Development of carbon composite iron ore micropellets by using the microfines of iron ore and carbon-bearing materials in iron making

Iron ore microfines and concentrate have very limited uses in sintering processes. They are used in pelletization; however, this process is cost intensive. Furthermore, the microfines of non-coking coal and other carbon-bearing materials, e.g., blast-furnace flue dust （BFD） and coke frees, are not used extensively in the metallurgical industry because of operational difficu]ties and handling problems. In the present work, to utilize these microfines, coal composite iron oxide micropellets （2-6 mm in size） were produced through an innovative technique in which lime and molasses were used as binding materials in the micropellets. The micropellets were subsequently treated with CO2 or the industrial waste gas to induce the chemical bond formation. The results show that, at a very high carbon level of 22wt% （38wt% coal）, the cold crushing strength and abrasion index of the micropellets are 2.5-3 kg/cm2 and 5wt%-9wt%, respectively; these values indicate that the pellets are suitable for cold handling. The developed micropellets have strong potential as a heat source in smelting reduction in iron making and sintering to reduce coke breeze. The micropellets produced with BFD and coke fines （8wt%-12wt%） were used in iron ore sin- tering and were observed to reduce the coke breeze consumption by 3%-4%. The quality of the produced sinter was at par with that of the conventional blast-furnace sinter.

Study on Direct Reduction Characteristics of Iron Ore Coal Mixed Pellets

In order to get DRI iron ore coal mixed pellets are reduced isothermally. The mechanisms of reduction desulphurization, iron oxide reduction and the structure regenesis of the coal mixed pellets during reduction have been studied. The effect of various processing factors on the quality of DRI and economy technological indices including compression strength, desulphurization rate, recovery rate, reaction fraction, carbon content and metallization are also researched.

Reduction–melting behaviors of boron-bearing iron concentrate/carbon composite pellets with addition of CaO

Although the total amount of boron resources in China is high, the grades of these resources are low. The authors have already proposed a new comprehensive utilization process of boron-bearing iron concentrate based on the iron nugget process. The present work describes a further optimization of the conditions used in the previous study. The effects of CaO on the reduction-melting behavior and properties of the boron-rich slag are presented. CaO improved the reduction of boron-bearing iron concentrate/carbon composite pellets when its content was less than lwt%. Melting separation of the composite pellets became difficult with the CaO content increased. The sulfur content of the iron nugget gradually decreased from 0.16wt% to 0.046wt% as the CaO content of the pellets increased from 1wt% to 5wt%. CaO negatively affected the iron yield and boron extraction efficiency of the boron-rich slag. The mineral phase evolution of the boron-rich slag during the reduction-melting separation of the composite pellets with added CaO was also deduced.

Action rules of H_2 and CO in gas-based direct reduction of iron ore pellets

Alastraet： The gas-based direct reduction of iron ore pellets was carried out by simulating the typical gas composition in coal gasification process, Midrex and HyMII processes. The influences of gas composition and temperature on reduction were studied. Results show that the increasing of HE proportion is helpful to improve the reduction rate. However, when ~o（H2）：~o（CO）〉1.6：1, changes of HE content have little influence on it. Appropriate reduction temperature is about 950 ℃, and higher temperature （1 000 ℃） may unfavorably slow the reduction rate. From the kinetics analysis at 950 ℃, the most part of reduction course is likely controlled by interfacial chemical reaction mechanism and in the final stage controlled by a combined effect of gaseous diffusion and interfacial chemical reaction mechanisms. From the utilizations study of different reducing gases at 950 ℃, the key step in reduction course is the 3rd stage （FeO→Fe）, and the utilization of reducing gas increases with the rise of HE proportion.

Mass Loss and Direct Reduction Characteristics of Iron Ore-coal Composite Pellets

Mass loss and direct reduction characteristics of iron ore-coal composite pellets under different technological parameters were investigated. Meanwhile, changes of iron phase at different temperatures were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and characteristics of crushed products were studied by using a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. The results showed that heating rate had little influence on the reduction, but the temperature played an important role in the reduction process. The mass loss rate increased rapidly from 800 to 1 100 ℃. The reduction process can be divided into three steps which correspond to different temperature ranges. Fe2 03 began to transform into Fe304 below 500 ℃, and FeO was reduced into Fe from 900 ℃. At 900 ℃, the reduction product showed a clear porous structure, which promoted the reduction progress. At 1000 ℃, the metallic Fe dominated the sample, and the reduction reached a very high degree.

