Ore-forming Conditions and Prospecting in the West Kunlun Area,Xinjiang, China

The West Kunlun ore-forming belt is located between the northwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and southwestern Tarim Basin. It situated between the Paleo-Asian Tectonic Domain and Tethyan Tectonic Domain. It is an important component of the giant tectonic belt in central China (the Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling Tectonic Belt or the Central Orogenic Belt). Many known ore-forming belts such as the Kunlun-Qilian Qinling ore-forming zone, Sanjiang (or Three river) ore-forming zone, Central Asian ore-forming zone, etc. pass through the West Kunlun area. Three ore-forming zones and seven ore-forming subzones were classified, and eighteen mineralization areas were marked. It is indicated that the West Kunlun area is one of the most favorable region for finding out large and superlarge ore deposits.

The Forming Conditions of and Ore-searching Direction for B, Mg,Pb, Zn and Au Deposits in the Liaoji Proterozoic Rift

The Liaoji Proterozoic rift is an inter-intracontinenatl rift developed from Archean granite-greenstone tectonic regime and contains many important mineral deposits of U, B, magnesite, Pb-Zn, Au, Ag, Co and P. These deposits were formed as the result of late mobilization, transportation and concentfation of the previously enriched ore-forming mate- rials in several ore-bearing formations formed during the rift stage. So the metallogeny of these deposits in the rift shows both inheritance and new generation of the ore-forming materials. In future ore-searching practice, attentions should be paid on the studies of the ore-bearing formations in the rift, on the multiple stages of metallogeny and and on multiple derivations of the ore-forming materials.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE ORE-FORMING CONDITIONS OF THE Au-Pb-QUARTZ VEIN TYPE ORE DEPOSIT,CHINA

There are few Au-Pb-Quartz vein type ore deposits in other countries except China. It might be related to the geohistory and geotectonic background. However, this kind of ore deposit has an important economical significance in China. Its formation is due to the dis-tinctive geological conditions of china. Wendong Au-Pb-Quartz type ore deposit including Wenyu and Dongchuang in Xiaoqinling gold field is the most typical. It is a polygenetic and compound ore deposit, Jintongcha and other deposits lying to the west of it in Xiaoqinling area are Au-Pb-Quartz vein type ore deposits. Others of this area lying to the east of Jintongcha are Au-Quartz vein type. This phenomenon stems from the zonnal distribution of minernal de-posits and the different development of the two major minernalzation stages. The results ob-tained from the fluid inclusion research have supported this inference.

Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary.Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir.According to the concept and theory of 'continuous petroleum reservoirs' and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression,it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs.The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint.The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas,while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water.The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultrahigh pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source.All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs.The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages,which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones.These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation,self-preserving and self-coverage model.Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale.As the source rocks,Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon.Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs.During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion,natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs.Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances.With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity,natural gas accumulated continuously.Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies.The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal.With low porosity and low permeability,the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity.It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness.Thus,it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression.So,it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.

Bulging in incremental sheet forming of cold bonded multi-layered Cu clad sheet: Influence of forming conditions and bending

Bulge is a defect that causes geometrical inaccuracy and premature failure in the innovative incremental sheet forming (ISF) process. This study has two-fold objectives:(1) knowing the bulging behavior of a Cu clad tri-layered steel sheet as a function of forming conditions, and (2) analyzing the bending effect on bulging in an attempt to identify the associated mechanism. A series of ISF tests and bending analysis are performed to realize these objectives. From the cause-effect analysis, it is found that bulge formation in the layered sheet is sensitive to forming conditions in a way that bulging can be minimized utilizing annealed material and performing ISF with larger tool diameter and step size. The bending under tension analysis reveals that the formation of bulge is an outgrowth of bending moment that the forming tool applies on the sheet during ISF. Furthermore, the magnitude of bending moment depending upon the forming conditions varies from 0.046 to 10.24 N·m/m and causes a corresponding change in the mean bulge height from 0.07 to 0.91 mm. The bending moment governs bulging in layered sheet through a linear law. These findings lead to a conclusion that the bulge defect can be overcome by controlling the bending moment and the formula proposed can be helpful in this regards.

Forming Condition and Geology Prediction Techniques of Deep Clastic Reservoirs

1 Introduction As new exploration domain for oil and gas,reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability have become a hotspot in recent years(Li Daopin,1997).With the improvement of technology,low porosity and low

FEM simulation and experimental verification of roll forming and springback process under complex contact conditions

The application of advanced high strength steel （AHSS） has an important significance in the development of the lightweight of automobile, but the parts made of AHSS usually have defects, such as fracture and large amount of springback, etc. In this paper, a model of multi-pass roll form- ing and springback process of AHSS is established with finite element software ABAQUS. Then a roll forming experiment is performed, and simulation and experimental results have been compared and analyzed. The model is established under complex contact conditions, including self-contact condi- tion. The results shows that during the process of sheet bending, large Mises stresses appear at ben- ding corners. The smaller the bending radius is, the larger the Mises stress and strain are. Thick- ness of sheet metal changes exceeds a certain limit, the differently if the bending radius is different. When the bending radius change tendency of the sheet thickness turns from increase to decrease.

