Effect Models of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Formulation in Banana

[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer ＂3414＂ test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.

Effects of Nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium Combined Fertilization on Rice Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency in Jianghan Plain

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the rational formula for rice fertilization in Jianghan Plain.[Methods]An experiment on the combined application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers was carried out in Jianghan Plain,an important rice producing area in Hubei,with a total of five treatments to study the effects of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on the fertilizer use efficiency and yield of rice.[Results]Fertilization had a significant effect on improving rice yield,and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest effect on rice yield,followed by potassium fertilizer and phosphorous fertilizer.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for the application of rice fertilizers and the reduction and efficiency improvement of chemical fertilizers in Jianghan Plain.

Effects of different ration of NPK fertilizer on the grain yield and protein content in forage rice

Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were：

Carbon and nitrogen allocations in corn grown in Central and Northeast China: different responses to fertilization treatments

In order to reveal the impact of various fertilization strategies on carbon（C） and nitrogen（N） accumulation and allocation in corn（Zea mays L.）, corn was grown in the fields where continuous fertilization management had been lasted about 18 years at two sites located in Central and Northeast China（Zhengzhou and Gongzhuling）, and biomass C and N contents in different organs of corn at harvest were analyzed. The fertilization treatments included non-fertilizer（control）, chemical fertilizers of either nitrogen（N）, or nitrogen and phosphorus（NP）, or phosphorus and potassium（PK）, or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium（NPK）, NPK plus manure（NPKM）, 150% of the NPKM（1.5NPKM）, and NPK plus straw（NPKS）. The results showed that accumulated C in aboveground ranged from 2 550–5 630 kg ha^–1 in the control treatment to 9 300–9 610 kg ha^–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 57–67% and 43–50% were allocated in the non-grain organs, respectively. Accumulated N in aboveground ranged from 44.8–55.2 kg ha^-1 in the control treatment to 211–222 kg ha^–1 in the NPKM treatment, of which 35–48% and 33–44% were allocated in the non-grain parts, respectively. C allocated to stem and leaf for the PK treatment was 65 and 49% higher than that for the NPKM treatment at the both sites, respectively, while N allocated to the organs for the PK treatment was 18 and 6% higher than that for the NPKM treatment, respectively. This study demonstrated that responses of C and N allocation in corn to fertilization strategies were different, and C allocation was more sensitive to fertilization treatments than N allocation in the area.

Soil Nutrient Variance by Slope Position in a Mollisol Farmland Area of Northeast China

In order to generate scientifically-based comparative information to improve fertilization efficiency and reduce nutrient loss, 610 samples of 122 soil profiles were collected at the 0–60 cm depth to compare soil nutrient contents including soil organic matter(SOM), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), available phosphorus(AP), and available potassium(AK) among different slope positions in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China. The contents of SOM and TN typically decreased with increased soil depth at back and bottom slope. Soil loss and deposition tended to decrease SOM and TN at the 0–20 cm soil depth on both the back slope and the slope bottom. The TP firstly decreased from 0–20 cm to 30–40 cm, and then not constantly increased at the back slope and the bottom slope. Due to the characteristics of soil nutrients and crop absorption, the contents of both AP and AK were typically the highest at the summit, followed by the slope bottom and the back slope in the 0–20 cm layer. Generally, in order to sustain the high soil productivity and protect the environment, attention should be paid to soil conservation on back slope; in addition, additional N and P fertilizer is necessary on the back slope.

Effects of recovery time after fire and fire severity on stand structure and soil of larch forest in the Kanas National Nature Reserve, Northwest China