Effects of gangue compositions on reduction process of carbonbearing iron ore pellets

The influence of gangue compositions (mainly composed of SiO2,CaO,MgO and Al2O3)on the reduction kinetics of carbon-bearing iron ore pellets was estimated at 1373-1473 K in N2 atmosphere.The results showed that gangue content and each component distribution affected the pellets reduction process.The reduction rate was found to follow a linear correlation with quaternary basicity R4 [mass ratio of (CaO +MgO)to (SIO2 +Al2O3)]of the carbon-beating iron ore pellets;also,the content of SiO2 solid solution in iron oxide had a significant impact on the reduction rate.At the same reduction temperature,a higher R4 resulted in a lower SiO2 free content,weakening its inhibitory effect on the Boudouard reaction.The reduction temperature of Fe2SiO4 could be reduced by increasing the contents of CaO and MgO,improving the iron oxide reduction as well as the precipitation and growth of the iron grains.The g'angue content and .component distribution showed no effect on the rate-controlling step of the reduction;however,the apparent activation energy of reaction decreased with increasing quaternary basicity.When R4 increased from 0.15 to 0.67,the apparent activation energy decreased from 228.51 to 193.66 kJ/mol.

含碳球团的还原熔分行为

通过高温电阻炉对含碳球团还原熔分的行为进行热态模拟研究,考察温度、配碳比、化学成分等因素对球团还原熔分的影响程度。结果表明,温度、配碳比和球团传热方向上的尺寸是控制球团还原熔分的关键;化学成分对还原速率影响不明显,但是通过改变渣的组成可对渣铁熔分起促进或抑制作用。

转底炉工艺的发展与实践

论文介绍了转底炉炼铁工艺在国内外的发展概况,重点阐述北京科技大学研究和开发转底炉炼铁技术所取得的经验与成果.结合国情和政策,认为我国当前应把"转底炉预还原+熔融造气炉终还原"双联工艺作为发展转底炉技术的方向,主要应用于为电炉提供热装铁水、钢铁厂粉尘回收利用和特殊矿综合利用等方面.

CHARP工艺过程中的硫行为及硫控制

对转底炉煤基热风熔融炼铁工艺(CHARP)含碳球团还原熔分过程中硫的分配、硫的行为以及如何降低或控制珠铁中的硫含量进行了实验研究。结果表明,除了控制原料中以及垫底料中硫含量以外,应尽量缩短珠铁形成以后其在炉内的停留时间,防止液态铁从垫底料中吸硫;垫底料中混合适量的固硫剂有利于降低珠铁中硫含量。含碳球团中碱度对珠铁降硫作用不大,添加适量的Na2CO3和MnO2对珠铁具有较显著的降硫效果。氧化性气氛可促进含碳球团中硫的挥发。

低配碳比含碳球团直接还原的实验研究

根据低配碳比含碳球团还原熔分工艺制备粒铁的技术思想,对低配碳比含碳球团的直接还原进行实验研究.结果表明,这种低配碳比的含碳球团还原速度较快,还原反应进行了10 min时表观还原度为84%,20min时表观还原度可达88%;继续延长反应时间,球团表层还原得到的少量金属铁会再次被氧化成FeO.还原反应结束后,球团内仍存在少量尚未还原的FeO,它们与脉石中的SiO2形成低熔点的铁橄榄石,有利于工艺后期渣铁的熔化及分离.

煤矸石复合球团技术冶炼硅铝铁合金

通过分析煤矸石的活性硅、铝成分 ,提出了以煤矸石代替部分铝钒土冶炼硅铝铁合金。同时针对传统的原料块状入炉反应速度慢、粉尘多、电耗大等缺点 ,提出了复合球团方法。根据作者自己研制的 ZJ型复合粘结剂 ,分析了其粘结机理 ,并提出了合理的成型压力。

含碳球团的低温熔分

根据低nC/nO含碳球团直接还原-低温熔分工艺制备粒铁的技术思想,进行了低nC/nO含碳球团低温条件下的熔分实验研究.实验结果表明,1 300℃,nC/nO为0.8的含碳球团,还原熔分时间为55 min时,得到的铁粒中存有少量熔渣2FeO.SiO2;60 min时渣铁则完全分离,铁粒中几乎没有熔渣存在.nC/nO为0.8和0.85的含碳球团还原后渣相FeO质量分数较高,熔点较低,易于渣铁熔化分离.nC/nO为0.9的含碳球团渣相FeO的质量分数较低,熔点较高,需要较长时间或在较高温度下才能进行渣铁分离.在1 320℃,nC/nO为0.8,还原熔分时间为60 min时,铁的收得率可达86.1%以上,铁粒中金属铁的质量分数约为94.8%.

热压含碳球团制备及性能

采用烟煤加热时产生的胶质体作为黏结剂来压制热压含碳球团。根据胶质体的最高流动度和热稳定性,用单一煤种压制热压球团时,肥煤是最好的黏结煤。相对于同成型条件下的冷压含碳球团,热压含碳球团强度更高,相同还原条件下的反应速度更快。

Ability for Self-Pelletization of Iron Ores and Magnetite Concentrates

A procedure for evaluating the susceptibility of raw materials for the process of sintering of iron ore mixes is presented. The procedure relies on the evaluation of the amount and quality of the finest grain fraction. The method is based on determination of particular grain fractions. For the grain less than 0.15 mm, the determination of the a- mount is performed using an IPS （Infrared Particles Sizer） grain size analyzer and for the grain larger than 0.15 ram, the fraction is determined using the （wet and dry） screening methods. This allows for quantity assessment of the quality of material in terms of its susceptibility to self-pelletizing by calculating Total Ability for SelPPelletizing （TASP） index fT. The presented method, in combination with the grain size and chemical analyses, can serve for evaluation of suitability of raw material and mixes for the sintering process. Furthermore, the TASP index for 10 types of iron ores and concentrates was determined. The usability of the TASP index was verified by determination of its impact on yield of sintering process both in laboratory and in industry scale.