Effect of Deformation Condition on Axial Compressive Precision Forming Process of Tube with Curling Die

The effect of the deformation condition on the axial compressive precision forming process of tube with curling die was investigated by using a rigid-plastic FEM. The results show that the forming accuracy depends mainly on geometric condition rp/d0, little on tube material properties and friction condition; the relative gap △/2rp of double-walled tubes obtained decreases with Increasing rp/d0, and there is a parameter k for a given to/do or rp/t0, when rp/d0 >k, △/2rp< 1, otherwise △/2rp>1.

The Analysis on Comparison of Forming Condition with Abroad Palaeo-Epicontinental Marine Basin and Possibility of Potash Formation in North China

1 Introduction Currently,all six different continents have discovered potash deposits and potash-bearing salt lake saline water.However,the distribution is extremely uneven,which is mostly concentrated in Canada,Russia,Middle-Asia and

Geochemical characteristics, forming conditions and resource evaluation of oil-cracking gas as ex-emplified by the platform area of the Tarim Basin

Based on the geochemical characteristics of oil-cracking gas and kerogen-cracking gas revealed by simu-lation experiments and the chemical composition of natural gases in actual gas reservoirs, two kinds of natural gases with different relationships between C2/C3 and C1/C2, C2/C3 and C1/C3, C2/C3 and 100×C1/(C1-C5) were identified in the Tarim Basin, and proposed further by the authors. The relationship charts of C2/C3 and C1/C2, C2/C3 and C1/C3, C2/C3 and 100×C1/(C1-C5) can be used to effectively distinguish oil-cracking gas from kerogen-cracking gas. Petro-leum geological analysis of the oil-cracking gas reservoirs showed that the distribution of oil-cracking gas is mostly related with deep-seated faults or faults with a large fault throw, and the burial depth of paleo-oil reservoir is rela-tively high; crude oil-cracking gas resources have been evaluated by using both forward and inversion methods. The plots of C2/C3 vs. C1/C2, C2/C3 vs. C1/C3, and C2/C3 vs. 100×C1/(C1-C5) were used to distinguish between oil-crack-ing gas and kerogen-cracking gas, and estimate the mixed ratios of the two kinds of natural gases in the main gas reservoirs of the platform area.

Effect of Low pH on Forming Process of Desulfurization Gypsum Composite Boards Strengthened by Melamine-formaldehyde Resin

Through exploring the effects of low pH on the composite system of desulfurization gypsum(DG)enhanced by melamine-formaldehyde resin(MF),it is found that the inducing of sulfate-ion,in contrast to chloride and oxalate ions,favors the longitudinal growth of the crystalline form of the hydration product,which was relatively simple and had the highest length to width(L/D)ratio.At the same time,MF can also improve L/D ratio of gypsum hydration products,which favors the formation of hydrated whiskers.Finally,in a composite system composed of hemihydrate gypsum,MF,and glass fibers,when dilute sulfuric acid was used to regulate pH=3-4,the tight binding formed among the components of the composite system compared to pH=5-6.The hydration product of gypsum adheres tightly to glass fiber surface and produces a good cross-linking and binding effect with MF.The flexural strength,compressive strength,elastic modulus,and water absorption of the desulphurized gypsum composite board is 22.7 MPa,39.8 MPa,5608 MPa,and 1.8%,respectively.

GEOLOGICAL FEATURES AND ORE- FORMING MODEL OF THE SHIZHUYUAN W-SN-MO-BI ORE DEPOSIT,HUNAN PROVINCE,CHINA

The Shizhuyuan W,Sn,Mo and Bi polymetallic ore deposit is one of the world famous superlarge ore deposits.The paper briefly introduced the geological setting and features of the ore deposit.Further,an ore－ forming model was put forward at the end of the paper.

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Condition and Exploration Direction in the Deepwater Area of Qiongdongnan Basin,Northern South China Sea

The deepwater area of southern Qiongdongnan Basin is a hydrocarbon exploration frontier and mainly located on the continental slope in the northwestern South China Sea.Its tectonic and depositional evolution is similar to the typical marginal deepwater areas abroad where oils have been discovered.Favorable hydrocarbon conditions in this area are as follows:(1) three sets of source rocks (including lacustrine mudstone of Eocene,coastal plain coal-bearing strata and semi-closed shallow sea mudstone of Oligocene,and marine mudstone

Forming Stages of Polycrystalline TiN Films Depending on the Nitrogen Concentration in Mixed Gas

The influence of nitrogen concentration in mixed gas on temperature conditions, structure and phase composition of the TiN film deposited by arc spraying has been investigated. By electron microscopic investigations and X-ray diffraction phase analysis was recognized forming stages and structuring process of the film with main cubic phase (111) TiN. It was discovered that forming stages and process of structuring of ion-plasma TiN films are affected by both film temperature and its rate of heating.