Forest recovery may be influenced by several factors, of which fire is the most critical.However, moderate-and long-term effects of fire on forest recovery are less researched in Northwest China.Thus, the effects of different forest recovery time after fire(1917(served as the control), 1974, 1983 and 1995) and fire severities(low, moderate and high) on larch(Larix sibirica Ledeb.) forest were investigated in the Kanas National Nature Reserve(KNNR), Northwest China in 2017.This paper analyzed post-fire changes in stand density, total basal area(TBA), litter mass, soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil nutrients(total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) with one-way analyses of variance.Results indicate that litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients increased with increasing recovery time after fire and decreasing fire severity, while the stand density showed an opposite response.The effects of fire disturbance on SOC and soil nutrients decreased with increasing soil depth.Moreover, we found that the time of more than 43 a is needed to recover the litter mass, TBA, SOC and soil nutrients to the pre-fire level.In conclusion, high-severity fire caused the greatest variations in stand structure and soil of larch forest, and low-severity fire was more advantageous for post-fire forest stand structure and soil recovery in the KNNR.Therefore, low-severity fire can be an efficient management mean through reducing the accumulation of forest floor fuel of post-fire forests in the KNNR, Northwest China.

Heterogeneity of Soil Nutrients:A Review of Methodology,Variability and Impact Factors

Soil nutrient heterogeneity highly correlates to plant growth and development of environmen-tal quality.In order to better understand nutrient cycling,heterogeneity’of soil nutrients and their driving mechanism in different land use types were summarized from 1945 to 2016.By grouping keywords indexed in the titles of articles from the data base of Web of Science,two hundred and thirty’one publications related to our topics were used for analysis.Soil sampling and statistical method were compared,and spatial dependence and the impact factors for soil organic matter(SOM),Nitrogen(N),Phosphorus(P)and Potassium(K).The results showed that soil nutrient heterogeneity was influenced by different factors at different scales.The spa-tial dependence of SOM,N and P were mainly at the moderate level(48.9-59.0%)and strong level(33.3-42.2%),while for K was at strong level(63.6-84.6%)and moderate level(15.4-36.4%).This was mainly influenced by topography,soil loss,weather condition,parent materi-al,soil type,soil texture,land use,human activities,soil moisture,mineral element,soil struc-ture,animal and plant.These impact factors were summarized separately,and the influence of factors at different spatiotemporal scales was discussed.At the end of the review,the ideas for further research were postulated.

Effect of Fertilizer Application on the Yield of Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the fertilization ratio of walnut, so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of walnut. [Methods] Under the condition of gravelly yellow soil in Chaotian District, Guangyuan City, the orthogonal design of L_9(3~4) was used to test the fertilization ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. [Results] The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on walnut yield ranked as phosphate fertilizer>potassium fertilizer>nitrogen fertilizer. The different treatments had great effects on the yield of walnut, and for the land with gravelly yellow soil, the suitable annual fertilization amount of walnut was urea 1 200 g/plant + calcium superphosphate 1 500 g/plant + potassium sulfate 940 g/plant. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for rational fertilization of walnut in Sichuan Province.

扬州市农田肥料投入现状调查及对策分析

为精准评估扬州市主要农作物肥料投入量,摸清其投入现状及存在问题,提出平衡施肥的丰产对策。基于统计数据和实地调查数据,分析了“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)扬州市各县(市、区)氮、磷、钾肥投入量变化、各县(市、区)化肥和有机肥施用总量(氮、磷、钾肥总量)变化等特征。结果表明,“十三五”期间(2016—2020年)扬州各县(市、区)肥料施用量总体呈下降趋势。其中有机肥施用量以2017年为转折点,呈先逐年增加后下降趋势。宝应县平均有机肥施用量最高,广陵区平均有机肥施用量最低。化肥施用量总体呈下降趋势,广陵区化肥平均施用量最低,江都区化肥平均施用量最高。整体上扬州市氮肥施用总量呈逐年下降,磷和钾肥施用总量呈逐年上升趋势。在此基础上,阐述了扬州市当前存在的化学肥料比例偏高、化肥氮肥总量投入居高不下、肥料运筹简单化等问题,并提出了优化施肥结构,充分利用有机肥;调整施肥比例,合理平衡施肥;科学研判墒情,提高施肥效率等化肥使用的建议,以确保“十四五”期间进一步提高耕地质量,促进农业高质高效绿色可持续发展。

