suggesting that the anomalies of physical properties such as magnetization, electric transport, and lattice parameters at the TCO might be caused by the phase separation rather than by a CO transition.

Visualizing the charge order and topological defects in an overdoped （Bi,Pb）2Sr2CuO6+x superconductor

Electronic charge order is a symmetry breaking state in high-Tc cuprate superconductors. In scanning tunneling microscopy, the detected charge-order-induced modulation is an electronic response of the charge order. For an overdoped(Bi,Pb)2Sr2CuO6+x sample, we apply scanning tunneling microscopy to explore local properties of the charge order. The ordering wavevector is nondispersive with energy, which can be confirmed and determined. By extracting its order-parameter field, we identify dislocations in the stripe structure of the electronic modulation, which correspond to topological defects with an integer winding number of ±1. Through differential conductance maps over a series of reduced energies, the development of different response of the charge order is observed and a spatial evolution of topological defects is detected. The intensity of charge-order-induced modulation increases with energy and reaches its maximum when approaching the pseudogap energy. In this evolution, the topological defects decrease in density and migrate in space. Furthermore, we observe appearance and disappearance of closely spaced pairs of defects as energy changes. Our experimental results could inspire further studies of the charge order in both high-Tccuprate superconductors and other charge density wave materials.