含碳球团气固协同还原特点及动力学研究

通过热重实验,从还原温度、还原气氛及还原时间三方面对含碳球团的还原特点和动力学进行了研究,采用界面反应模型、三维扩散模型等对含碳球团还原过程进行拟合.研究表明:在本实验条件下,当温度为1100℃、气氛为单一H_(2)、还原时间为60 min时,反应分数达到最大值0.81,还原效果最佳;还原过程中,还原速率先迅速增大,随后逐渐减小;当假设扩散模型为还原过程的限制性环节时,得到的拟合效果最好,反应活化能为93.18 kJ/mol.

碳矿复合球团还原动力学研究

本文研究了碳矿复合球团在９００～１１５０℃氮气氛下还原反应的动力学特征。发现了其还原机理与普通含碳球团不同之处，推导出的动力学速率方程表征了本实验条件下碳矿复合球团还原反应速度，计算了各段还原反应速度常数Ｋ的数值及还原反应的表观活化能△＝１１６．７７ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ～１３８．７８ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ，反应是化学控制的。

高炉瓦斯灰制含碳球团直接还原试验研究

通过试验对高炉瓦斯灰和氧化铁皮制得含碳球团的直接还原进行了研究,考察了不同还原气氛、球团中不同C/O、还原时间、还原温度对还原结果的影响。结果表明:高温下含碳球团在空气中直接还原就能获得很高的金属化率。当球团中C/O在1.2以上时,球团的金属化率在还原过程中一直增加,在1 350℃下还原30 min,球团的金属化率达到96.94%。球团金属化率的变化趋势表明球团在反应开始是由化学反应控速环节控制,而后逐渐向扩散控速环节过渡。在1 400℃下空气中还原30 min,球团中还原出的铁与渣完全分离。

含碳球团冷固结成形的正交回归试验研究

通过正交试验研究了用铁矿石和煤粉制造冷固结含碳球团的影响因素。考察了粘结剂的加入量、水含量、压球机的压力、压球机进料速度、压球速度、烘干温度和烘干时间对球团抗压强度的影响。结果表明:粘结剂加入量、烘干时间与水含量对球团的抗压强度影响最大,并进一步通过回归试验获得了这3个影响因素与球团抗压强度之间的回归方程。经验证,方程在一定范围内与试验结果符合较好。试验过程中获得的铁矿石冷固结含碳球团的最大抗压强度为2516.7N。

含碳球团低温熔分过程中硫的行为

根据低配碳比含碳球团还原低温熔分制备粒铁的技术思想,对含碳球团还原熔分过程中硫的分配及硫的行为进行了试验研究。结果表明,影响产品铁粒中硫质量分数的主要因素为碳质垫料、球团原料中硫量以及熔分后铁粒在炉内的停留时间。为了降低铁粒中硫质量分数,应尽量限制煤粉、铁矿带入的硫量。要选择硫量较低的碳质垫料,尽量缩短熔分后铁粒在炉内停留时间。垫料中混和适量的固硫剂有利于降低铁粒中硫质量分数。球团中添加CaO未见有脱硫作用,铁粒中硫质量分数反而稍有增加。球团中配碳比的增加会导致含碳球团中煤粉带入的硫量的增加,因此配碳比的增加会稍微提高铁粒中硫质量分数。

煤基胶体复合黏结剂制备钒钛磁铁矿球团的研究

黏结剂是生产球团必不可少的原料之一,对球团矿的质量具有重要影响.煤基胶体复合黏结剂(3 Co-binder)是以低阶煤为主要原料制备的新型铁矿球团黏结剂,具有黏结性能好、用量少、价格低廉、在球团中残留量极低等特点和优势.首次介绍了煤基胶体复合黏结剂在钒钛磁铁矿氧化球团中的应用效果.实验室小型试验和模拟带式焙烧机扩大化试验结果表明:以1.0%(干基添加量0.14%)煤基胶体复合黏结剂完全替代1.5%改性膨润土,生球和焙烧球团质量均能满足要求,生球的落下强度为10.3次/0.5 m、抗压强度为16.9 N、爆裂温度为570℃;相比于改性膨润土,使用煤基胶体复合黏结剂制备球团矿的铁品位提高0.9%,球团矿强度达2409 N.煤基胶体复合黏结剂在氧化球团生产中的应用可推进高炉“精料”方针的落实,助力钢铁工业“双碳”目标的实现.