黑龙江和吉林典型地区土壤肥力检测与评价

为掌握黑龙江和东北地区土壤养分资源现状及存在的问题,于黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县(杜蒙)、吉林省松原市扶余市(扶余)、吉林省长春市九台区(九台)三个地区玉米田地进行土壤肥力情况调查,采样分析土壤中有机质、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾等指标的质量分数,以及土壤水分和pH值。结果表明,杜蒙土壤有机质含量平均值为20.7 g/kg。扶余土壤硝态氮含量平均值为50.30 mg/kg,速效钾含量平均值为215.89 mg/kg。九台土壤有效磷含量平均值为51.29 mg/kg。研究结果能为黑龙江和吉林地区玉米作物种植施肥管理提供依据和数据支持。

施用鱼虾下脚料有机肥对水稻生产的影响

随着我国水产养殖业与加工业的快速发展,鱼虾下脚料等水产品废弃物随意处置导致的环境污染问题屡见不鲜,同时也造成了大量的资源浪费。该试验以嘉67水稻为种植对象,设置5个不同施肥处理,进行为期1 a的单季种植,发现在舟山当地环境下,鱼虾下脚料有机肥25%等氮替代处理能在一定程度上提升土壤氮、磷、钾3种常量元素的含量,且能够起到提升水稻的养分利用率、促进水稻稻谷的干物质积累、改善产量构成因素的作用,使水稻保持稳产高产。若该有机肥能够投入市场化应用,可以起到将鱼虾下脚料等水产品废弃物进行资源化利用,减少废弃物流入环境造成污染的作用。同时,能够拓宽有机肥的获取途径,起到改善土壤环境,增加农户对于有机肥的选择,减少化肥投入的作用,对于促进农业经济产业发展有着一定意义。

有机肥料全量消煮方法的探讨

目前农业推荐标准采用的有机肥料全量消煮方法步骤为:称取0.5~1.0 g(精确至0.0001 g),加5 mL硫酸和1.5 mL过氧化氢,放置过夜。缓慢加热至硫酸冒烟后取下,待冷却后,加15滴过氧化氢,加热10 min后,取下,稍冷却后再加5~10滴过氧化氢并分次消煮,直至溶液呈无色或淡黄色清液。此方法耗时2 d左右,时间长,效率低,如何在保证结果准确性的前提下,缩短消煮时间,提高检测效率是此次探讨的主要内容。另外有机肥中总氮的检测过程也可用全自动定氮仪,能够更快速,更准确地测定总氮含量。

3种有机无机肥配施对西瓜氮、钾养分吸收以及产量和品质的影响

[目的]研究3种有机无机肥配施对西瓜氮、钾吸收以及产量和品质的影响,探讨氮、钾营养与西瓜品质的关系。[方法]以‘西瓜8424’品种为试验材料进行田间试验,有机肥种类为豆粕有机肥、猪粪秸秆有机肥、羊粪,其氮、磷、钾含量用无机肥调节一致。[结果]与豆粕有机肥处理和猪粪秸秆有机肥处理相比,施用羊粪时西瓜产量分别提高了19.1%和9.4%;与猪粪秸秆有机肥处理相比,施用羊粪和豆粕有机肥时西瓜维生素C含量显著增加,分别提高59.4%和35.6%;施用豆粕有机肥时西瓜的糖酸比最高,可溶性糖含量较猪粪秸秆有机肥处理提高了25.2%,可滴定酸含量比羊粪处理降低了30.3%。与羊粪处理和豆粕有机肥处理相比,施用猪粪秸秆有机肥降低了膨大期和成熟期西瓜瓜瓤和瓜皮中的氮含量;施用羊粪时,西瓜幼果期、膨大期和成熟期的氮、钾吸收量较高,各个时期的氮、钾吸收量与西瓜植株生物量呈正相关关系。[结论]施用羊粪能够提高西瓜产量,但同时促进了氮素吸收及其向果实中的分配,提高了西瓜的可滴定酸含量;施用豆粕有机肥能够提高西瓜可溶性糖含量和糖酸比,降低可滴定酸含量。

半干旱区减氮增钾、有机肥替代对全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯水肥利用和生物量积累的调控