基于DEFORM-3D的X型号压裂泵用连杆模锻件预制坯优化

针对X型号压裂泵用连杆模锻件的形状特点,结合实际生产提出了一套成形工艺方案。利用有限元数值模拟软件DEFORM3D分析了预制坯形状对成形结果的影响,设计了3种预制坯方案,模拟终锻成形过程。通过对比不同方案成形过程中的填充情况、等效应变云图、等效应力云图、截面金属流速分布等,得出了合理的预制坯形状及成形工艺参数,消除了产生缺陷的风险,提高了锻件的一次成形率,通过生产试制,有效验证了研究结果。

On the ore-forming conditions and ore-forming model of the superlarge multimetal deposit in Shizhuyuan

Eight favorable ore forming conditions for the Shizhuyuan W_multimetal deposit are proposed. They are: (i) the geochemistry background special enriching the volatile and W and Sn ore forming elements; (ii) the existence of melt fluid system very rich in volatile and ore forming elements; (iii) supply of sufficient ore forming material and volatile multi source; (iv) the infiltration and convection water source and driving force partly supplied by the Jurassic reservoir basin; (v) favorable tectonic conditions; (vi) ore bearing greisen and vein superimposed in the pre existing skarn rocks; (vii) favorable ore transport and ore concentration strata condition; (viii) there were a set of favorable ore forming structures in Shizuyuan area; (ix) the orebody has good ore reserve condition. Finally, ore forming models are proposed.

The influence of temperature,pressure,salinity and capillary force on the formation of methane hydrate

We present here a thermodynamic model for predicting multi-phase equilibrium of methane hydrate liquid and vapor phases under conditions of different temperature, pressure, salinity and pore sizes. The model is based on the 1959 van der Waals--Platteeuw model, angle-dependent ab initio intermolecular potentials, the DMW-92 equation of state and Pitzer theory. Comparison with all available experimental data shows that this model can accurately predict the effects of temperature, pressure, salinity and capillary radius on the formation and dissociation of methane hydrate. Online calculations of the p-T conditions for the formation of methane hydrate at given salinities and pore sizes of sediments are available on： www.geochem-model.org/models.htm.

Gelatin-stabilized traditional emulsions:Emulsion forms,droplets,and storage stability

Fish oils are important substances in the field of food and drug delivery.Due to their unstable double bonds,fishy taste,and poor water solubility,it is pivotal to investigate novel dosage forms for fish oils,such as encapsulated droplets.In this work,we primarily prepared gelatin-stabilized fish oil-loaded traditional emulsions and investigated their emulsion forms,droplets,and storage stability under different preparation and storage conditions.Our results showed that higher gelatin solution pH,higher storage temperature in the range of 4–37℃,and increased storage time induced the emulsion form switch from a liquid form to a redispersible gel form of the fish oil emulsion.The droplets had core-shell microstructures and a trimodal size distribution,which decreases linearly with increasing gelatin solution pH and homogenizing time,but decreases exponentially with increasing homogenizing speed.In addition,storage temperature showed a notably different effect on traditional emulsion storage.This work provides a fundamental knowledge for the formation,microstructure,and properties of gelatin-based traditional emulsions.It also provides a promising new application for fish oil-loaded emulsions in food beverages,soft candy,and other food products.

Effects of Forming Conditions and TiC–TiB_2 Contents on the Microstructures of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesized NiAl–TiC–TiB_2 Composites

The NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites were processed by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） method using raw powders of Ni, Al, Ti, B4 C, TiC, and TiB2, and their microstructure and micro-hardness were investigated. The TiC–TiB2 in NiAl matrix, with contents from 10 to 30 wt%, emerged with the use of two methods： in situ formed and externally added. The results show that all final products are composed of three phases of NiAl, TiC, and TiB2. The microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with in situ-formed TiC and TiB2 are fine, and all the three phases are distributed uniformly. The grains of NiAl matrix in the composites have been greatly refined, and the micro-hardness of NiAl increases from 381 HV100 to 779 HV100. However, the microstructures of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites with externally added TiC and TiB2 are coarse and inhomogeneous, with severe agglomeration of TiC and TiB2 particles. The samples containing externally added 30 wt% TiC–TiB2attain the micro-hardness of 485 HV100. The microstructure evolution and fracture mode of the two kinds of NiAl–TiC–TiB2 composites are different.