Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry （SEM-EDX）, have been used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the No.14 c...Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry （SEM-EDX）, have been used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine, Inner Mongolia China. The distribution, affinity and removability of the trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments and petrological methods. A high mineral content, dominated by clay minerals, was found in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine. The concentrations of As, Sb and Hg are relatively high compared to the average values for Chinese coals. As, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb are mainly associated with the minerals while Cd, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se are evenly distributed between the minerals and the organic matter. Be and Ba are mainly distributed in the minerals with a minor proportion in the organic matter. Most elements have a low organic affinity, although Sb, Se, Co, Cd, Ni are closely integrated with the organic matter. High theoretical removabilities are indicated for most trace elements. So it may be possible to lower the concentrations of trace elements during coal preparation.展开更多
A low-viscosity emulsion of crude oil in water can be believed to be the bulk of a flow regime in a pipeline.To differentiate which crude oil would and which would not counter the blockage of flow due to gas hydrate f...A low-viscosity emulsion of crude oil in water can be believed to be the bulk of a flow regime in a pipeline.To differentiate which crude oil would and which would not counter the blockage of flow due to gas hydrate formation in flow channels,varying amount of crude oil in water emulsion without any other extraneous additives has undergone methane gas hydrate formation in an autoclave cell.Crude oil was able to thermodynamically inhibit the gas hydrate formation as observed from its hydrate stability zone.The normalized rate of hydrate formation in the emulsion has been calculated from an illustrative chemical affinity model,which showed a decrease in the methane consumption（decreased normalized rate constant） with an increase in the oil content in the emulsion.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） of the emulsion and characteristic properties of the crude oil have been used to find the chemical component that could be pivotal in selfinhibitory characteristic of the crude oil collected from Ankleshwar,India,against a situation of clogged flow due to formation of gas hydrate and establish flow assurance.展开更多
文摘Optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersed X-ray spectrometry （SEM-EDX）, have been used to study the minerals and the concentrations of 12 trace elements in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine, Inner Mongolia China. The distribution, affinity and removability of the trace elements were studied by float-sink experiments and petrological methods. A high mineral content, dominated by clay minerals, was found in the No.14 coal from the Huolinhe mine. The concentrations of As, Sb and Hg are relatively high compared to the average values for Chinese coals. As, Cr, Hg, Li, Mn, Pb are mainly associated with the minerals while Cd, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se are evenly distributed between the minerals and the organic matter. Be and Ba are mainly distributed in the minerals with a minor proportion in the organic matter. Most elements have a low organic affinity, although Sb, Se, Co, Cd, Ni are closely integrated with the organic matter. High theoretical removabilities are indicated for most trace elements. So it may be possible to lower the concentrations of trace elements during coal preparation.
基金the financial assistance provided by University Grants Commission, New Delhi, India, under Special Assistance Program (SAP) to the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India
文摘A low-viscosity emulsion of crude oil in water can be believed to be the bulk of a flow regime in a pipeline.To differentiate which crude oil would and which would not counter the blockage of flow due to gas hydrate formation in flow channels,varying amount of crude oil in water emulsion without any other extraneous additives has undergone methane gas hydrate formation in an autoclave cell.Crude oil was able to thermodynamically inhibit the gas hydrate formation as observed from its hydrate stability zone.The normalized rate of hydrate formation in the emulsion has been calculated from an illustrative chemical affinity model,which showed a decrease in the methane consumption（decreased normalized rate constant） with an increase in the oil content in the emulsion.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR） of the emulsion and characteristic properties of the crude oil have been used to find the chemical component that could be pivotal in selfinhibitory characteristic of the crude oil collected from Ankleshwar,India,against a situation of clogged flow due to formation of gas hydrate and establish flow assurance.