【目的】减氮增钾和有机肥替代是提高中国作物生产中资源利用效率、改善农田生态环境、提升农产品质量和降低作物生产病害风险的有效途径。研究明确半干旱区全膜覆盖垄沟种植马铃薯减氮追施、有机肥替代和增施钾肥对马铃薯干物质积累和水分利用的影响,为该区域实施水肥高效管理提供依据。【方法】在4年大田定位试验基础上,通过测定全膜覆盖垄沟种植条件下传统施肥(PM)、减氮25%并花期追施和增施钾肥(PMN)和减氮50%与有机肥替代并花期追施(PMO)的土壤贮水量、马铃薯的生物量和产量等指标,计算不同施肥模式的耗水量、生长速率、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力,以明确不同养分管理模式对马铃薯耗水过程的调控及其对干物质积累和水肥利用效率的影响。【结果】2011—2014年PMN花前耗水量较PM分别降低了17.4、28.7、26.8和34.2 mm,花后耗水量增加了31.1、34.7、36.7和49.2 mm;PMO没有显著降低马铃薯花前耗水,而花后耗水量分别增加了17.8、24.3、11.2和10.3 mm。与PM相比,PMN在盛花期后显著提高马铃薯地上地下生物量和生长速率,使马铃薯产量在2012—2014年平均增加2 595.1 kg·hm-2,并使水分利用效率(WUE)在2013—2014年分别增加了14.4%和6.3%,达到显著差异;PMO显著提高马铃薯各生育期的地上地下生物量和生长速率,4年平均马铃薯块茎产量增加了2 945 kg·hm-2,而且WUE在2012—2014年显著高于PM。PMN和PMO较PM均能显著提高马铃薯肥料偏生产力、化肥偏生产力、氮素偏生产力和化肥氮素偏生产力,表明PMN和PMO能协同提高作物的养分和水分利用效率,实现以肥调水和以水促肥的目标。2011年为严重干旱年份,虽然PMN和PMO能调节马铃薯花前花后耗水,提高地上地下生物量和生长速率,显著提高养分偏生产力,但产量和水分利用效率无显著提高。【结论】PMN和PMO均能显著调节马铃薯花前花后耗水量,增加生物量和提高生长速率,使得马铃薯块茎产量、水分利用效率和养分利用效率增加。与PMN相比,PMO对马铃薯产量、WUE和养分偏生产力的增加幅度更大,是资源更加高效和作物增产的养分管理模式。

化学肥料的土壤生态环境效应

目前我国的化肥生产和消费量均居世界第一.2006年全年化肥产量达5304.8×104t,比2005年增长14.2%,化肥氮平均施用量超过220kg·hm-2,一季作物磷肥施用量超过102kg·hm-2(P2O5).一些化肥中含有有毒重金属、无机酸和有机物等副成分,长期施用化肥导致污染物在土壤中累积,严重影响土壤的生态环境,使蔬菜、粮食、水果等农产品中的重金属、硝酸盐等有害物质严重超标,农产品质量受到严重威胁.本文分析了化肥污染土壤的原因、特点和后果及我国土壤环境现状,并提出了减轻化肥污染农业生态环境的技术和措施.

生物质炭与不同肥料配施对水稻田面水养分流失风险的影响

通过生物质炭与不同肥料配施的方法研究水稻田面水氮、磷、钾等养分的流失风险。结果表明：除不施肥外，其余施肥处理水稻田面水总氮、可溶氮、铵态氮、可溶性钾浓度均于施肥第2天达到顶峰，并逐渐趋于稳定，1周后分别降为顶峰值的9．2％～15．5％，11．0％～38．5％，16．6％～42．8％和30．4％～68．0％；总磷、可溶磷浓度于施肥第3天到达顶峰，后呈现持续下降趋势并逐渐趋于稳定，1周后为顶峰值的29．2％～64．8％，33．5％～59．6％；硝态氮浓度在施肥第2天达到顶峰，随后下降，但在1周内又有间歇性上升，出现铵态氮向硝态氮转化的过程，最后下降至不施肥水平。施肥时添加生物质炭能够适量吸收田面水中氮、磷、钾等养分，降低养分的流失风险；适量有机肥的加入可大幅度提高田面水中磷素浓度，同时也可提高田面水中可溶性有机碳（DOC）浓度，是仅施无机肥的124．4％～181．7％。因此，在单一施加无机肥时适量添加有机肥与生物质炭可优化田面水中养分比例，更加有利于水稻对养分的吸收。

不同水肥组合对冬小麦产量的影响

试验于2007/2008年度在北京市昌平区进行,采用5因子4水平的田间试验方案研究不同氮磷钾、有机肥和灌水量的组合对小麦产量的影响。方差分析表明,各因素对产量的影响顺序为氮肥>灌水>钾肥>有机肥>磷肥,同时存在交互作用;水分和产量成较好的正相关,有机肥对产量的提高虽然不如氮肥、钾肥和灌水,但是对产量的影响也达到了极显著水平;在各种组合中,以施氮量为75kg.hm-2配合12000kg.hm-2的有机肥、75kg.hm-2的磷肥、150kg.hm-2的钾肥以及3000kg.hm-2灌水量处理的产量较高,为本年度最佳水肥组合。

氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了氮磷钾均衡管理对戈壁滩日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜产量与养分吸收的影响。结果表明：1日光温室春茬黄瓜栽培基质营养主要限制因子是氮和钾,施磷也有一定增产效果,施氮、施钾和施磷分别增产51.2%、45.2%和10.0%。2推荐施肥处理较习惯施肥处理能大幅度增加产量和经济效益,平均增产35.7%,增收40.7%;推荐施肥处理产量和经济效益均略高于高氮和高钾处理,产量分别增加4.3%和3.8%,经济效益分别增加4.4%和3.9%。3推荐施肥处理能显著促进黄瓜对氮磷钾的吸收,提高化肥氮磷钾利用率,化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别达到31.7%、34.1%和78.9%,而习惯施肥处理的化肥氮、磷和钾利用率分别仅为4.6%、0.9%和11.7%。4本试验条件下日光温室有机基质栽培春茬黄瓜适宜N、P2O5和K2O用量范围分别在350-430、135-160、370-430g·m^-3（基质）之间,生产1000kg黄瓜产品对N、P2O5和K2O的推荐量范围分别在2.0-2.4、0.8-0.9、2.1-2.3kg之间。

长期施肥下毛竹林土壤的肥力质量研究

2014-2015年,在浙江省16个县（区/市）的毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens）林地共采集1 141份土壤样品,分析p H值、有机质、速效钾、有效磷和铵态氮,并采用层次分析法,对其肥力质量进行综合评价。结果表明,浙江省毛竹林地土壤肥力质量总体上较好,占68.75%,其中常山和德清的土壤肥力质量最优,土壤肥力质量指数分别为1.013 5和1.093 6;土壤肥力质量处于中等及以下水平的占31.25%,龙泉、绍兴、龙游的土壤质量较差。相关分析显示,土壤的铵态氮与计算得到的土壤肥力质量综合指数呈现极显著的相关性（R=0.943,P〈0.01）,另外,土壤有机质和速效钾含量与土壤肥力质量综合指数也呈极显著的正相关,其相关系数平方值分别达到了0.640（P〈0.01）和0.670（P〈0.01）,表明氮元素、有机质和速效钾含量是衡量土壤肥力质量的重要指标。毛竹林地土壤p H在4.5~8.5,平均为4.84,土壤的酸化与林农偏施氮肥有一定的关系。

电动修复对Cd污染土壤肥力的影响

以上海潮土为对象,研究了电动力学(1V·cm-1)对土壤肥力的影响。修复前后测量的指标有土壤有机质(SOM)、pH、电导率(EC)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、有效N、速效P、速效K。结果表明,Cd浓度约为100mg·kg-1的模拟污染土壤经电动力学处理60h后,Cd的平均去除效率为68%。土壤中有效N、速效P和速效K分别平均提高为原来的1.45、4.25和3.29倍,同时TOC增加了3.96%。总之,电动力学修复后,土壤的肥力有了明显提升,表明电动力学在有效去除土壤中Cd的同时还能提升土壤的肥力,是一种可行的土壤修复技术。